Employment trends in India: Some issues for investigation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Jose
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Gender Divisions ◽  
Employment Trends ◽  
Post War ◽  
Historical Antecedents

This chapter examines the direction and magnitude of changes in key domains such as the labour force, employment, and productivity in India in relation to some historical antecedents of Western industrial economies. The findings suggest that India is at the early stages of a qualitative transformation leading to improvement in worker participation rates along with structural changes in the distribution of workforce into sectors, status groups, gender divisions, and skill categories. There have also been some impressive gains in managing the labour market from the supply side by way of improving the age-structure and skill content of the workforce. However, the post-war construct of employment and industrial relations adapted from Western economies, based on which the transformation of labour market was planned and nurtured in Indian context, is literally falling apart under the onslaught of globalisation.

Supply Side Reform and UK Economic Growth: What Happened To The Miracle?

1995 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Oulton
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Union Power ◽  
Productivity Improvement ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Oil Shock ◽  
Post War

Two institutions have retarded UK productivity growth in the post-war period: industrial relations and education. The failings of both were largely addressed in the 1980s. The productivity improvement of the 1980s was genuine and was largely due to the reduction in union power brought about by the trade union legislation of the 1980s. The 1980s and 1990s have also seen large falls in the proportion of the labour force which is unqualified and rises in enrolment rates in further and higher education, changes which tend to increase long-run growth. But two factors have obscured the extent o f the improvement. First, the whole climate for economic growth is less favourable than it was in the so-called Golden Age prior to the first oil shock in 1973. Second, UK macroeconomic policy compares poorly with other OECD countries: booms have been shorter and recessions longer, so that microeconomic success has been masked by macroeconomic failure.

Changing Labour Market and Industrial Relations, Changing Times: Make in India and Ensuing Labour Reforms

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Kuriakose Mamkoottam
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
The Social ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Unorganized Sector

This article argues that the ‘Make-in-India’ and the proposed labour reforms are unlikely to succeed given the unequal structure of the Indian labour market, with the large majority of the Indian labour force remaining in the unorganized sector and unprotected by the labour laws. It is further argued that the introduction of some of the proposed labour reforms are likely to create further imbalance in the bargaining power in favour of management, which may not help to develop a balanced labour market, and may further increase the social and economic inequality.

Gender and the Labour Market in Europe: Britain, Germany and France Compared

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Lane
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Labour Market Participation ◽  
Gender Regimes ◽  
Female Labour Market Participation ◽  
Vertical Segregation ◽  
Gender Divisions

This paper has two objectives: to contrast patterns of female labour market participation in three West European societies and to develop a theoretical approach which can encompass both universal features of gender divisions in the labour market and nationally specific ones. Empirically, the focus is on the different levels and forms of labour force participation over the female life cycle, particularly on any resultant employment casualization. Consideration is also given to patterns of horizontal and vertical segregation and to pay. The differences between the three countries are explained by positing the existence of nationally specific gender profiles with a differential impact on labour market patterning along gender lines. These profiles are constructed by gender regimes at the level of the state which, in turn, are the result of political struggles and compromises of a variety of political actors. The paper utilizes European statistical data and secondary sources.

scholarly journals Research Gaps in Labour Market and Labour Force Information

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-439
Author(s):  
Gil Schonning
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Mcgill University ◽  
Preparatory Stage ◽  
Research Institute

The purpose of the following paper is to point out some research gaps in labour market and labour force information. At the same time, the author outlines some areas where research seems to be necessary. The initial preparatory stage of manpower, the mechanisms of the short and long-run allocation of manpower encompass three important aspects that future research activities must cover. * * This paper was presented at the First Meeting of the Canadian Industrial Relations Research Institute, held at McGill University, July 6th, 1964.

scholarly journals Employment structure and unemployment in the czech republic

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Flek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Labour Market Flexibility ◽  
Market Restructuring

Did exceptionally low unemployment between 1990-1996 mean that the CzechRepublic had sacrificed more labour market flexibility and faster changes inthe structure of employmnet in exchange for social stability? Or had thecountry made use of its specific initial conditions and managed to followits own mode of labour market restructuring, without the necessity ofincreasing the rate of unemployment drastically? Does currently increasingunemployment accelerate the coversion of the structure of employment towardsthe EU-15 patterns? In attemting to answer the above questions, the paperargues that the Czech unemployment miracle has disappeared as soon as theparticipation rate had become stable, labour shedding accelerated and theeconomic policies responded to macroeconomic overheating. The main sourcesof structural changes in employment were massive labour force withdrawals inagriculture and industry, coupled with job-to-job movements of labour. But,the process of further structural changes has nearly been stopped, despitethe recent rise in unemployment. Instead of being a driving force of labourmobility, current unemploymnet bears predominantly cyclical features.

