scholarly journals Analysis of individual differences in pelvic and spine alignment in seated posture and impact on the seatbelt kinematics using human body model

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254120
Author(s):  
Norihiro Nishida ◽  
Tomohiro Izumiyama ◽  
Ryusuke Asahi ◽  
Fei Jiang ◽  
Junji Ohgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Posterior Tilt ◽  
Human Body Models ◽  
The Impact

Analysis using human body models has been performed to reduce the impact of accidents; however, no analysis has shown a relationship between lumbar and pelvic/spine angle and seat belts in reducing human damage from accidents. Lumbar and pelvic/spine angles were measured in 75 individuals and the measurements were used to create three different angles for the Total Human Model for Safety model. In the present study, we focused on lumber lordosis (LL) and pelvic angle (PA). A normal distribution and histogram were used for analysis of PA (01, 10, and 50). The Total Human Model for Safety, including LL and PA, was corrected using finite element software. Simulations were conducted under the conditions of the Japan New Car Assessment Programme (JNCAP) 56 kph full lap frontal impact. Using the results of the FEM, the amount of lap-belt cranial sliding-up, anterior movement of the pelvis, posterior tilt of the pelvis, head injury criterion (HIC), second cervical vertebrae (C2) compressive load, C2 moment, chest deflectiou (upper, middle, and lower), left and right femur load, and shoulder belt force were measured. The lap-belt cranial sliding-up was 1.91 and 2.37 for PA10 and PA01, respectively, compared to PA50; the anterior movement of the pelvis was 1.08 and 1.12 for PA10 and PA01, respectively; and the posterior tilt of the pelvis was 1.1 and 1.18 for PA10 and PA01, respectively. HIC was 1.13 for PA10 and 1.58 for PA01; there was no difference in C2 compressive load by PA, but C2 moment increased to 1.59 for PA10 and 2.72 for PA01. It was found that as LL increases and the PA decreases, the seat belt becomes likely to catch the iliac bone, making it harder to cause injury. This study could help to reconsider the safe seat and seatbelt position in the future.

scholarly journals A multi-body human model for rear-impact simulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 223 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Himmetoglu ◽  
M Acar ◽  
K Bouazza-Marouf ◽  
A Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Impact Response ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Head Restraint ◽  
Impact Simulation ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Rear Impact ◽  
Multi Body

This paper presents the validation of a 50th-percentile male multi-body human model specifically developed for rear-impact simulation. The aim is to develop a biofidelic model with the simplest architecture that can simulate the interaction of the human body with the seat during rear impact. The model was validated using the head-and-neck and torso responses of seven volunteers from the Japanese Automobile Research Institute sled tests, which were performed at an impact speed of 8km/h with a rigid seat and without head restraint and seat belt. The results indicate that the human-body model can effectively mimic the rear-impact response of a 50th-percentile male with a good level of accuracy and has the potential to predict whiplash injury.

Product Ergonomics Design Driven by Parametric Human Body Model

2011 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jiang ◽  
Chun Fu Lu ◽  
Xiao Jian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Driving Model ◽  
Human Body Models

Considering the demands for product ergonomics design, the paper proposed a driven design method for product’s shape and structure design through the manipulation of human body models. Based on the anthropometry data, a parametric human body driving model system is established with three layers, which are structure model, dimension model and surface model. The driven design method of product ergonomics design is realized, in which human body data are directly mapped to product design parameters. The driven design method provides a rational way to utilize ergonomics design principles and guarantee higher efficiency and more reliability. The method is tested in seat design examples.

scholarly journals Personalization of a Human Body Model Using Subject-Specific Clothing Industry Dimensions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luděk Hynčík ◽  
Hana Čechová ◽  
Tomasz Bońkowski ◽  
Gabriela Kavalířová ◽  
Petra Špottová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Clothing Industry ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Biomechanical Models ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Human Body Models

