scholarly journals Where's the Intelligence in the National Intelligence Model?

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Eline Kleiven
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Police Service ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Community Intelligence ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

This article investigates the status of community intelligence within The National Intelligence Model (NIM) in the UK. The study included focused interviews with 23 intelligence practitioners across the UK police service, combined with open-ended interviews with academics and persons working to implement the NIM. The results indicate that police officers and informants are the most trusted and the most used sources of intelligence, and that the use of community intelligence is marginal. A combination of police culture, lack of knowledge within management and police officers, the absence of a general definition of ‘intelligence’, a lack of guidance around community intelligence and the secrecy surrounding intelligence, stand out as factors that may explain the low status and use of community intelligence.

scholarly journals The Future of Initial Police Training: A University Perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic A. Wood ◽  
Stephen Tong
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Position Paper ◽  
Initial Training ◽  
Police Recruits ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Police Service ◽  
The Status ◽  
University Department

A recurring issue in the initial training of police recruits in England and Wales concerns the status of student police officers. This position paper engages with debates concerning this aspect of initial police training from a university perspective by reflecting on the experiences gained over a three and a half year period of delivering a Student Officer Programme (SOP), a joint collaboration between a university department and a UK police service. As such it should be read as a comment piece that aims primarily to stimulate debate. Although not an empirical research piece, the paper nonetheless engages with the experiences that have been borne out of the collaborative running of the SOP. The paper presents a philosophical analysis of one particular aspect of that experience, namely the tension that arises from the contradictory status of student police officers.

scholarly journals Brain death in early pregnancy: A legal and ethical challenge coming to your intensive care unit?

2020 ◽  
pp. 175114372091897
Author(s):  
Alex Warren ◽  
Sarah Kelly ◽  
Antonia Karus-McElvogue ◽  
Rowan Burnstein
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Recent Case ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Ethical Challenge ◽  
Definition Of Death ◽  
The Status ◽  
Brain Dead ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk

Increasingly, reports are emerging of maternal physiological support after brain death in pregnant women declared brain dead long before the gestational age of foetal viability. While these ‘miracle babies’ often receive significant media attention – such as the recent case of Catarina Sequeira – it is difficult to estimate the probability of a live birth in such circumstances given a clear publication bias in favour of reporting good outcomes. In a number of highly publicised cases, continuation of maternal physiological support after brain death has been attempted against the express wishes of the patient's family in jurisdictions where a foetal right to life is given weight in law. The legal issues around discontinuation of maternal physiological support after brain death have not yet been assessed by a UK court. The scenario is easily envisioned, however, where conflict emerges as to the appropriateness of such support. While there is no statutory definition of death in the UK, the courts have accepted brain-dead patients as legally dead upon completion of brainstem testing. However, as UK law grants few explicit legal rights to a foetus, it is unclear as to how conflicts are to be resolved. This article is not intended as a systematic review of the medical or legal academic literature, nor as a review of the clinical management of the pregnant brain-dead patient; rather, it aims to summarise the evidence base for maternal physiological support after brain death and the relevant case law. Using a recent case as an example, this article will outline the legal approach to death in the UK, contrast the status in law of a brain-dead mother and her foetus, and advance an argument of the circumstances in which maternal physiological support after brain death may be ethically justifiable. The authors hope this will assist the UK intensivist in the complex decision-making such cases demand.

scholarly journals Hearing their voices and counting them in: The place of Canadian LGBTQ police officers in police culture

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Joe L. Couto
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
Workplace Harassment ◽  
Police Service ◽  
Masculine Norms ◽  
Police Organizations

The growing presence of LGBTQ police officers and civilian personnel within police organizations, their presence at LGBTQ community events, increased recruitment efforts, and the emergence of LGBTQ advocacy groups within polic-ing invites research into the lived experiences of these police service members. My 2014 study of 21 LGBTQ sworn police officers in Ontario revealed that most officers believe their status and relationships in their workplaces are more positive today compared to other eras. However, it also found that they believe that police culture fundamentally retains a hyper-masculine and heterosexual orientation. A subsequent study of the intersectionality of gender and sexual orientation for gay female sworn police officers found that being “female” and being “gay” exposes LGBTQ female police officers to challenges regarding both their gender and their sexual orientation—specifically workplace harassment and having to conform to masculine “norms”. However, the research also suggests that these and other challenges in a police environ-ment based on sexual orientation are not as overt as those based on gender alone. Understanding such subtle differences is vital to creating inclusive and supportive work environments in which LGBTQ members can thrive and contribute as their authentic selves and find legitimacy and respect as police professionals.

