scholarly journals Impact of heavy pruning on development and photosynthesis of Tilia cordata Mill. trees

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256465
Author(s):  
Marzena Suchocka ◽  
Tatiana Swoczyna ◽  
Joanna Kosno-Jończy ◽  
Hazem M. Kalaji
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Tree Vitality ◽  
Tree Pruning

Tree pruning is carried out to reduce conflict with infrastructure, buildings, and any other human activity. However, heavy pruning may result in a diminished tree crown capacity for sugar production and exposure to fungal infection. This risk leads to a decrease in tree stability or vigour. In this work, we analysed the effect of heavy pruning of roadside trees on the photosynthetic performance process compared to neighbouring unpruned trees. Four years of tree crown growth was studied by terrestrial imaging. Tree vitality (Roloff’s classification) and risk (Visual Tree Assessment) were evaluated. Over-pruned trees showed intensified photosynthetic efficiency during the growing season following pruning. Particularly ET0/TR0 and PIABS tended to increase in pruned trees while higher Fv/Fm was noted only in late October, suggesting delayed leaf senescence. After four years, pruned trees rebuilt their crowns, however not in their entirety. Results obtained from biometric, vitality, and risk assessment showed high differentiation in pruned tree crown recovery. Our results revealed that despite the intensified efforts of trees to recover from wounding effects, severe pruning evokes dieback occurrence and a higher risk of failure in mature trees.

scholarly journals Altering Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis by Overexpressing Ferrochelatases (Fc1 and Fc2) Improves Photosynthetic Efficiency in Transgenic Barley

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1370
Author(s):  
Dilrukshi S. K. Nagahatenna ◽  
Jingwen Tiong ◽  
Everard J. Edwards ◽  
Peter Langridge ◽  
Ryan Whitford
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Tetrapyrrole Biosynthesis ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Photosynthetic Organisms ◽  
Transgenic Barley

Ferrochelatase (FC) is the terminal enzyme of heme biosynthesis. In photosynthetic organisms studied so far, there is evidence for two FC isoforms, which are encoded by two genes (FC1 and FC2). Previous studies suggest that these two genes are required for the production of two physiologically distinct heme pools with only FC2-derived heme involved in photosynthesis. We characterised two FCs in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The two HvFC isoforms share a common catalytic domain, but HvFC2 additionally contains a C-terminal chlorophyll a/b binding (CAB) domain. Both HvFCs are highly expressed in photosynthetic tissues, with HvFC1 transcripts also being abundant in non-photosynthetic tissues. To determine whether these isoforms differentially affect photosynthesis, transgenic barley ectopically overexpressing HvFC1 and HvFC2 were generated and evaluated for photosynthetic performance. In each case, transgenics exhibited improved photosynthetic rate (Asat), stomatal conductance (gs) and carboxylation efficiency (CE), showing that both FC1 and FC2 play important roles in photosynthesis. Our finding that modified FC expression can improve photosynthesis up to ~13% under controlled growth conditions now requires further research to determine if this can be translated to improved yield performance under field conditions.

POTENTIAL VEGETATIVE PRODUCTIVITY IN CANADA

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Theoretical Estimate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Water Nutrients ◽  
Productivity Estimate

Duration of the growing season appears to be the single most important factor limiting vegetative productivity in Canada. A theoretical estimate of annual vegetative productivity in the absence of limitations due to water, nutrients or soil structure, shows that potential productivity in the 5-mo growing season of Southern Canada is in the range of 25–55 tonne/ha. Maximum productivity, however, lies considerably below the potential productivity estimate due to lower-than-expected photosynthetic efficiency during periods of high solar irradiance. Crop growth rates appear to be rather independent of variation in radiant flux density during the growing season. Consequently, a realistic estimate of maximum vegetative productivity can be obtained by multiplying number of days of full light interception by a crop canopy, by a crop growth rate of 230 kg∙h−1∙day−1 and adding the weight of the crop at the onset of full light interception by the canopy. Maximum vegetative productivity could likely be improved by extending the period of full light interception by crop canopies through the cultivation of perennial species or double-crop sequences. Alternatively, vegetative productivity could likely be improved through increased photosynthetic efficiency. Very high photosynthetic efficiencies of crops grown under field conditions have been reported occasionally in the literature, but factors underlying this high photosynthetic efficiency have not yet been identified.Key words: Vegetative production, photosynthetic efficiency, potential productivity, duration of growing season, crop species

Impacts of technically modified plant pits on water balance dynamics and tree vitality in urban environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines A. Nofz ◽  
Volker Kleinschmidt ◽  
Joscha N. Becker ◽  
Annette Eschenbach
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Tree Vitality ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Balance Dynamics