Virtual human body models contribute to designing safe and user-friendly products through virtual prototyping. Anthropometric biomechanical models address different physiques using average dimensions. In designing personal protective equipment, biomechanical models with the correct geometry and shape shall play a role. The presented study shows the variations of subject-specific anthropometric dimensions from the average for the different population groups in the Czech Republic and China as a background for the need for personalized human body models. The study measures a set of clothing industry dimensions of Czech children, Czech teens, Czech adults and Chinese adults and compares them to the corresponding age average, which is represented by a scaled anthropometric human body model. The cumulative variation of clothing industry dimensions increases the farer is the population group from the average. It is smallest for the Czech adults 7.54% ± 6.63%, Czech teens report 7.93% ± 6.25% and Czech children differ 9.52% ± 6.08%. Chinese adults report 10.86% ± 11.11%. As the variations of the particular clothing industry dimensions from the average prove the necessity of having personalized subject-specific models, the personalization of particular body segments using the measured clothing industry dimensions leading to a subject-specific virtual model is addressed. The developed personalization algorithm results in the continuous body surface desired for contact applications for assessing body behavior and injury risk under impact loading.

scholarly journals 3D Personalized Human Modeling and Deformation Technology for Garment CAD

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (S3) ◽  
pp. 23-33
Author(s):  
Qi Jia ◽  
Kun Tian
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Feature Points ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Size Change ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Feature Lines ◽  
Human Modeling

According to the design requirements of garment CAD system, this paper summarizes and analyzes the flow, characteristics and existing problems of existing human modeling algorithms, and proposes a 3D human modeling method based on section ring calculation, and realizes the dynamic modeling of human body driven by joint points. Firstly, the human body shape is classified to create a 3D human body shape template library. On the basis of extracting feature points and feature lines of the human model, the relationship between the size change and the feature points is calculated by using simple linear scaling ratio. Through the mathematical modeling of chest curve, waist hip curve and longitudinal datum line, the fitting curve results which reflect the curve characteristics and are convenient for subsequent clothing deformation are obtained. The algorithm is simple and efficient. It can not only accurately reproduce the surface static characteristics of the original scanned human body, but also change the dynamic characteristics of the human body interactively, which can meet the basic requirements of the human body model in the process of fashion design.

Comparing Segmentation Approaches for Learning-Aware Wireframe Generation on Human Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jida Huang ◽  
Tsz-Ho Kwok
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Automatic Segmentation ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Segmentation Methods ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Semantic Parameters

Abstract Wireframe has been proved very useful for learning human body from semantic parameters. However, the definition of the wireframe is highly dependent on the anthropological experiences of experts in previous works. Hence it is usually not easy to obtain a well-defined wireframe for a new set of human models in the available database. To overcome such difficulty, an automated wireframe generation method would be very helpful in relieving the need for manual anthropometric definition. In order to find such an automated wireframe designing method, a natural way is using automatic segmentation methods to divide the human body model into small mesh patches. Nevertheless, different segmentation approaches could have various segmented patches, thus resulting in various wireframes. How these wireframes affect human body learning performance? In this paper, we attempt to answer this research question by comparing different segmentation methods. Different wireframes are generated with the mesh segmentation methods, and then we use these wireframes as an intermediate agent to learn the relationship between the human body mesh models and the semantic parameters. We compared the reconstruction accuracy with different generated wireframe sets and summarized several meaningful design guidelines for developing an automatic wireframe-aware segmentation method for human body learning.

Comparison of Dummy and Human Body Models in Automotive Side Impact Collisions According to the Regulatory Standards

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Suresh Koppisetty ◽  
S. S. Akhil Hawaldar ◽  
Hamid M. Lankarani
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The United States ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
National Highway Traffic Safety ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Human Body Models ◽  
Crash Performance

