Effect of small-sided team sport training and protein intake on muscle mass, physical function and markers of health in older untrained adults: A randomized trial

The role of dietary protein intake on muscle mass and physical function in older adults is important for the prevention of age-related physical limitations. The aim of the present study was to elucidate links between dietary protein intake and muscle mass and physical function in older women meeting current guidelines of objectively assessed physical activity. In 106 women (65 to 70 years old), protein intake was assessed using a 6-day food record and participants were classified into high and low protein intake groups using two Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) thresholds (0.8 g·kg−1 bodyweight (BW) and 1.1 g·kg−1 BW). Body composition, aerobic fitness, and quadriceps strength were determined using standardized procedures, and self-reported physical function was assessed using the SF-12 Health Survey. Physical activity was assessed by accelerometry and self-report. Women below the 0.8 g·kg−1 BW threshold had a lower muscle mass (p < 0.05) with no differences in physical function variables. When based on the higher RDA threshold (1.1 g·kg−1 BW), in addition to significant differences in muscle mass, women below the higher threshold had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher likelihood of having physical limitations. In conclusion, the present study supports the RDA threshold of 0.8 g·kg−1 BW of proteins to prevent the loss of muscle mass and emphasizes the importance of the higher RDA threshold of at least 1.1 g·kg−1 BW to infer additional benefits on constructs of physical function. Our study also supports the role of protein intake for healthy ageing, even in older adults meeting guidelines for physical activity.

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Sarcopenia in older black South African women and relationships with physical activity and protein intake

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120000981 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Amy E. Mendham ◽

Naomi E. Brooks ◽

Lisa K. Micklesfield ◽

Mieke Faber ◽

Dirk L. Christensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Function ◽

Grip Strength ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Whole Body ◽

Ageing Population ◽

Hs Crp ◽

High Cadence

AbstractIntroductionSouth Africa (SA) is a developing country with an ageing population. Adequate nutrition and physical activity (PA) protect against the loss of muscle mass and physical function, both of which are important components of sarcopenia. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of sarcopenia in older black SA women and investigate its associations with PA and protein intake.Materials and MethodsOlder black SA women (age, 68 (range; 60–85 years) n = 122) completed sociodemographic questionnaires, 24 h urine collection (estimate protein intake), venous blood (hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and ferritin), functional tests (grip strength, 3 m timed-up-and-go (TUG), 10 m walk test) and PA monitoring (activPAL). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry whole-body scans assessed fat and fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM).ResultsAccording to the European Working group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP)2, 2.5% (n = 3) had confirmed sarcopenia of a low severity based on normal physical function. Of the total cohort, 9% (n = 11) had low grip strength, 22.1% (n = 27) had a low appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), and no women had low TUG (s) or gait speed (m/s). Higher ASMI was associated with lower hs-CRP (p = 0.05; Rho = -0.209) and higher ferritin (Rho = 0.252; p = 0.019), grip strength (kg, Rho = 0.223; p = 0.015), and gait speed (m/s, Rho = 0.180; p = 0.050). Protein intake suggested intake of 41.8g/day/ or 0.51 g/kg of body mass/day. Higher total protein intake (g/24h), was associated with higher FFSTM (kg) and ASMI (p < 0.001). PA outcomes were not correlated with FFSTM or ASMI (p > 0.05), however, there was a strong positive correlation of TUG (s) and gait speed (m/s) with time spent: 1) stepping per day (min) and; 2) at a high cadence (> 100 steps/min) (all p < 0.01). Daily step count was 7137 ± 3233 (mean ± Standard deviation), with 97.9 ± 38.7 min of total time spent stepping and 12.6 ± 16.8 min spent stepping at a high cadence (> 100 steps/min). Of note, 13.9% (n = 17) of women were completing > 10,000 steps/day.DiscussionBased on the EWGSOP2 criteria, there is a low prevalence of sarcopenia in older black SA women, explained by the maintenance of strength and physical function that directly related to PA, especially that performed at higher intensities. In contrast, low muscle mass was relatively prevalent (22.1%) and was associated with low dietary protein and not PA. Notably, it may be important to review the cut-points of EWGSOP2 criteria to be specific to the older SA women from disadvantaged communities.

