scholarly journals Gross anatomy of the longitudinal fascicle of Sapajus sp.

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252178
Author(s):  
Tales Alexandre Aversi-Ferreira ◽  
Kellen Christina Malheiros Borges ◽  
Maria Tereza Gonçalves-Mendes ◽  
Leonardo Ferreira Caixeta
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Origin Of Language ◽  
Individual Function ◽  
Social Explanations ◽  
Wernicke’S Area ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Advanced Tool

Opposing genetic and cultural-social explanations for the origin of language are currently the focus of much discussion. One of the functions linked to the longitudinal fascicle is language, which links Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area in the brain, and its size should indicate the brain increase in the evolution. Sapajus is a New World primate genus with high cognition and advanced tool use similar to that of chimpanzees. A study of the gross anatomy of the longitudinal fascicle of Sapajus using Kingler’s method found it to differ from other studied primates, such as macaques and chimpanzees, mainly because its fibers join the cingulate fascicle. As in other non-human primates, the longitudinal fascicle of Sapajus does not reach the temporal lobe, which could indicate a way of separating these fascicles to increase white matter in relation to individual function. The study of anatomical structures seems very promising for understanding the basis of the origin of language. Indeed, socio-historical-cultural philosophy affirms the socio-cultural origin of speech, although considering the anatomical structures behind it working as a functional system.

scholarly journals Brain Function Assessment of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in the Expanded Disability Status Scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Ricardo N. Alonso ◽  
Maria B. Eizaguirre ◽  
Berenice Silva ◽  
Maria C. Pita ◽  
Cecilia Yastremiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Expanded Disability Status Scale ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Edss Score ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background: There is no consensus regarding assessment of the brain function functional system (FS) of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We sought to describe brain function FS assessment criteria used by Argentinian neurologists and, based on the results, propose redefined brain function FS criteria. Methods: A structured survey was conducted of 113 Argentinian neurologists. Considering the survey results, we decided to redefine the brain function FS scoring using the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS) battery. For 120 adult patients with MS we calculated the EDSS score without brain function FS (basal EDSS) and compared it with the EDSS score after adding the modified brain function FS (modified EDSS). Results: Of the 93 neurologists analyzed, 14% reported that they did not assess brain function FS, 35% reported that they assessed it through a nonstructured interview, and the remainder used other tools. Significant differences were found in EDSS scores before and after the inclusion of BICAMS (P < .001). Redefining the brain function FS, 15% of patients modified their basal EDSS score, as did 20% of those with a score of 4.0 or less. Conclusions: The survey results show the importance of unifying the brain function FS scoring criteria in calculating the EDSS score. While allowing more consistent brain function FS scoring, including the modified brain function FS led to a change in EDSS score in many patients, particularly in the lower range of EDSS scores. Considering the relevance of the EDSS for monitoring patients with MS and for decision making, it is imperative to further validate the modified brain function FS scoring.

Surgical management of cerebellopontine angle and petrous lesions

2019 ◽  
pp. 281-296
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hall ◽  
Yuval Sufaro ◽  
Andrew Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Cerebellopontine Angle ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Operating Microscope ◽  
Critical Function ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Nerve Monitoring ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Harvey Cushing ◽  
The Brain

At the turn of the twentieth century Harvey Cushing, the father of neurosurgery, described the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) region of the brain as ‘the gloomy corner of neurosurgery’, famously comparing this anatomical region with the bloody fence corner of the Gettysburg. With limited magnification and illumination, a modern skull base subspecialist neurosurgeon can understand the huge technical challenges that pioneers such as Cushing would have faced treating large tumours with major pre-existing morbidity in this location. At that stage Cushing advocated subtotal tumour debulking as the only rational strategy, however, shortly after that Dandy began to advocate safe total removal of cerebellopontine angle tumours. Since these early days introduction of more sophisticated anaesthesia, perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, the operating microscope, and cranial nerve monitoring techniques have all resulted in significant advances in cerebellopontine angle surgery. The concentration of cases in subspecialty centres and the recognition of the importance of experience and meticulous technique has transformed skull base surgery into a subspecialty field with consequent reductions in mortality and morbidity. Although fragile and tenuous anatomical structures, supplying critical function, will always make treatment of pathology in this region a high-risk challenge, frequently, curative outcomes are now achieved with minimal morbidity for patients. This chapter aims to outline the anatomy and pathology of the cerebellopontine angle. The chapter describes the presentation of patients and investigations needed to make diagnoses for the different pathologies in this region, and the surgical techniques, approaches, and outcomes that we use to treat these lesions.

scholarly journals Development of Dynamic Functional Architecture during Early Infancy