Abstract Side-Impact car accidents are the second leading cause of fatalities in the United States. Regulatory standards have been developed for occupant protection in side impact car accidents using dummies or Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs). Although the regulations are based on the use of ATDs, there might be differences between an actual human crash performance and that of a dummy crash performance. In recent years, technology has improved in such a way that crash scenarios can be modeled in various computational software. The human dynamic responses can be examined using active human body models including a combination of rigid bodies, finite elements, and kinematic joints, thus making them versatile to use in all crash test scenarios. In this study, the nearside occupants are considered as per regulatory standards set by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Vehicle side-impact crash simulations are carried out using LS-DYNA finite element (FE) software, and the occupant response simulations are obtained using MADYMO. Because the simulation of an entire FE model of a car and occupant is quite time-consuming and computationally expensive, a prescribed structural motion (PSM) technique has been utilized in this study and applied to the side-door panel with an occupant positioned in the driver seat of the car in MADYMO. Regular side-impact deformable barrier and pole test simulations are performed with belted and unbelted occupant models considering two different target vehicles namely — a mid-size sedan and a small compact car. Responses from the dummy and the human body models are compared in order to quantify differences between the two in side impacts. The results from this study indicate that human body model behavior is generally similar to that of dummy model in terms of kinematic responses. However, the corresponding injury parameters of the human model are typically higher than that of the dummy model.

COMPLIANCE TESTING FOR HUMAN BODY MODEL EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS FROM A HIGH-POWER WIRELESS CHARGING SYSTEM FOR DRONES

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jangyong Ahn ◽  
Seon-Eui Hong ◽  
Haerim Kim ◽  
Yangbae Chun ◽  
Hyung-Do Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Internal Electric Field ◽  
Wireless Charging ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Charging System ◽  
Compliance Testing ◽  
Human Body Models

Abstract Recently, a wireless charging system (WCS) for drones has been extensively studied, although standards for compliance testing of a WCS for drones have yet to be established. In this study, we propose methods for human exposure assessments of a WCS for drones by comprehensively considering the various positions of the system and the postures of human body models. The electromagnetic fields from a WCS are modeled and the internal quantities of the human body models, consisting of current density, internal electric field and specific absorption rate, are calculated. The incident fields around the WCS and the internal quantities are analyzed at 140 kHz, which is the operating frequency of the WCS applied. Results of an exposure assessment based on the confirmed worst-case scenario are presented. In addition, the internal quantities depending on the human body models and the material characteristics of the simplified models are also discussed using four different anatomical and simplified human body models.

Kinematic modeling of a motorcycle rider for design of functional clothing

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 856-873
Author(s):  
Kanika Jolly ◽  
Sybille Krzywinski ◽  
PVM Rao ◽  
Deepti Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Kinematic Modeling ◽  
Human Form ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Body Postures ◽  
Cad Models ◽  
Human Body Models ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Motorcycle Rider

Purpose Whilst motorcycling is an activity of pleasure in most parts of the world, in India, it is a regular mode of commuting. The number of registered motorized two wheelers increased at the rate of 14.7 percent during the year 2016-2017 to reach the figure of 20.19m in 2018. But, with this increase, the number of motorcycle road accidents is also increasing. Uncomfortable riding clothing is one of the major factors for motorcycle rider’s muscular fatigue, which might at times lead to serious accidents. No kinematic human models have been, so far, used for the design of protective, functional and aesthetic looking products, and the result is, hence, a compromised fit that is not protective or comfortable. The purpose of this paper is to develop virtual 3D human body models for specific postures of a motorcycle rider. Design/methodology/approach Kinematic analysis of a motorcycle rider was conducted to identify typical body postures obtained by the motorcycle rider while mounting and riding a motorcycle. The identified body postures were mapped on a virtual parametric human model to obtain digital model of a motorcycle rider. 3D garment patterns for jacket and trouser were developed on all the four body postures. 3D patterns were flattened out to get 2D flat patterns that were compared and analyzed, and appropriate pattern shapes from each of the four postures were selected. Virtual fit analysis was conducted for the finally garment. Findings It is well established that a static 2D anthropometry fails to accurately capture the dimensions of complex 3D human form, yielding poor garment fit. Therefore, in this study, virtual, 3D human body models were developed in selected dynamic poses. Garment patterns developed in 3D have the typical movement inbuilt in them; hence, they offer more comfort and ease of motion to the wearer. Originality/value The identification of typical body postures of motorcycle rider has not been done before. The CAD models developed in the study can be used for the generation of ergonomic garment patterns for the motorcycle riders.