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Daily Protein and Energy Intake Are Not Associated with Muscle Mass and Physical Function in Healthy Older Individuals—A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12092794 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2794

Author(s):

Grith Højfeldt ◽

Yusuke Nishimura ◽

Kenneth Mertz ◽

Simon R. Schacht ◽

Jonas Lindberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Function ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Dietary protein has a pivotal role in muscle mass maintenance with advancing age. However, an optimal dose and distribution of protein intake across the day as well as the interaction with energy intake for the maintenance of muscle mass and physical function in healthy older adults remain to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between muscle mass, strength, and physical function, and the total amount and distribution of protein and energy intake across the day in healthy older individuals. The research question was addressed in a cross-sectional study including 184 Danish men and woman (age: 70.2 ± 3.9 years, body mass: 74.9 ± 12.1 kg, Body Mass Index (BMI): 25.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2) where a 3-day dietary registration, muscle mass, strength, and functional measurements were collected. We found that neither daily total protein intake nor distribution throughout the day were associated with muscle mass, strength, or physical function. Consequently, we do not provide an incentive for healthy older Danish individuals who already adhere to the current internationally accepted recommended dietary protein intake (0.83 g/kg/day) to change dietary protein intake or its distribution pattern throughout the day.

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Dietary Fibre May Mitigate Sarcopenia Risk: Findings from the NU-AGE Cohort of Older European Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12041075 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1075 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Diego Montiel-Rojas ◽

Andreas Nilsson ◽

Aurelia Santoro ◽

Claudio Franceschi ◽

Alberto Bazzocchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Physical Function ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Dietary Fibre ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Fibre Intake ◽

The Impact

Sarcopenia is characterised by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and physical function as well as related metabolic disturbances. While fibre-rich diets can influence metabolic health outcomes, the impact on skeletal muscle mass and function is yet to be determined, and the moderating effects by physical activity (PA) need to be considered. The aim of the present study was to examine links between fibre intake, skeletal muscle mass and physical function in a cohort of older adults from the NU-AGE study. In 981 older adults (71 ± 4 years, 58% female), physical function was assessed using the short-physical performance battery test and handgrip strength. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was derived using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Dietary fibre intake (FI) was assessed by 7-day food record and PA was objectively determined by accelerometery. General linear models accounting for covariates including PA level, protein intake and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were used. Women above the median FI had significantly higher SMI compared to those below, which remained in fully adjusted models (24.7 ± 0.2% vs. 24.2 ± 0.1%, p = 0.011, η2p = 0.012). In men, the same association was only evident in those without MetS (above median FI: 32.4 ± 0.3% vs. below median FI: 31.3 ± 0.3%, p = 0.005, η2p = 0.035). There was no significant impact of FI on physical function outcomes. The findings from this study suggest a beneficial impact of FI on skeletal muscle mass in older adults. Importantly, this impact is independent of adherence to guidelines for protein intake and PA, which further strengthens the potential role of dietary fibre in preventing sarcopenia. Further experimental work is warranted in order to elucidate the mechanisms underpinning the action of dietary fibre on the regulation of muscle mass.

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An Update on Protein, Leucine, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Vitamin D in the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia and Functional Decline

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10081099 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1099 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Anne-Julie Tessier ◽

Stéphanie Chevalier

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Physical Function ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Functional Decline ◽

Intervention Strategy ◽

Vitamin D Supplementation ◽

Omega 3

Aging is associated with sarcopenia and functional decline, leading to frailty and disability. As a modifiable risk factor, nutrition may represent a target for preventing or postponing the onset of these geriatric conditions. Among nutrients, high-quality protein, leucine, vitamin D, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are of particular interest for their demonstrated effects on skeletal muscle health. This narrative review aims to examine the recent observational and interventional evidence on the associations and the role of these nutrients in the muscle mass, strength, mobility, and physical function of free-living older adults, who are either healthy or at risk of frailty. Recent evidence supports a higher protein intake recommendation of 1.0–1.2 g/kg/day in healthy older adults; an evenly distributed mealtime protein intake or minimal protein per meal may be beneficial. In addition, vitamin D supplementation of 800–1000 IU, particularly when vitamin D status is low, and doses of ~3 g/day of n-3 PUFA may be favorable for physical function, muscle mass, and strength. Reviewed studies are highly heterogenous, yet the quantity, quality, and timing of intakes should be considered when designing intervention studies. Combined protein, leucine, vitamin D, and n-3 PUFA supplements may convey added benefits and may represent an intervention strategy in the prevention of sarcopenia and functional decline.