<p>Trees as essential components of green urban structures are of crucial importance for the regulation of the urban climate and human wellbeing. Despite this, the currently rising demand for living space and infrastructure causes an increase in the share of sealed and compacted soils. These trends directly affect soil-plant interactions in urban environments. The synergy of the increasing land use pressure and changing climatic conditions worsen the site and growth conditions and thus the vitality for young and mature trees. A possible adaptation strategy is the transformation of plant pits into water reservoirs combining the discharge of excess water with impermeable sole materials and substrates that optimise the water conductivity and storage capacity. The corresponding aim of this study is the quantification of the effects of the water balance dynamic in the rooting zone on the vitality of young trees at highly sealed sites in the city of Hamburg. The two main questions are 1) Do technically modified plant pits reduce summerly drought stress inside the rooting zone and thus improve the root water uptake and tree vitality?, and 2) Does excess water after high rainfall limit the gas exchange and thus the root growth? To answer these questions, we selected two different sites, one residential area and one pedestrian zone, which differ regarding the type of excess water discharge. Overall, two technically modified plant pit variants will be compared with generally constructed variants. Each site will be characterized by soil physical and chemical parameters. Additionally, each plant pit is equipped with TDR- and water tension probes for a continuous monitoring of the soil water balance and O<sub>2</sub> as well as CO<sub>2</sub> probes for monitoring the gas household. Rhizotrones and dendrometers in combination with Δ13C isotope analysis and stomatal resistance will help to investigate the tree vitality. The data will be used for modelling local water balance dynamics under expected climatic scenarios and for evaluating the different plant pit variants. Development as well as dimensioning recommendations for prospective plant pit constructions, improving the soil-plant interaction, will be derived.</p>

scholarly journals Rapid and Positive Effect of Bicarbonate Addition on Growth and Photosynthetic Efficiency of the Green Microalgae Chlorella Sorokiniana (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Salbitani ◽  
Francesco Bolinesi ◽  
Mario Affuso ◽  
Federica Carraturo ◽  
Olga Mangoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Chlorella Sorokiniana ◽  
Algal Culture ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bicarbonate Ions ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Positive Effect

Bicarbonate ions are the primary source of inorganic carbon for autotrophic organisms living in aquatic environments. In the present study, we evaluated the short-term (hours) effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) addition on the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of the green algae Chlorella sorokiniana (211/8k). Bicarbonate was added to nonaxenic cultures at concentrations of 1, 2, and 3 g L−1 leading to a significant increase in biomass especially at the highest salt concentration (3 g L−1) and also showing a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect that helped to keep a reduced microbial load in the algal culture. Furthermore, bicarbonate stimulated the increase in cellular content of chlorophyll a, improving the photosynthetic performance of cells. Since microalgae of genus Chlorella spp. show great industrial potential for the production of biofuels, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, health, and dietary supplements and the use of bicarbonate as a source of inorganic carbon led to short-term responses in Chlorella sorokiniana, this method represents a valid alternative not only to the insufflation of carbon dioxide for the intensive cultures but also for the production of potentially bioactive compounds in a short period.

scholarly journals Blue Light Improves Photosynthetic Performance during Healing and Acclimatization of Grafted Watermelon Seedlings

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8043
Author(s):  
Moein Moosavi-Nezhad ◽  
Reza Salehi ◽  
Sasan Aliniaeifard ◽  
Georgios Tsaniklidis ◽  
Ernst J. Woltering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Survival Ratio ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Photosynthetic Properties

To investigate the importance of light on healing and acclimatization, in the present study, grafted watermelon seedlings were exposed to darkness (D) or light, provided by blue (B), red (R), a mixture of R (68%) and B (RB), or white (W; 35% B, 49% intermediate spectra, 16% R) LEDs for 12 days. Survival ratio, root and shoot growth, soluble carbohydrate content, photosynthetic pigments content, and photosynthetic performance were evaluated. Seedling survival was not only strongly limited in D but the survived seedlings had an inferior shoot and root development, reduced chlorophyll content, and attenuated photosynthetic efficiency. RB-exposed seedlings had a less-developed root system. R-exposed seedlings showed leaf epinasty, and had the smallest leaf area, reduced chlorophyll content, and suppressed photosynthetic apparatus performance. The R-exposed seedlings contained the highest amount of soluble carbohydrate and together with D-exposed seedlings the lowest amount of chlorophyll in their scions. B-exposed seedlings showed the highest chlorophyll content and improved overall PSII photosynthetic functioning. W-exposed seedling had the largest leaf area, and closely resembled the photosynthetic properties of RB-exposed seedlings. We assume that, during healing of grafted seedlings monochromatic R light should be avoided. Instead, W and monochromatic B light may be willingly adopted due to their promoting effect on shoot, pigments content, and photosynthetic efficiency.

scholarly journals Lime common (Tilia cordata Mill.) and its invasive phytophage mole-variegated (Phyllonorycter issikii Kumata)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Sylchuk ◽  
P. Chumak ◽  
S. Vyhera ◽  
V. Kovalchuk ◽  
M. Lisovyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Multiplication Factor ◽  
Green It ◽  
The Third ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Fodder Plants ◽  
Phyllonorycter Issikii ◽  
Extent Of Damage

