Prevalence of non-communicable diseases risk factors and their determinants: Results from STEPS survey 2019, Nepal

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends ongoing surveillance of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors, using the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS). The aim of this study was to assess the distribution and determinants of NCD risk factors in Nepal, a low-income country, in which two-thirds (66%) of annual deaths are attributable to NCDs. Methods A nationally representative NCD risk factors STEPS survey (instrument version 3.2), was conducted between February and May 2019, among 6,475 eligible participants of age 15–69 years sampled from all 7 provinces through multistage sampling process. Data collection involved assessment of behavioral and biochemical risk factors. Complex survey analysis was completed in STATA 15, along with Poisson regression modelling to examine associations between covariates and risk factor prevalence. Results The most prevalent risk factor was consumption of less than five servings of fruit and vegetables a day (97%; 95% CI: 94.3–98.0). Out of total participants, 17% (95% CI: 15.1–19.1) were current smoker, 6.8% (95% CI: 5.3–8.2) were consuming ≥60g/month alcohol per month and 7.4% (95% CI:5.7–10.1) were having low level of physical activity. Approximately, 24.3% (95% CI: 21.6–27.2) were overweight or obese (BMI≥25kg/m2) while 24.5% (95% CI: 22.4–26.7) and 5.8% (95% CI: 4.3–7.3) had raised blood pressure (BP) and raised blood glucose respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of raised total cholesterol was 11% (95% CI: 9.6–12.6). Sex and education level of participants were statistically associated with smoking, harmful alcohol use and raised BP. Participants of age 30–44 years and 45–69 years were found to have increased risk of overweight, raised BP, raised blood sugar and raised blood cholesterol. Similarly, participants in richest wealth quintile had higher odds of insufficient physical inactivity, overweight and raised blood cholesterol. On average, each participant had 2 NCD related risk factors (2.04, 95% CI: 2.02–2.08). Conclusion A large portion of the Nepalese population are living with a variety of NCD risk factors. These surveillance data should be used to support and monitor province specific NCD prevention and control interventions throughout Nepal, supported by a multi-sectoral national coordination mechanism.

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Nutrition as risk factor for development of chronic non-communicable diseases

Биомедицинска истраживања ◽

10.5937/bii2001044l ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 44-53

Author(s):

Vesna Lazić ◽

Biljana Mijović ◽

Miloš Maksimović

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

World Health ◽

Metabolic Risk Factor ◽

Metabolic Risk ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

The World ◽

Unhealthy Diet

Chronic non-communicable diseases are diseases that arise as a response of the human body to a number of factors, the most important of which are ecological and socio-economic factors. According to the World Health Organization, their classification is based on mortality and morbidity statistics. The top four leading causes of death are as follows: cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) present a global public health problem, leading to over 40 million deaths a year, whereby the population aged 30 to 69 years account for one third of the total number of deaths. Risk factors for the development of chronic NCDs can be divided into metabolic and environmental ones. Metabolic risk factors include hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and obesity. Environmental risk factors include: alcohol and tobacco consumption, followed by physical inactivity and unhealthy diet. Unhealthy diet, apart from posing a risk for the development of NCDs, is also the cause of metabolic risk factor development, namely hypertension and obesity. The world nutritional authorities are focused on making dietary recommendations to prevent the rising trend and subsequently reduce morbidity from NCDs.

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Prevention of non-communicable diseases under the COVID-19 pandemic

Environment & Health ◽

10.32402/dovkil2021.02.004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (2) ◽

pp. 4-14

Author(s):

O.T. Yelizarova ◽

◽

S.V. Hozak ◽

N.S. Polka ◽

A.M. Parats ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Atmospheric Pollution ◽

Urban Population ◽

Population Aging ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

World Health ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Obese People ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Increased Risk

Background: The growing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD), which cause the high mortality and disability, necessitates the research to prevent them and improves early diagnosis. Currently, the relevance of the NCD prevention is of particular importance because the NCD patients have an increased risk of the severe course of the COVID-19. Taking into account the processes of urbanization, the study of the features of epidemiology of risk factors for the development of the NCD should be conducted separately for urban and rural populations. Objective: We aimed to systematize the risk factors of non-communicable diseases in the urban population of Ukraine. Materials and methods: We used the bibliosemantic method and method of structural and logical analysis. A contextual search was conducted in such databases as the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the World Health Data Platform, the IHME Global Burden of Disease, as well as in the available publications in the system of PubMed, Cochrane Library. Results: Demographic trends in Ukraine are characterized by a predominance of mortality over birth rate, and since 1990, the population has decreased by 19.2%. Non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death in the Ukrainians and risk factors that contribute to NCD are common in the population. The increase in mortality is due to both the effect of risk factors and the late diagnosis of the NCD. More than a half of the population aged over 18 years is overweight and obese. In large cities over the past 5 years there has been a sharp increase in the proportion of obese people. Hypodynamia and irrational nutrition are also characteristic features of urban residents. Atmospheric pollution is an additional NCD risk factor. Conclusions: The urban population of Ukraine is characterized by such risk factors of the NCD as population aging, hypokinesia, irrational nutrition, atmospheric pollution, hypodiagnosis of the NCD. All these threats in the combination with a low socio-economic level of the population form a need in more active implementation of the preventive measures.