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 5626-5638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuyun Wen ◽  
Rifeng Wang ◽  
Weiyan Yin ◽  
Weili Lin ◽  
Han Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Functional System ◽  
High Order ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Large Heterogeneity ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Uncovering the moment-to-moment dynamics of functional connectivity (FC) in the human brain during early development is crucial for understanding emerging complex cognitive functions and behaviors. To this end, this paper leveraged a longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset from 51 typically developing infants and, for the first time, thoroughly investigated how the temporal variability of the FC architecture develops at the “global” (entire brain), “mesoscale” (functional system), and “local” (brain region) levels in the first 2 years of age. Our results revealed that, in such a pivotal stage, 1) the whole-brain FC dynamic is linearly increased; 2) the high-order functional systems tend to display increased FC dynamics for both within- and between-network connections, while the primary systems show the opposite trajectories; and 3) many frontal regions have increasing FC dynamics despite large heterogeneity in developmental trajectories and velocities. All these findings indicate that the brain is gradually reconfigured toward a more flexible, dynamic, and adaptive system with globally increasing but locally heterogeneous trajectories in the first 2 postnatal years, explaining why infants have rapidly developing high-order cognitive functions and complex behaviors.

Gross anatomy of the brain

2010 ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
David L. Clark ◽  
Nash N. Boutros ◽  
Mario F. Mendez
Keyword(s):  
Gross Anatomy ◽  
The Brain

Properties of visually-guided saccadic behavior and bottom-up attention in marmoset, macaque, and human

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Yang Chen ◽  
Denis Matrov ◽  
Richard Edmund Veale ◽  
Hirotaka Onoe ◽  
Masatoshi Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Gap Effect ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Express Saccades ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Saliency Model ◽  
Free Viewing ◽  
The Brain

Saccades are stereotypic behaviors whose investigation improves our understanding of how primate brains implement precise motor control. Furthermore, saccades offer an important window into the cognitive and attentional state of the brain. Historically, saccade studies have largely relied on macaque. However, the cortical network giving rise to the saccadic command is difficult to study in macaque because relevant cortical areas lie in deep sulci and are difficult to access. Recently, a New World monkey -the marmoset- has garnered attention as an alternative to macaque because of advantages including its smooth cortical surface. However, adoption of marmoset for oculomotor research has been limited due to a lack of in-depth descriptions of marmoset saccade kinematics and their ability to perform psychophysical tasks. Here, we directly compare free-viewing and visually-guided behavior of marmoset, macaque, and human engaged in identical tasks under similar conditions. In video free-viewing task, all species exhibited qualitatively similar saccade kinematics up to 25º in amplitude although with different parameters. Furthermore, the conventional bottom-up saliency model predicted gaze targets at similar rates for all species. We further verified their visually-guided behavior by training them with step and gap saccade tasks. In the step paradigm, marmoset did not show shorter saccade reaction time for upward saccades whereas macaque and human did. In the gap paradigm, all species showed similar gap effect and express saccades. Our results suggest that the marmoset can serve as a model for oculomotor, attentional, and cognitive research while being aware of their difference from macaque or human.

Animal: Validation and Applications of Nonlinear Registration-Based Segmentation

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (08) ◽  
pp. 1271-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Collins ◽  
A. C. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Segmentation ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Inverse Transformation ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Anatomical Imaging ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nonlinear Registration

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the modality of choice for neuro-anatomical imaging. Quantitative analysis requires the accurate and reproducible labeling of all voxels in any given structure within the brain. Since manual labeling is prohibitively time-consuming and error-prone we have designed an automated procedure called ANIMAL (Automatic Nonlinear Image Matching and Anatomical Labeling) to objectively segment gross anatomical structures from 3D MRIs of normal brains. The procedure is based on nonlinear registration with a previously labeled target brain, followed by numerical inverse transformation of the labels to the native MRI space. Besides segmentation, ANIMAL has been applied to non-rigid registration and to the analysis of morphometric variability. In this paper, the nonlinear registration approach is validated on five test volumes, produced with simulated deformations. Experiments show that the ANIMAL recovers 64% of the nonlinear residual variability remaining after linear registration. Segmentations of the same test data are presented as well. The paper concludes with two applications of ANIMAL using real data. In the first, one MRI volume is nonlinearly matched to a second and is automatically segmented using labels, predefined on the second MRI volume. The automatic segmentation compares well with manual labeling of the same structures. In the second application, ANIMAL is applied to seventeen MRI data sets, and a 3D map of anatomical variability estimates is produced. The automatic variability estimates correlate well (r =0.867, p = 0.01) with manual estimates of inter-subject variability.

scholarly journals Functional Organization of the Brain and Psychic Activity: A View Beyond Luria (With Luria)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Pena-Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Brain Pathology ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Model Complex ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Context Memory