scholarly journals Generation of postured voxel-based human models for the study of step voltage excited by lightning current

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gao ◽  
I. Munteanu ◽  
W. F. O. Müller ◽  
T. Weiland
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Current Density Distribution ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Typical Application ◽  
Step Voltage ◽  
Human Models ◽  
Human Body Models

Abstract. With the development of medical technique and computational electromagnetics, high resolution anatomic human models have already been widely developed and used in computation of electromagnetic fields induced in human body. Although these so called voxel-based human models are powerful tools for research on electromagnetic safety, their unchangeable standing posture makes it impossible to simulate a realistic scenario in which people have a lot of different postures. This paper describes a poser program package which was developed as an improved version of the free-from deformation technique to overcome this problem. It can set rotation angles of different human joints and then deform the original human model to make it have different postures. The original whole-body human model can be deformed smoothly, continuity of internal tissues and organs is maintained and the mass of different tissues and organs can be conserved in a reasonable level. As a typical application of the postured human models, this paper also studies the effect of the step voltage due to a lightning strike on the human body. Two voxel-based human body models with standing and walking posture were developed and integrated into simulation models to compute the current density distribution in the human body shocked by the step voltage. In order to speed up the transient simulation, the reduced c technique was used, leading to a speedup factor of around 20. The error introduced by the reduced c technique is discussed and simulation results are presented in detail.

scholarly journals How muscle stiffness affects human body model behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niclas Trube ◽  
Werner Riedel ◽  
Matthias Boljen
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Frontal Impact ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Muscle System ◽  
Body Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Body Models

Abstract Background Active human body models (AHBM) consider musculoskeletal movement and joint stiffness via active muscle truss elements in the finite element (FE) codes in dynamic application. In the latest models, such as THUMS™ Version 5, nearly all human muscle groups are modeled in form of one-dimensional truss elements connecting each joint. While a lot of work has been done to improve the active and passive behavior of this 1D muscle system in the past, the volumetric muscle system of THUMS was modeled in a much more simplified way based on Post Mortem Human Subject (PMHS) test data. The stiffness changing effect of isometric contraction was hardly considered for the volumetric muscle system of whole human body models so far. While previous works considered this aspect for single muscles, the effect of a change in stiffness due to isometric contraction of volumetric muscles on the AHBM behavior and computation time is yet unknown. Methods In this study, a simplified frontal impact using the THUMS Version 5 AM50 occupant model was simulated. Key parameters to regulate muscle tissue stiffness of solid elements in THUMS were identified for the material model MAT_SIMPLIFIED_FOAM and different stiffness states were predefined for the buttock and thigh. Results During frontal crash, changes in muscle stiffness had an effect on the overall AHBM behavior including expected injury outcome. Changes in muscle stiffness for the thigh and pelvis, as well as for the entire human body model and for strain-rate-dependent stiffness definitions based on literature data had no significant effect on the computation time. Discussion Kinematics, peak impact force and stiffness changes were in general compliance with the literature data. However, different experimental setups had to be considered for comparison, as this topic has not been fully investigated experimentally in automotive applications in the past. Therefore, this study has limitations regarding validation of the frontal impact results. Conclusion Variations of default THUMS material model parameters allow an efficient change in stiffness of volumetric muscles for whole AHBM applications. The computation time is unaffected by altering muscle stiffness using the method suggested in this work. Due to a lack of validation data, the results of this work can only be validated with certain limitations. In future works, the default material models of THUMS could be replaced with recently published models to achieve a possibly more biofidelic muscle behavior, which would even allow a functional dependency of the 1D and 3D muscle systems. However, the effect on calculation time and model stability of these models is yet unknown and should be considered in future studies for efficient AHBM applications.

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