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Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: results from a STEPS survey

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/1471-2458-9-291 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Luc H Pham ◽

Thuy B Au ◽

Leigh Blizzard ◽

Nhan B Truong ◽

Michael D Schmidt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Mekong Delta ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Steps Survey

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Relationship between childhood obesity and dietary behavior in selected school-going children from Dhaka city, Bangladesh

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20202967 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 2469

Author(s):

Mohammad Rahanur Alam ◽

Mohammad Asadul Habib ◽

A. K. Obidul Huq ◽

Sumaiya Mamun ◽

Sompa Reza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Fast Food ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Dietary Behavior ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Increased Risk

Background: The prevalence of non-communicable diseases is rising in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Obesity is one of the significant risk factors for many non-communicable diseases. This research aimed to investigate the current prevalence of overweight and obesity among children in selected schools in Dhaka City through anthropometric evaluation, as well as to assess the correlation of various environmental determinants such as physical activity, dietary behavior, lifestyle habits, are associated with increased risk of obesity in children.Methods: This school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 106 participants (50 male and 56 female participants) aged 6-14 years selected by convenience sampling from four randomly selected primary schools of different regions of Dhaka city. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data.Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-going children 24.5%, 68% respectively. Factors associated with being obese included type of game (χ2=34.036; p=0.001), total playtime (χ2=17.788; p=0.000), TV and computer watch time (χ2=27.321; p=0.007), spend money to buy fast food (χ2=26.451; p=0.002), eating days fast food in a week (χ2=24.825; p=0.003), type of tiffin (χ2=19.757; p=0.072).Conclusions: Less playtime, longer watching TV and computer, and eating more fast food are major risk factors for overweight and obesity among school-going children in Dhaka city. Interventions are needed to increase awareness of child overweight weight and obesity risk factors to decrease the prevalence of overweight and obesity.

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Impact of nutritional risk factors on chronic non-communicable diseases

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.197 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G Grosso

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Nutritional Risk ◽

Special Focus ◽

High Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Dietary Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Risk ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD). Among various risk factors, poor nutrition quality has been identified as a leading determinant of NCD. Methods The Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study provided a comprehensive comparative risk assessment (CRA) of risk factor for NCD, quantifying the impact of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. Special focus on nutritional risk factors will be dedicated, discussing the proportion of disease-specific burden attributable to each dietary risk factor and the level of intake associated with the lowest risk of mortality. Results In 2017, over 30 million deaths were attributable to risk factors. When ranked, high systolic blood pressure was the leading risk factor, accounting for more than 10 million deaths, followed by, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. A total of 11 million deaths were attributable to dietary risk factors. High intake of sodium, low intake of whole grains, and low intake of fruits were the leading dietary risk factors for deaths globally. However, important differences between regions and outcome (i.e., cardiovascular disease vs. cancer) have been registered. Besides the major aforementioned factors, underrated dietary risk factors, such as low calcium intake, have been found important contributors to cancer burden in certain developed countries. Interpretation The combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in NCD at the global level. These data provide a comprehensive picture of the potential impact of suboptimal diet on NCD mortality and morbidity, highlighting the need for improving diet across nations.

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Non-communicable diseases risk factors and their determinants: A cross-sectional state-wide STEPS survey, Haryana, North India

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0208872 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. e0208872 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

JS Thakur ◽

Gursimer Jeet ◽

Ria Nangia ◽

Divya Singh ◽

Sandeep Grover ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

North India ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Steps Survey

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Risk factors for Non-Communicable Diseases among adults in Vietnam: Findings from the Vietnam STEPS Survey 2015

Journal of Global Health Science ◽

10.35500/jghs.2020.2.e7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tran Quoc Bao ◽

Van Minh Hoang ◽

Vu Hoang Lan ◽

Bui Phuong Linh ◽

Kim Bao Giang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Steps Survey

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Metabolic risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049565 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. e049565

Author(s):

Tilahun Tewabe Alamnia ◽

Wubshet Tesfaye ◽

Solomon Abrha ◽

Matthew Kelly

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Metabolic Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Risk ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Age Variations

ObjectivesNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are causing a new and yetsignificant health challenge in low-income countries. In Ethiopia, although 39% of deaths are NCD related, the health system remains underprepared, highlighting the clear need for evidence on risk factor distributions to inform resource planning and the health response. Therefore, this review investigates prevalence distributions and sex and age variations of metabolic risk factors among Ethiopian adults.Research design and methodsThis systematic review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies published until 6 January 2021 were searched from PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest and Web of Science databases, reference lists of selected studies and grey literature. Studies reporting prevalence of metabolic risk factors: overweight/obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose homoeostasis and metabolic syndrome among Ethiopian adults were eligible for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Two authors independently extracted data and used the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for quality appraisal. The random effects model was used to conduct meta-analysis using Stata V.16. Subgroup analyses examined prevalence differences by region, study year, sample size and settings.ResultsFrom 6087 records, 74 studies including 104 382 participants were included. Most showed high prevalence of metabolic risk factors. Meta-analysis revealed pooled prevalence of metabolic risk factors from 12% to 24% with the highest prevalence observed for overweight/obesity (23.9%, 95% CI 19.9% to 28.0%) and hypertension (21.1%, 95% CI 18.7% to 23.5%), followed by metabolic syndrome (14.7%, 95% CI 9.8% to 19.6%) and impaired glucose tolerance (12.4%, 95% CI 8.7% to 16.1%). The prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in women. All metabolic risk factors were higher among people aged above 45 years.ConclusionsA signficant proportion of Ethiopian adults have at least one metabolic risk factor for NCDs. Despite heterogeneity of studies limiting the certainty of evidence, the result suggests the need for coordinated effort among policymakers, healthcare providers, non-governmental stakeholders and the community to implement appropriate preventive measures to reduce these factors.

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A study on prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among allopathic doctors of Vijayawada city, Andhra Pradesh

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20193480 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 3508

Author(s):

Kiran Prakash K. ◽

Venkata Suresh Anga

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Life Styles ◽

Premature Deaths ◽

Increased Risk

Background: Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) are the leading cause of death in the world. Accounting for around 60% of all deaths and 44% of premature deaths worldwide. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases among allopathic doctors in Vijayawada.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on allopathic practicing doctors who were working in the various Hospitals, clinics, Nursing Homes within the corporation limits of Vijayawada city.Results: Out of the 720 study subjects, 498 doctors (69.2%) were males and 222 doctors (30.8%) were females. majority of the doctors 515 (71.5%) were with educational qualification of master degrees (MS/MD/MDS). Doctors in clinical specialty are more 565 (78.5%) compared with non-clinical 133 (18.4%) and dental 22 (3.1%). With regarding working sector, nearly one third of doctors were working in private sector 532 (73.9%).Conclusions: Because of more exposure to unhealthy life styles like smoking, alcohol, unhealthy dietary habits like high intake of salt, inadequate use of fruits and vegetables, oil fries and by leading a sedentary life and high risk factors like overweight/obesity, hypertension and diabetes a large number of the doctor’s population were at increased risk for chronic non-communicable diseases.

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Prevalence of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in the Sultanate of Oman: STEPS Survey 2017

10.21203/rs.3.rs-22519/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Adhra Al-Mawali ◽

Sathish Kumar Jayapal ◽

Magdi Morsi ◽

Waleed Al-Shekaili ◽

Avinash Daniel Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Sultanate Of Oman ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Biological Risk

Abstract Background Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) represent a major public health issue and currently are the cause of 71% of deaths globally and 72% deaths in Oman. Hence, there is a need for comprehensive, up-to-date and internationally comparable data on NCD risk factors in order to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing public health policies and to develop further NCD prevention and control interventions. The aim of the study was to provide evidence-based, up-to-date, extensive, and reliable baseline data on the behavioural and biological risk factors of NCDs in the Sultanate of Oman.Methods A cross-sectional community‐based survey designed to be nationally representative of the Sultanate of Oman was conducted based on the WHO STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS). Multi-stage stratified random sampling according to geographical distribution selected a total of 9053 households (Omani nationals and non-Omani residents). Cluster sampling was used and symmetric equal number of blocks were chosen in each governorate with 823 households chosen from each governorate and one eligible adult selected from each household randomly. The survey used demographic and behavioural information questionnaires along with physical and biochemical measurements among adults aged 18 years and above.Results The prevalence of behavioural risk factors such as tobacco use was 9%, alcohol consumption was 2%, insufficient fruit or vegetable intake was 61%, and insufficient physical activity was 39%. The prevalence of biological risk factors such as overweight and obesity was 66%, raised blood pressure was 33%, raised blood glucose was 16%, and raised blood cholesterol was 36%. The prevalence of multiple risk factors was also determined and 95% of the population were found to have more than one risk factor. Three or more risk factors were found among 33% of population aged 18–69 years and 45% of the population aged 45 years.Conclusions These findings are important to support the formulation and implementation of NCD-related policies and action plans that improve health status and prevent mortality due to NCDs in the Sultanate of Oman.

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