Facets of planning action: heritage, local environment and design

2020 ◽  
pp. 181-194
Author(s):  
Tim Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Local Environment ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Design Quality ◽  
Planning Activity ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Political Cultures ◽  
British Planning ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Light Green ◽  
Planning Action

In this chapter and chapter 10, different facets and fields of planning are analysed, in order to give examples of how political and ideological analysis of planning can be undertaken for particular types of planning. This chapter takes a critical look at three facets of planning activity, for heritage, local environmental matters and design quality. It is argued that these are key aspects of British planning, with extensive achievements on each dimension. But the perspective in each field is seen as ideologically conservative, raising the consideration of these facets above a range of social and deep environmental concerns, which can be crowded out by the skewing of the perspective on these considerations. This skewing is reinforced by the play of local and national pressure politics, which gives a high profile to especially heritage and light green issues. This can however vary significantly between localities, depending on local political cultures.

scholarly journals Attribution of cyber operations: an international law perspective on the Park Jin Hyok case

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-75
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Mikanagi ◽  
Kubo Mačák
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Standard Of Proof ◽  
Probative Value ◽  
High Profile ◽  
International Responsibility ◽  
Key Aspects

States are increasingly willing to publicly attribute hostile cyber operations to other States. Sooner or later, such claims will be tested before an international tribunal against the applicable international law. When that happens, clear guidance will be needed on the methodological, procedural and substantive aspects of attribution of cyber operations from the perspective of international law. This article examines a recent high-profile case brought by the United States authorities against Mr Park Jin Hyok, an alleged North Korean hacker, to provide such analysis. The article begins by introducing the case against Mr Park and the key aspects of the evidence adduced against him. It then considers whether the publicly available evidence, assuming its accuracy, would in principle suffice to attribute the alleged conduct to North Korea. In the next step, this evidence is analysed from the perspective of the international jurisprudence on the standard of proof and on the probative value of indirect or circumstantial evidence. This analysis reveals the need for objective impartial assessment of the available evidence and the article thus continues by considering possible international attribution mechanisms. Before concluding, the article considers whether the principle of due diligence may provide an alternative pathway to international responsibility, thus mitigating the deficiencies of the existing attribution law. The final section then highlights the overarching lessons learned from the Park case for the attribution of cyber operations under international law, focusing particularly on States' potential to make cyberspace a more stable and secure domain through the interpretation and development of the law in this area.

scholarly journals The Universal Precautionary Principle: New Pillars and Pathways for Environmental, Sociocultural, and Economic Resilience

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akins ◽  
Lyver ◽  
Alrøe ◽  
Moller
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Potential Outcomes ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
Indigenous And Local Knowledge ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Market Disruption ◽  
The Face

Global environmental degradation is linked to a worldwide erosion of ethnic identity and cultural diversity, as well as market disruption. Cultures rely heavily on the local environment around them, and local communities play a key role in conserving natural resources. People’s identity, connection with land, and the adaptation of Indigenous and local knowledge are prerequisites for resilience. Though the Environmental Precautionary Principle (EPP) aims to tackle environmental degradation by privileging the environment in the face of uncertainty, it is not sufficient on its own; it does not take into account the intimate connection between nature and local culture, nor does it prioritize community or cultural wellbeing. We suggest expanding this concept into a multi-faceted Universal Precautionary Principle (UPP), which recognizes people’s connection to the land, and elevates community, cultural, and economic wellbeing as equally important values alongside environmental concerns. Here, we coin the Universal Precautionary Principle, outline its four core pillars—systems, governance, diversity, and resilience—and introduce its three subsets: Environmental Precautionary Principle, Sociocultural Precautionary Principle, and Economic Precautionary Principle. We discuss potential outcomes of its application, and offer operational guidelines to implement the Universal Precautionary Principle in practice, before concluding that it is a crucial tool to build environmental, sociocultural, and economic resilience. In essence, reciprocity is the keystone for continuance—if the environment is healthy, people are more likely to be healthy. Equally, if people are healthy, the environment is more likely to be healthy; for both people and the environment to be healthy, their culture and economy must be healthy.