In 2012–2015 in Kiev dangerous invasive species phytophage was marked and defined — mole zygaenidae lime, which has been spreading for recent years in conditions of the Kyiv region and other regions of Ukraine. Mole zygaenidae lime (Phyllonorycter issikii Kumata), Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae Toshio Kumata was described firstly in 1963. A phytophage fed predominantly lime cordata. Butterflies of second and third generations overwinter in cracks in the bark of fodder plants. The first butterflies were by on the colored glue traps in the third week of April with the average daily temperature above + 10°C. It is noted that the extent of damage of lime becomes more aggressive, high and growing over the years. As a result of studies it was found the lime leaves, which marked almost 70% min leaf plate. It was established that in the conditions of Kyiv the stable full development of three generations of phytophage happens. It was proved that the multiplication factor of this type of phytophage during the growing season of plants growing. Yet, as wintering stage mole zygaenidae lime (adults) are quite sensitive to changes in temperature in a city, multiplication factor of the first generation there is very low (within 0.14–0.19). Using the color traps to monitor phytophage showed that the most attractive among the tested colors are red and green. It is proposed continue to conducing a thorough and systematic monitoring of this type of phytophage to prevent the expansion of its range.

ASSESSMENT OF LOSS IN YIELD OF WHEAT CAUSED BY THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1219-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pickford ◽  
M. K. Mukerji
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Melanoplus Sanguinipes ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
The Impact

AbstractStudies on the damage and losses of wheat crop caused by the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.), were carried out under field conditions during 1972 and 1973. A significant inverse relationship was evident between grasshopper density and grain yield. Loss in yield may occur due to grasshopper infestation in different ways: (1) early hatching of grasshoppers may completely destroy newly-germinated seedlings; (2) a gradual defoliation of the crop throughout the growing season reduces yield and grade of the seed due to reduction of plants’ photosynthetic efficiency; (3) headclipping occurs towards the end of the season when leaves have been completely destroyed. The role of weather factors in shaping the impact of grasshoppers on the crop is discussed.

scholarly journals Patterns and severity of crown dieback in young even-aged stands of european ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in relation to stand density, bud flushing phenotype, and season

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bakys ◽  
R. Vasaitis ◽  
J.P. Skovsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Bud Flushing ◽  
Crown Dieback ◽  
European Ash

The extent and temporal pattern of crown damage (attributed to Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus) in even-aged stands of Fraxinus excelsior in relation to bud flushing phenotype, stand density, and season was investigated. Data were collected in 2007 in four statistically designed thinning experiments located in 12–15-years old plantations of ash in Denmark. The study included 21 plots of four contrasting, residual stand densities: (1) 1700–5500 trees/ha (unthinned control plots), (2) 1500 trees/ha, (3) 500 trees/ha, and (4) 100–150 trees/ha. Assessments included estimation of flushing phenotype in May, followed by evaluation of severity of crown damage (percentage of crown killed) in June and September. Simultaneously, for each tree, the presence or absence of crown wilt and dead tops were recorded. The seasonal pattern of disease severity (average crown damage) was similar in all stands, and disregarding stand density the extent of tree crown damage increased significantly towards the end of the growing season (P < 0.005). Disease severity was the worst in unthinned plots, but otherwise unrelated to stand density. Late-flushing trees were most severely affected (P < 0.001). The observed patterns of disease severity are probably associated with ecological features of the pathogen that still remain largely unknown.  

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Apparatus Efficiency of Sida Hermaphrodita Cultivated on Heavy Metals Contaminated Arable Land Under Various Fertilization Regimes

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szymon Rusinowski ◽  
Jacek Krzyżak ◽  
Marta Pogrzeba
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Microbial Inoculation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Contaminated and marginal lands are favourable place for biomass feedstock establishment, especially due to European Union directive 2009/28/EC. This strategy not only cover local demand for energy and heat but also can be valuable in those land phytomanagment. The second-generation perennial energy crop species are the most feasible for such purpose. We studied the impact of two different fertilizer treatments on plant physiological parameters associated with photosynthesis, heavy metals (HMs) and primary macronutrients accumulation in Sida hermaphrodita cultivated on HMs contaminated soil under field conditions. NPK fertilized plants showed the highest values of photosynthetic parameters at the beginning of growing season when compared to control and microbial inoculated plants. However, at the end of the growing season inoculated and control plants showed better photosynthetic performance than NPK treated. NPK fertilizer caused higher Cd and Zn shoot concentrations while microbial inoculation caused higher K and the lowest N and P concentrations in shoot. Due to Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations in plants which should not result in alleviation of photosynthetic apparatus efficiency and biomass production it could be summarize that Sida hermaphrodita is a suitable plant for cultivation on land contaminated with HMs under different fertilization regimes.

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