scholarly journals Labour Market Adjustment under the Employment Contracts Act

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Whatman ◽  
Craig Armitage ◽  
Richard Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Labour Costs ◽  
Speed Up

In order to measure the extent of adjustment since the Employment Contracts Act 1991 was introduced, the Department of Labour has contracted two surveys of labour market adjustment under the Act. The first survey was conducted in August-September 1992 by the Heylen Research Centre and Teesdale Meuli & Co. (the results of the survey were reported in the NZJIR (18(1): 94-112). Three particularly important outcomes were reported. First, enterprise bargaining and individual contracting had become far more widespread Second, some enterprises took the opportunity to begin or speed up strategic industrial relations reforms, although others seemed to have simply removed union rights and cut labour costs in the short term. Finally, while the overall rate of labour market adjustment increased, adjustment was generally concentrated amongst larger enterprises. The second survey, conducted by Hey/en in late 1993, indicates that the bulk of the structural changes occurred in the initial years under the Act, and now appear to be largely complete. Enterprise collective and individual contracts now predominate. The other adjustments that were indicated in the first survey are little changed, though there is evidence that the effects of adjustment are being felt differentially. There is evidence of greater acceptance of the Act, though employers and employees still feel that employers hold more power than employees.

scholarly journals Labour Market Statistics - Plugging the Gaps

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Ewing ◽  
Sharon Evans
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Business Statistics ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
And Training

Official statistics have not kept pace with the deregulation of the labour market in the 1990s. Beginning in 1992 with the Rose Review' there have been several assessments of the gaps and what is required to plug them. The report of the Prime Ministerial Task Force on Employment in 1994 and the 1996 work of an interdepartmental working group reached similar conclusions about the needs. In the last two years some important advances have occurred. The 1996 Census of Population extended the coverage of education and training topics. Central government funding was obtained for Household Labour Force Survey supplements on education and training (once only) and income (annually). Results from all three supplements will be available in 1997. Feasibility studies, funded by a group of Government agencies, have been done on employer's training practices and expenditure. Statistics New Zealand has developed new classifications for levels of educational attainment and field of educational study. There are still a number of unmet needs, particularly in the areas of labour market dynamics, workplace industrial relations, employment-related business statistics and Maori labour force involvement. Options for funding these have been explored in 1996 with no positive outcomes yet.

scholarly journals Structural Transformation of the Turkish Economy under the Scope of Sustainable Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Hacer Simay Karaalp-Orhana
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Turkish Economy ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
The Republic

The distribution of the labour force by sectors and the country economic structure indicate the economic development level of countries. The traditional sectoral transformation is observed in all countries during the economic development process. Since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, industrialization has been one of the fundamental development policies to be achieved. As an inevitable result of the development, the sectoral distribution of production and employment changed in Turkish economy over the years. This structural transformation is associated with the transition from primary sector to capital intensive production structure in which the manufacturing and the service sectors expand while the agricultural sector shrinks. However, the agricultural sector is still important in Turkey. Today, approximately one-fifth of the labour force is employed in the agricultural sector. This ratio shows the developing country feature of Turkish labour market despite the industrialization and urbanization policies and the structural changes in recent years. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the sectoral transformation of the Turkish economy within the scope of the sectors share in the GDP of Turkey and the share of sectors in the total employment, within the changing structure of the labour market and the level of urbanization.Keywords: economic development, structural transformation, Turkish economy

Neoliberalism, gender inequality and the Australian labour market

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda van Gellecum ◽  
Janeen Baxter ◽  
Mark Western
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State

Over the past 25 years neoliberal philosophies have increasingly informed labour market policies in Australia that have led to increasing levels of wage decentralization. The most recent industrial relations changes aim to decentralize wage setting significantly further than has previously been the case. We argue that this is problematic for gender equity as wage decentralization will entrench rather than challenge the undervaluation of feminized work. In this article we provide an overview of key neoliberal industrial relations policy changes pertinent to gender equity and examine the current state of gender equity in the labour market. Results show that women's labour force participation has steadily increased over time but that a number of negative trends exclude women with substantial caring responsibilities from pursuing a career track. The implications of increasing levels of wage deregulation are that gender wage inequality and the potential for discrimination will grow.

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