A National Police Service: Any Day Now?

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Donnelly ◽  
Kenneth B. Scott ◽  
Roy Wilkie
Keyword(s):  
Status Quo ◽  
Central Control ◽  
National Service ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Police Service ◽  
National Network ◽  
Regional System ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Uk ◽  
National Police

Policing in the UK is moving towards more central control than ever before in its history, at the expense of a strong tripartite system, which seems to exist in name only. The evolving national network in England and Wales has a statutory foundation, while Scotland has adopted a mainly nonstatutory approach to central control, although this should change with new legislation in 2003. The potential for further centralisation in Scotland remains high because of the nation's size and new devolved constitutional position. The key question for all concerned in the UK, and particularly in Scotland, is what system of policing do we wish to have: a national service; a regional system; or the status quo? The answer can be found only after open public debate takes place.

The impact of values, bias, culture and leadership on BME under-representation in the police service

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-59
Author(s):  
Irene Afful
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Unconscious Bias ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Police Service ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Senior Officers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Equality And Diversity

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically examine whether the individual values and bias of police officers could be frustrating attempts to achieve black and ethnic minority (BME) representation within the police service, especially at senior levels. It focusses on the micro-individual level, examining perceptions, values and attitudes towards equality and diversity, unconscious bias and the impact of leadership in addressing these issues. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews the literature on values, police culture and leadership. It draws upon data produced from a very small study undertaken within a local police service specialist unit where the author was employed, by means of semi-structured interviews with a selection of staff and senior officers, and values and attitudes surveys. Data were examined from a national survey of BME officers and Human Resources Leads, conducted by the College of Policing’s BME Progression 2018 Programme. Finally, unconscious bias test data of samples of police officers, including senior leaders and HR professionals were examined. Findings The interview data show that equality and diversity are perceived to be largely embedded by organisational members. This is contradicted by the data from the values and attitudes survey which show that equality is not fully embedded in the culture, and the data from BME officers survey supports this. Leader role models and behaviours were found to play a crucial role in embedding these values, along with training. The findings also demonstrated a higher level of unconscious bias among senior officers and HR professionals, responsible for recruitment and selection, than police employees in general. Research limitations/implications This exploratory research is concerned with policing in England and Wales. The very small sample limits inferences possible in the findings but is highly relevant to current and future policing. Practical implications The paper highlights some potential barriers to achieving a representative police service at an individual rather than organisational level and makes a number of recommendations on the role of leaders now, and crucially in the future, to fully embed equality and diversity into police culture to address under-representation, a phenomenon which has plagued the police service throughout its entire history. Originality/value There appears to be a dearth of studies examining the issue of under-representation at the micro-individual level within British police organisations. The current, exploratory research study seeks to contribute to closing this gap.

scholarly journals Racial Discrimination in The London Metropolitan Police Service.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
British Society ◽  
Breeding Ground ◽  
Metropolitan Police ◽  
Police Service ◽  
Black Police

Abstract It is practically impossible for police officers to do their jobs without biases or prejudices. Even when the office of the Police Constable does not allow it. The purpose of this paper is summed up in three headings: first, to highlight the extent of racism in the London Metropolitan Police for over three decades This is evidenced from several case studies of black police officer’s mistreatment in the London Police Service. Second, the effect of police culture as a breeding ground for racism in the police and third, providing an understanding of the trio concepts of prejudice, discrimination, and stereotype. The author relies on racial Postcolonial theories that have created and sustain a culture of racial superiority over the years. This is a qualitative study; the author relies on the reviewing of previous literature relating to the topic of police racism. Some of the findings are: it has proven very difficult to find a solution to racism so long as the racism in the wider British society has not been dealt with effectively enough to accommodate the constructed other. Police culture needs to be outlawed in the police service and racism needs to become a dismissible police unlawful act.

scholarly journals Identification Criteria of Jus Cogens Norms in International Law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya Dolinska
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
General Rule ◽  
International Community ◽  
General Nature ◽  
General Definition ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Jus Cogens