Synthesis and Processing of Organic Materials in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia E. McCluskey ◽  
Jin-Kyun Lee ◽  
Jing Sha ◽  
Christopher K. Ober ◽  
Scott E. Watkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Organic Electronic Devices ◽  
Organic Electronic ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Synthesis And Processing ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) is arguably the most high-profile molecule of recent times. Although much of its bad press comes from environmental concerns associated with greenhouse gas emissions, there exists the possibility to harness this abundant resource for application to the synthesis and processing of useful materials. This article describes a selection of recent successes in using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a solvent for polymerizations. Further, the uses of compressed CO2 as a processing tool in the fabrication of materials for applications such as coatings and biomaterials are discussed. Finally, the application of scCO2 to photolithography is demonstrated, with particular focus on CO2 as a processing solvent for the patterning of organic electronic devices.

scholarly journals A “Next Generation” of Climate Change Litigation?: an Australian Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9(3)) ◽  
pp. 275-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Peel ◽  
Hari Osofsky ◽  
Anita Foerster
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Australian Experience ◽  
Key Aspects

Since conclusion of the Paris Agreement and the high-profile Urgenda case, potential new avenues for strategic climate litigation have received considerable attention in many countries, including Australia. Australia already has a substantial climate jurisprudence, primarily involving administrative challenges under environmental laws. This paper aims to examine the prospects for a “next generation” of cases focused on holding governments and corporations to account for the climate change implications of their actions. We draw on analysis of existing legal precedent and emerging cases to explore four key aspects: drivers for next generation lawsuits, potential legal avenues, and likely enablers and barriers. The paper uses the Australian experience as a case study but draws also on litigation trends globally. We find that the most fruitful strategy for future climate change litigation is likely to be one that advances lower risk cases building from the base of existing litigation, while simultaneously attempting novel approaches. Desde los Acuerdos de París y el caso Urgenda, varios países han prestado mayor atención a los litigios estratégicos sobre el clima. Australia ya tiene una notable jurisprudencia sobre el clima, especialmente en cuanto a los desafíos que para la administración suponen las leyes ambientales. Este artículo analiza las posibilidades de una “nueva generación” de casos basados en pedir responsabilidades gubernamentales y empresariales. Partimos de antecedentes jurídicos y de casos emergentes para explorar cuatro cuestiones claves: los motores para demandas judiciales, posibles vías legales, y capacitadores y obstáculos probables. Se usa la experiencia de Australia como estudio de caso, pero también se traen a colación tendencias judiciales globales. Hallamos que la estrategia más provechosa es propulsar casos de menor riesgo desde la base de los litigios existentes, a la vez que ensayar nuevos abordajes.

Fields of planning action: housing, economy and infrastructure

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-224
Author(s):  
Tim Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The Political ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Planning Activity ◽  
Town Centre ◽  
Planning Action ◽  
Retail Warehousing

Here three core fields of planning activity are analysed, to excavate the political and ideological forces in play in each case. The fields are housing, commercial development (industry, retail, warehousing) and infrastructure (transport, energy). It is argued that central ideological structuring is important in all three fields, given the power of central government financing and regulation in most areas. There is scope nevertheless for the formation of some variation in local political and ideological landscapes. This may affect for example local policies on housing or on welcoming or otherwise of economic development, or policies on retail investment. However this is generally constrained. In each field case examples are given from English localities, including town centre retail schemes, large warehousing projects, highway schemes and power station developments.

