scholarly journals The geographical maldistribution of obstetricians and gynecologists in Japan

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245385
Author(s):  
Kunichika Matsumoto ◽  
Kanako Seto ◽  
Eijiro Hayata ◽  
Shigeru Fujita ◽  
Yosuke Hatakeyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Female Physician ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Contribution Ratio ◽  
Female Physicians ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
And Gender

Background In Japan, there is a large geographical maldistribution of obstetricians/gynecologists, with a high proportion of females. This study seeks to clarify how the increase in the proportion of female physicians affects the geographical maldistribution of obstetrics/gynecologists. Methods Governmental data of the Survey of Physicians, Dentists and Pharmacists between 1996 and 2016 were used. The Gini coefficient was used to measure the geographical maldistribution. We divided obstetricians/gynecologists into four groups based on age and gender: males under 40 years, females under 40 years, males aged 40 years and above, and females aged 40 years and above, and the time trend of the maldistribution and contribution of each group was evaluated. Results The maldistribution of obstetricians/gynecologists was found to be worse during the study period, with the Gini coefficient exceeding 0.400 in 2016. The contribution ratios of female physicians to the deterioration of geographical maldistribution have been increasing for those under 40 years and those aged 40 years and above. However, there was a continuous decrease in the Gini coefficient of the two groups. Conclusions The increase in the contribution ratio of the female physician groups to the Gini coefficient in obstetrics/gynecology may be due to the increased weight of these groups. The Gini coefficients of the female groups were also found to be on a decline. Although this may be because the working environment for female physicians improved or more female physicians established their practice in previously underserved areas, such a notion needs to be investigated in a follow-up study.

scholarly journals Age- and gender-related differences in the evolution of psychological and cognitive status after the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak: a follow-up study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianpaolo Maggi ◽  
Ivana Baldassarre ◽  
Andrea Barbaro ◽  
Nicola Davide Cavallo ◽  
Maria Cropano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals The Gini Coefficient as a useful measure of malaria inequality among populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Abeles ◽  
David Conway
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
World Regions ◽  
Village Communities ◽  
High Level

BACKGROUND: Understanding inequality in infectious disease burden requires clear and unbiased indicators. The Gini coefficient, conventionally used as a macroeconomic descriptor of inequality, is potentially useful to quantify epidemiological heterogeneity. With a potential range from 0 (all populations equal) to 1 (populations having maximal differences), this coefficient is used here to show the extent and persistence of inequality of malaria infection burden at a wide variety of population levels. METHODS: We first applied the Gini coefficient to quantify variation among WHO world regions for malaria and other major global health problems. Malaria heterogeneity was then measured among countries within the geographical sub-region where burden is greatest, among the major administrative divisions in several of these countries, and among selected local communities. Data were analysed from previous research studies, national surveys, and global reports, and Gini coefficients were calculated together with confidence intervals using bootstrap resampling methods. RESULTS: Malaria showed a very high level of inequality among the world regions (Gini coefficient, G = 0.77, 95% CI 0.66-0.81), more extreme than for any of the other major global health challenges compared at this level. Within the most highly endemic geographical sub-region, there was substantial inequality in estimated malaria incidence among countries of West Africa, which did not decrease between 2010 (G = 0.28, 95% CI 0.19-0.36) and 2018 (G = 0.31, 0.22-0.39). There was a high level of sub-national variation in prevalence among states within Nigeria (G = 0.30, 95% CI 0.26-0.35), but more moderate variation within Ghana (G = 0.18, 95% CI 0.12-0.25) and Sierra Leone (G = 0.17, 95% CI 0.12-0.22). There was also significant inequality in prevalence among local village communities, generally more marked during dry seasons when there was lower mean prevalence. The Gini coefficient correlated strongly with the Coefficient of Variation which has no finite range. CONCLUSIONS: The Gini coefficient is a useful descriptor of epidemiological inequality at all population levels, with confidence intervals and interpretable bounds. Wider use of the coefficient would give broader understanding of malaria heterogeneity revealed by multiple types of studies, surveys and reports, providing more accessible insight from available data.

scholarly journals Gini coefficients for measuring the distribution of sexually transmitted infections among individuals with different levels of sexual activity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Gsteiger ◽  
Nicola Low ◽  
Pam Sonnenberg ◽  
Catherine H Mercer ◽  
Christian L Althaus
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Sti Prevention ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Hpv Types ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractObjectivesGini coefficients have been used to describe the distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections among individuals with different levels of sexual activity. The objectives of this study were to investigate Gini coefficients for different sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and to determine how STI control interventions might affect the Gini coefficient over time.MethodsWe used population-based data for sexually experienced women from two British National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-2: 1999-2001; Natsal-3: 2010-2012) to calculate Gini coefficients for CT, Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), and human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18. We applied bootstrap methods to assess uncertainty and to compare Gini coefficients for different STIs. We then used a mathematical model of STI transmission to study how control interventions affect Gini coefficients.ResultsGini coefficients for CT and MG were 0.33 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.18-0.49) and 0.16 (95% CI: 0.02-0.36), respectively. The relatively small coefficient for MG suggests a longer infectious duration compared with CT. The coefficients for HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 ranged from 0.15-0.38. During the decade between Natsal-2 and Natsal-3, the Gini coefficient for CT did not change. The transmission model shows that higher STI treatment rates are expected to reduce prevalence and increase the Gini coefficient of STIs. In contrast, increased condom use reduces STI prevalence but does not affect the Gini coefficient.ConclusionsGini coefficients for STIs can help us to understand the distribution of STIs in the population, according to level of sexual activity, and could be used to inform STI prevention and treatment strategies.Key messagesThe Gini coefficient can be used to describe the distribution of STIs in a population, according to different levels of sexual activity.Gini coefficients for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and human papillomavirus (HPV) type 18 appear to be higher than for Mycoplasma genitalium and HPV 6, 11 and 16.Mathematical modelling suggests that CT screening interventions should reduce prevalence and increase the Gini coefficient, whilst condom use reduces prevalence without affecting the Gini coefficient.Changes in Gini coefficients over time could be used to assess the impact of STI prevention and treatment strategies.