This paper reviews, elaborates, and rebuilds Luria’s model of the three functional units of the brain. As a result, five functional brain units have been delineated: preferential (unit for life-support and arousal regulation), limbic (unit for valuation/motivation and for context memory), cortical and thalamic-cortical (“the conscious agent”), basal ganglia (”the reinforcer”), and cerebellar (”the supervisor”). The new model is more realistic; it includes elements missing from Luria’s model and avoids a corticocentric approach. It will allow a better analysis of the effects of brain pathology on cognition, neuropsychiatry, and behavior. Within the framework, the concept of complex functional system is maintained and expanded. Keywords: brain, functional model, complex systems, cortex, Luria

scholarly journals Topographic and anatomical features of the sulci structure of the brain's occipital lobe medial surface

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
O.O. Trach ◽  
D.M. Shyian ◽  
А.О. Tereshchenko ◽  
I.V. Ladna
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Medial Surface ◽  
Distal Process ◽  
Common Area ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Proximal Process

The complex of macromicroscopic methods has revealed the features of the sulci structure of the brain’s occipital lobe medial surface. Macromicroscopic, morphometric, topographic and anatomical, statistical and mathematical analysis were used. The sulci of the medial surface of the brain's occipital lobe are classified into permanent, typical and non-permanent. The complex of anatomical structures of the medial surface of the brain's occipital lobe includes the parietooccipital sulcus, calcarine sulcus, cuneus, calcarine spur, additional sulci. The parietooccipital and calcarine sulci are divided into segments: posterior (distal process), anterior (proximal process), common (common area). The parietooccipital sulcus is connected to the anterior end of the calcarine sulcus at 98,5 %. The length of the parietooccipital sulcus is min 16,0 mm and max 58 mm, M=35,8 mm, depth is min 9,0 mm and max 43,0 mm, M=24,3 mm. It was found that in 35 % of cases, the posterior end of the calcarine sulcus does not reach the apex (angle) of the occipital lobe of the brain by min 2,0 mm and max 14,0 mm, M=7,8 mm. In 43 % the posterior end of the calcarine sulcus bifurcates. The distance between the posterior end of the calcarine sulcus and the upper end of the parietooccipital sulcus is min 18,0 mm and max 64,0 mm, M=39,8 mm. The length of the calcarine sulcus is min 37 mm and max 79 mm, M=54 mm. The depth of the anterior part of the calcarine sulcus is min 8,0 mm and max 36,0 mm, M=20,7 mm; the depth of the posterior part is min 5,0 mm and max 22,0 mm, M=12,8 mm.

scholarly journals The Anatomical and Functional Heterogeneity of the Mediodorsal Thalamus

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioana Antoaneta Georgescu ◽  
Daniela Popa ◽  
Leon Zagrean
Keyword(s):  
Limbic System ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Thalamic Nucleus ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Affective Behaviors ◽  
The Neural Networks ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

The mediodorsal nucleus (MD) represents just one piece of a complex relay structure situated within the brain, called the thalamus. MD is characterized by its robust interconnections with other brain areas, especially with limbic-related structures. Given the close anatomo-functional relationship between the MD and the limbic system, this particular thalamic nucleus can directly influence various affective behaviors and participate in cognition. In this work, we review data collected from multiple anatomical studies conducted in rodent, human, and non-human primates, highlighting the complexity of this structure and of the neural networks in which it takes part. We provide proof that the MD is involved in the unification of several anatomical structures, being able to process the information and influence the activity in numerous cortical and subcortical neural circuits. Moreover, we uncover intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that offer MD the possibility to execute and control specific high functions of the nervous system. The collected data indicate the great importance of the MD in the limbic system and offer relevant insight into the organization of thalamic circuits that support MD functions.

Basic Neuronavigation Options for Cortical and Subcortical Brain Lesions Surgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
Milan N. Mladenovski ◽  
Nikolay V. Vasilev ◽  
Mladen E. Ovcharov ◽  
Iliya V. Valkov
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Cortical Lesions ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Real Time Ultrasonography

Summary Craniometric points are essential for orienting neurosurgeons in their practice. Understanding the correlations of these points help to manage any pathological lesion located on the cortical surface and subcortically. The brain sulci and gyri should be identified before craniotomy. It is difficult to identify these anatomical structures intraoperatively (after craniotomy) with precision. The main purpose of this study was to collect as much information as possible from the literature and our clinical practice in order to facilitate the placement of craniotomies without using modern neuronavigation systems. Operative reports from the last five years on cranial operations for cortical and subcortical lesions were reviewed. All the craniotomies had been planned, using four methods: detection of craniometric points, computed tomography (CT) scans/topograms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans/topograms, and intraoperative real-time ultrasonography (USG). Retrospectively, we analyzed 295 cranial operations. Our analysis showed that operating on for cortical lesions, we had frequently used the first and the second method mentioned above (118 patients), while in cases of subcortical lesions, we had used craniometric points, MRI scans/topograms and intraoperative real-time USG as methods of neuronavigation (177 patients). These results show that craniometric points are essential in both neurosurgical procedures.

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