From Community to Coalition

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 113-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Walby
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Politics Of Recognition ◽  
Global Era ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Political Cultures ◽  
The Social ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
Key Aspects

This article considers how to go beyond the polarities of individualism and communitarianism in the analysis of contemporary political cultures in a global era. It is argued that there is a need to ground analysis in a presumption of social networks and coalitions, rather than in the concept of recognition. Political cultures are always already riddled with complexity and cross-cutting relations with other political cultures, coalitions and alliances. Within the politics of recognition, the conventional operationalization of the concept of the ‘social’ via the concept of ‘community’ misleadingly narrows the analysis of key aspects of social relations. Rather, we should invoke a wider range of sociological concepts to capture the nature of the social including, among many others, coalition, network and reference groups. In particular, the selection of the ‘other’ against whom aspirational comparisons are made is a complex social process, much previously analysed by reference group theory. The contemporary framing of some political claims in reference to a socially constructed conception of the universal is an increasingly common strategy. The politics of recognition is shown to be subordinate to the politics of equality, when sociological analysis of contemporary political cultures, of how people actually do make ethical and political claims, is prioritized.

scholarly journals Making the urban environment around schools healthier, developing an initial programme theory: an early realist process evaluation of the London superzones pilot

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Catt ◽  
Steven L Senior
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Process Evaluation ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Programme Theory ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Agency Action ◽  
Roll Out

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDMore than four out of five people in England live in an urban area so the urban environment is an important determinant of health and an important contributor to health inequalities. This is especially true for children, for whom the impacts of their local environment may have lifelong effects. To improve the health effects of the urban environment the London Devolution Partnership piloted multi-agency partnerships focusing on 400m ‘superzones’ around schools in deprived communities. The intention is for local partners to work together to make the environment within the superzone healthier.METHODSA realist process evaluation of 13 pilot sites. We used data from programme documents, a rapid literature search, and interviews with lead officers for the 13 local authorities that took part in the programme. Qualitative analysis was used to identify combinations of context, mechanisms, and outcomes (CMOs) that affected the creation of a local partnership and plan.RESULTSAll but one of the 13 pilot sites established a superzone and multi-agency action plan. We identified 12 CMOs that affect the process of creating a school superzone. We present a logic model that describes how these CMOs combine to make up an initial programme theory of superzones. Key aspects of this programme theory include the importance of local partners’ priorities, leadership and support from across the local authority, and the flexibility of the model itself.CONCLUSIONThe superzones model is an emerging framework for local place-based partnership working to improve the urban environment. However, the success of the model is likely to depend on local context. The evidence presented here could guide the further roll out of the model, and support those local authorities that want to create superzones.

Ideologies in Britain, with initial linking to planning

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-62
Author(s):  
Tim Marshall
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Labour Government ◽  
Planning Activity ◽  
The Core ◽  
British Planning

The primary ideologies are surveyed, taken to be the classic ideological composites, most centrally conservatism and socialism. Also introduced are several other kinds of ideological forces, primarily feminism, environmentalism and several dimensions of nationalism. These are then related in an initial manner to British planning, particularly that within England, concentrating on the periods of Conservative and Labour government in the last two decades. The significance of the classic left-right distinctions is brought out, whilst also stressing the importance in certain fields of the other ideological dimensions. These however generally have to build some relationship with one of the core ideological composites if they are to have a powerful impact on policy and practice at all levels of planning activity.

Contemporary planning matters. The just city

TERRITORIO ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 183-185
Author(s):  
Massimo Bricocoli ◽  
Davide Ponzini
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Regional Planning ◽  
Urban And Regional Planning ◽  
Planning Activity ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Planning Action

What are the social reasons for urban planning activity? How can we discuss issues, principles, values and guidelines in urban planning action today? The title of these notes is drawn from a series of three seminars which we organised and held between 2011 and 2012, with support from the Diap. These notes accompany Susan Fainstein's essay at the beginning of this edition of the journal. The expression ‘contemporary planning matters' with its double meaning is both a reference to the reasons for contemporary planning activity and a pointer to the challenges of the subject and issues which urban planning action must meet today. It is on these big issues that we have invited Susan Fainstein, Tim Rieniets and Jacques Donzelot to dicuss the conditions to which urban and regional planning is subject today.

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