A three-year national follow-up study on the development of community-level cancer rehabilitation in Denmark

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kristiansen ◽  
Lis Adamsen ◽  
Karin Piil ◽  
Ida Halvorsen ◽  
Nanna Nyholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Cancer Rehabilitation ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
And Gender

Aims: Scandinavian cancer care policies emphasise community-level rehabilitation services, but little is known about changes in service provision over time. This follow-up study explores development in these services in Danish municipalities, focusing on availability, utilisation and organisation of services, including existing opportunities and challenges. Methods: A national survey among all 98 Danish municipalities was conducted in 2013 (baseline) and repeated in 2016 (follow-up). The electronic questionnaire comprised closed- and open-ended questions. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results: A total of 93 municipalities responded (95% response rate) and the services offered primarily comprised group physical activity, dietary advice, smoking cessation and individual counselling on physical activity. The number of patients enrolled was below the estimated number needing rehabilitation in Denmark. Inequality in utilisation by ethnicity, age and gender was reported. Key challenges for the delivery of services were: inadequate referral and recruitment procedures; lack of needs assessment tools; obstacles to ensuring collaboration and referral of patients between hospitals and municipalities; and inadequate evidence on the rehabilitation’s effect. Key recommendations include ensuring collaboration between municipalities; provision of diagnosis-specific group-based activities; services focusing on physical activity; and gender-specific activities directed particularly at men. Conclusions: This study, which highlights improvements in the provision of community-level cancer rehabilitation, recommends that more effort be made to ensure equality in utilisation across patient groups, improved integration of municipal-level services into cancer care trajectories, more uniform documentation of service delivery and the enforcement of patient outcomes to gradually build a more robust evidence base for community-level cancer rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Human common carotid wall shear stress as a function of age and gender: a 12-year follow-up study

AGE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1553-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concetta Irace ◽  
Claudio Carallo ◽  
Maria Serena De Franceschi ◽  
Federico Scicchitano ◽  
Marianna Milano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Carotid Wall ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
And Gender

Frequency distribution of shoot weight of plants in populations ofTrifolium repenspersisting by clonal growth in grazed pastures

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. M. Hay ◽  
V. J. Thomas ◽  
J. L. Brock
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Size Hierarchy ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Variable Nature

SUMMARYOver two years (1984/85 and 1986/87), monthly sampling of shoots of white clover plants compared the populations of white clover in mixed swards at Palmerston North, New Zealand, under set stocking, rotational grazing and a combination of both systems, at a common stocking rate of 22·5 ewe equivalents/ha.The frequency distributions of shoot (or stolon) dry weight per plant in each population over the study period was described by a log-normal model, which indicated that the populations consisted of many small individuals and few large individuals. Such inequality of shoot dry weight within populations is commonly termed size hierarchy; a statistic giving a measure of such size hierarchy is the Gini coefficient. The populations under different managements had similar Gini coefficients which differed little among seasons or between years. Lack of significant correlation between the Gini coefficient and mean shoot dry weight per plant of each population indicated that, in these white clover populations, size hierarchy was independent of mean plant size.These results were considered in relation to the clonal growth of white clover in grazed swards and it is suggested that the variable nature of death of older basal stolons makes an important contribution to the variability in size of individual plants and hence to size hierarchy. As size hierarchy, as assessed by Gini coefficients, was relatively stable in these populations over 3½ years, it appears that clonal growth of white clover incorporates sufficient variability within the growth and death processes at the individual plant level to maintain the size hierarchy, irrespective of variations in mean plant size of populations.

scholarly journals Commentary: Measuring the shape of degree distributions

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNIFER M. BADHAM
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Degree Distribution ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Standard Measure ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractDegree distribution is a fundamental property of networks. While mean degree provides a standard measure of scale, there are several commonly used shape measures. Widespread use of a single shape measure would enable comparisons between networks and facilitate investigations about the relationship between degree distribution properties and other network features. This paper describes five candidate measures of heterogeneity and recommends the Gini coefficient. It has theoretical advantages over many of the previously proposed measures, is meaningful for the broad range of distribution shapes seen in different types of networks, and has several accessible interpretations. While this paper focuses on degree, the distribution of other node-based network properties could also be described with Gini coefficients.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Relationship between the PM2.5 Concentration and the Gini Coefficient Using the Grey Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Lifeng Wu ◽  
Kai Cai ◽  
Yan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Grey Model ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Grey Prediction ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

To explore the relationship between the PM2.5 concentration and the gap between the rich and the poor, the PM2.5 concentration in 26 provincial regions of China is predicted by using the Gini coefficient as the independent variable. The nonequigap fractional grey prediction model (CFNGM (1, 1)) is used for data fitting and predicting. The validity of the model is verified by comparing with the traditional nonequidistant grey model. The predicting results show that the PM2.5 concentration in many provinces of China presents a roughly downward trend. In the past nine years, the Gini coefficients have declined in more than 70% of the 26 provinces. However, the development of the Gini coefficient in Northwest China fluctuates greatly and even has an upward trend in recent years. According to the predictive results, reasonable suggestions can be put forward for the effective control of PM2.5 emission in China.

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