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EFFECT OF INCREASED DAILY INTAKE OF PROTEIN, COMBINED WITH A PROGRAM OF RESISTANCE EXERCISES, ON THE MUSCLE MASS AND PHYSICAL FUNCTION OF COMMUNITY-DWELLING ELDERLY WOMEN

Journal of Aging Research and Lifestyle ◽

10.14283/jarcp.2016.124 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

H. Mori ◽

Y. Tokuda

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Physical Function ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Health Concern ◽

Age Related ◽

Moderate Resistance

Background: In elderly women, significant loss of muscle mass due to declining levels of estrogen secretion is a health concern. Increasing the recommended dietary allowance of protein intake has been included as a general health guideline to prevent age-related sarcopenia. Objectives: To investigate effects of light-to-moderate resistance training combined with increased protein intake on the muscle mass, strength, and physical function of community-dwelling elderly women. Design: The 12-week training program combined weight-bearing and resistance band exercises, performed 3 times per week. Setting: Hyogo Prefecture, in either City K or Town H. Practical Intervention: Women were randomly allocated to three groups: exercise with protein intake adjusted to the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 1.0–1.1 g/kg body weight/day (MP+EX group); exercise with protein intake adjusted above the RDA level at 1.2–1.3 g/kg body weight/day (HP+EX group); and a control group receiving classroom-based session on nutrition management, with protein intake adjusted to the RDA level (MP group). Measurements: Body weight and physical composition were measured by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: Exercise prevented decreases in muscle mass and strength and in performance of physical function tasks (p<0.05). Increasing dietary intake of protein above RDA level increased muscle mass (p<0.01), walking speed (p<0.01) and knee extensor strength (p<0.05). Conclusion: Adjusting protein intake to 1.2–1.3 g/kg body weight/day, in combination with light-to-moderate resistance training, can improve body composition and physical function in elderly women. The result of this study could be effective in lowering the incidence of age-related sarcopenia.

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771-P: Protein Intake at Breakfast Contributes to Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Japanese Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db19-771-p ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 68 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 771-P

Author(s):

SODAI KUBOTA ◽

HITOSHI KUWATA ◽

SAKI OKAMOTO ◽

DAISUKE YABE ◽

KENTA MUROTANI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

P Protein ◽

Japanese Elderly

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Physical activity, protein intake, and appendicular skeletal muscle mass in older men

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/70.1.91 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 91-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Raymond D Starling ◽

Philip A Ades ◽

Eric T Poehlman

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Older Men ◽

Appendicular Skeletal Muscle ◽

Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass

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Two-Year Whey Protein Supplementation Did Not Enhance Muscle Mass and Physical Function in Well-Nourished Healthy Older Postmenopausal Women

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.3945/jn.115.218297 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 145 (11) ◽

pp. 2520-2526 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Kun Zhu ◽

Deborah A Kerr ◽

Xingqiong Meng ◽

Amanda Devine ◽

Vicky Solah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Function ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Protein Supplementation

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Optimal Protein Intake in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Sarcopenia: An Overview

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13041205 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1205

Author(s):

Yoshitaka Isaka

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

High Risk ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Exercise Therapy ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Renin Angiotensin System ◽

Protein Restriction ◽

Ckd Stage ◽

End Stage

Multi-factors, such as anorexia, activation of renin-angiotensin system, inflammation, and metabolic acidosis, contribute to malnutrition in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Most of these factors, contributing to the progression of malnutrition, worsen as CKD progresses. Protein restriction, used as a treatment for CKD, can reduce the risk of CKD progression, but may worsen the sarcopenia, a syndrome characterized by a progressive and systemic loss of muscle mass and strength. The concomitant rate of sarcopenia is higher in CKD patients than in the general population. Sarcopenia is also associated with mortality risk in CKD patients. Thus, it is important to determine whether protein restriction should be continued or loosened in CKD patients with sarcopenia. We may prioritize protein restriction in CKD patients with a high risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), classified to stage G4 to G5, but may loosen protein restriction in ESKD-low risk CKD stage G3 patients with proteinuria <0.5 g/day, and rate of eGFR decline <3.0 mL/min/1.73 m2/year. However, the effect of increasing protein intake alone without exercise therapy may be limited in CKD patients with sarcopenia. The combination of exercise therapy and increased protein intake is effective in improving muscle mass and strength in CKD patients with sarcopenia. In the case of loosening protein restriction, it is safe to avoid protein intake of more than 1.5 g/kgBW/day. In CKD patients with high risk in ESKD, 0.8 g/kgBW/day may be a critical point of protein intake.

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