The article examines the positions of leading scholars on the identification of imperative norms of international law, discusses critical remarks that focus primarily on the difficulties connected with such identification. Trying to codify the concept of jus cogens in international law, the Commission itself acknowledged that the wording of the article was not so straightforward as there was no simple criterion by which a general rule of international law could be defined as having the character of jus cogens. Moreover, most of the general rules of international law are not of this nature, and therefore States can evade them by concluding treaties. Having considered the general definition of jus cogens in the Vienna Convention, it can be argued that the rule of international law can be ‘raised’ to the status of the rule of jus cogens – the imperative rule of international law – if the latter meets all the criteria. An important criterion worth noting is that imperative rules protect the interests of the whole international community: all imperative rules protect the interests of community, but not all public interests will be protected by the rules of jus cogens. The next criterion, closely related to the previous one, is that jus cogens rules protect the most fundamental ethical values of the international community, and one more – the absolute nature of the norm. But, in fact, the jus cogens category itself has more authority than its specific content. Despite the fact that none of the documents contains a comprehensive list of rules that should be considered imperative, the article provides a preliminary classification of non-derogation rules in order to illustrate some of the most obvious and applicable jus cogens norms for indicating in these examples the general nature and scope of the rule contained in Article 53. Key words: jus cogens norms; imperative norms; international law.

Empowering Women in Blue Uniforms—Gender and Police in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanta Singh ◽  
Sultan Khan
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Work ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
The South ◽  
South African Police Service ◽  
Female Police Officers ◽  
South African Police ◽  
Female Officers

Gender in the police force has received scant attention by researchers, although there are complex social dimensions at play in how male and female law enforcement officers relate to each other in the workplace. Given the fact that males predominate in the police force, their female counterparts are often marginalised due to their sexual orientation and certain stereotypes that prevail about their femininity. Male officers perceive female officers as physically weak individuals who cannot go about their duties as this is an area of work deemed more appropriate to men. Based on this perception, female officers are discriminated against in active policing and often confined to administrative duties. This study looks at how female police officers are discriminated against in the global police culture across the globe, the logic of sexism and women’s threat to police work, men’s opposition to female police work, gender representivity in the police force, and the integration and transformation of the South African Police Service to accommodate female police officers. The study highlights that although police officers are discriminated against globally, in the South African context positive steps have been taken to accommodate them through legislative reform.

Creating and Capturing Value through Crowdsourcing

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Product Innovation ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk

Examples of the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing go back to at least 1714, when the UK used crowdsourcing to solve the Longitude Problem, obtaining a solution that would enable the UK to become the dominant maritime force of its time. Today, Wikipedia uses crowds to provide entries for the world’s largest and free encyclopedia. Partly fueled by the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing, interest in researching the phenomenon has been remarkable. For example, the Best Paper Awards in 2012 for a record-setting three journals—the Academy of Management Review, Journal of Product Innovation Management, and Academy of Management Perspectives—were about crowdsourcing. In spite of the interest in crowdsourcing—or perhaps because of it—research on the phenomenon has been conducted in different research silos within the fields of management (from strategy to finance to operations to information systems), biology, communications, computer science, economics, political science, among others. In these silos, crowdsourcing takes names such as broadcast search, innovation tournaments, crowdfunding, community innovation, distributed innovation, collective intelligence, open source, crowdpower, and even open innovation. The book aims to assemble papers from as many of these silos as possible since the ultimate potential of crowdsourcing research is likely to be attained only by bridging them. The papers provide a systematic overview of the research on crowdsourcing from different fields based on a more encompassing definition of the concept, its difference for innovation, and its value for both the private and public sectors.

“Laying Hands” and Learning to Touch and Grab in the Police Academy

2019 ◽  
pp. 446-468
Author(s):  
Brian Lande
Keyword(s):  
Police Officer ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Police Culture ◽  
Police Academy ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Police Recruits ◽  
Hands On

Research on the formation of police officers generally focuses on the beliefs, accounts, and categories that recruits must master. Becoming a police officer, however, is not simply a matter of acquiring new attitudes and beliefs. This article attends to an unexplored side of police culture—the sensorial and tactile education that recruits undergo at the police academy. Rubenstein wrote in 1973 that a police officer’s first tool is his or her body. This article examines the formation of the police body by examining how police recruits learn to use their hands as instruments of control. In police vernacular, this means learning to “lay hands” (a term borrowed from Pentecostal traditions) or going “hands on.” This chapter focuses on two means of using the hands: searching and defensive tactics. It describes how instructors teach recruits to use their hands for touching, manipulating, and grabbing the clothing and flesh of others to sense weapons and contraband. It also examines how recruits are taught to grab, manipulate, twist, and strike others in order to gain control of “unruly” bodies. It concludes by discussing the implications of “touching like a cop” for understanding membership in the police force.

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