scholarly journals Apparent diet digestibility of captive colobines in relation to stomach types with special reference to fibre digestion

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0256548
Author(s):  
Satoru Hoshino ◽  
Satoru Seino ◽  
Takashi Funahashi ◽  
Tomonori Hoshino ◽  
Marcus Clauss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Nasalis Larvatus ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Colobine Monkeys ◽  
Plant Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Trachypithecus Cristatus

Colobine monkeys are known for the anatomical complexity of their stomachs, making them distinct within the primate order. Amongst foregut fermenters, they appear peculiar because of the occurrence of two different stomach types, having either three (‘tripartite’) or four (‘quadripartite’, adding the praesaccus) chambers. The functional differences between tri and quadripartite stomachs largely remain to be explained. In this study, we aim to compare the apparent digestibility (aD) in tripartite and quadripartite colobines. Hence, we measured the aD in two colobine species, Nasalis larvatus (quadripartite) and Trachypithecus cristatus (tripartite), in two zoos. We also included existing colobine literature data on the aD and analysed whether the aD of fibre components is different between the stomach types to test the hypothesis of whether quadripartite colobines show higher aD of fibre components than tripartite colobines did. Our captive N. larvatus specimen had a more distinctively varying nutrient intake across seasons with a larger seasonal variation in aD than that of a pair of T. cristatus, which mostly consumed commercial foods with a lower proportion of browse and less seasonal variation. We observed higher aD of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in the N. larvatus specimen, suggesting a higher gut capacity of N. larvatus provided by the additional praesaccus forestomach chamber. Based on the analysis of literature data for aD, we also found that quadripartite species achieved higher fibre digestibility at similar dietary fibre levels compared with tripartite species, supporting the hypothesis that the additional gut capacity offered by the praesaccus facilitates a longer retention and hence more thorough microbial fermentation of plant fibre.

scholarly journals Apparent digestibility of captive colobines in relation to stomach types with special reference to fibre digestion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Hoshino ◽  
Satoru Seino ◽  
Takashi Funahashi ◽  
Tomonori Hoshino ◽  
Marcus Clauss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Nasalis Larvatus ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Colobine Monkeys ◽  
Plant Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Trachypithecus Cristatus

AbstractColobine monkeys are known for the anatomical complexity of their stomachs, making them distinct within the primate order. Amongst foregut fermenters, they appear peculiar because of the occurrence of two different stomach types, having either three (‘tripartite’) or four (‘quadripartite’, adding the praesaccus) chambers. The functional differences between tri and quadripartite stomachs largely remain to be explained. In this study, we aim to compare the apparent digestibility (aD) in tripartite and quadripartite colobines. Hence, we measured the aD in two colobine species, Nasalis larvatus (quadripartite) and Trachypithecus cristatus (tripartite), in two zoos. We also included existing colobine literature data on the aD and analysed whether the aD of fibre components is different between the stomach types to test the hypothesis of whether quadripartite colobines show higher aD of fibre components than tripartite colobines did. Our captive N. larvatus specimen had a more distinctively varying nutrient intake across seasons with a larger seasonal variation in aD than that of a pair of T. cristatus, which mostly consumed commercial foods with a lower proportion of browse and less seasonal variation. We observed higher aD of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in the N. larvatus specimen, suggesting a higher gut capacity of N. larvatus provided by the additional praesaccus forestomach chamber. Based on the analysis of literature data for aD, we also found that quadripartite species achieved higher fibre digestibility at similar dietary fibre levels compared with tripartite species, supporting the hypothesis that the additional gut capacity offered by the praesaccus facilitates a longer retention and hence more thorough microbial fermentation of plant fibre.

The response of store lambs to dietary supplements of fish meal 1. Effects of forage-to-concentrate ratio

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Hassan ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
High Forage

ABSTRACTForty-eight individually-penned lambs (mean live weight 31-4 kg) were offered one of four diets, to investigate response to a supplement of fish meal (0 and 100 g dry matter (DM) per kg M) given with diets of either 60: 40 or 40: 60 forage-to-concentrate ratio. Nitrogen (N) degradability in the rumen and fractional outflow rates of protein supplements were determined. The diets were formulated such that the lambs received about 3 or 9 g undegradable rumen N per kg DM. The diets were given daily to provide sufficient metabolizable energy for maintenance and 150 g gain, and were adjusted according to live weight at weekly intervals.Fish-meal supplementation improved daily growth over a 49-day period (P < 0·001) and enhanced N retention (P < 0·001). Live-weight gain was also marginally improved on the high-forage diets. (P < 0-05), but there was no protein supplement × forage-to-concentrate ratio interaction. Apparent digestibility of acid detergent fibre was improved by the fish-meal supplement on the high-concentrate diet.The four diets were also given to rumen-fistulated sheep. The high-concentrate diet was associated with a higher molar proportion of propionate (P < 0·05) and a lower proportion of acetate (P < 0·001). Rumen concentrations of ammonia tended to be maintained at higher levels throughout the day by the fish-meal supplement.

scholarly journals Stocking Rate Has No Confounding Effect on the Use of Internal and Inert Markers to Predict Botanical Composition, Diet Quality, Degradability and Passage Rate Kinetics in Sheep

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2232
Author(s):  
Bulelani Nangamso Pepeta ◽  
Mehluli Moyo ◽  
Abubeker Hassen ◽  
Ignatius Verla Nsahlai
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ingredient Composition ◽  
Nutrient Selection ◽  
Internal Markers

This study investigated if there is any confounding effect of stocking rate on the use of internal markers to determine and predict the dietary ingredient composition, dry matter intake (DMI) and digestibility of diets consumed by sheep. Fifteen sheep were randomly allocated to stocking rate treatments of one (SR1), two (SR2), four (SR4) and eight (SR8) sheep per pen (space allowance: 31.04 m2, 15.52 m2, 7.76 m2 and 3.88 m2 per sheep, respectively) and fed ad libitum maize stover, sorghum stover and veld hay by supplying 110% of previous day’s intake. Sheep were rotated across the treatments in four periods of 10 days. The proportion of feeds selected and total DMI were similar across all stocking rate treatments. However, diets selected by sheep in SR2 had the highest digestibility compared to other treatments. The prediction of the effective degradability of dry matter using acid detergent fibre content achieved an accuracy of 84.6%. A combination of crude protein and neutral detergent fibre contents achieved 63% accuracy in the prediction of the rate of degradation of feeds. The use of acid insoluble ash (AIA) as an internal marker to predict nutrient intake, digestibility, DMI and dietary ingredient intake accounted for 84.3%, 81.2%, 53.0% and 64.1% of the variation, respectively. The predictions of dietary feed proportions and nutrient quality selected obtained with least squares procedure using a combination of modified acid detergent fibre (MADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and AIA accounted for 81.0% and 72.4% of the variation, respectively. In conclusion, regardless of the different stocking rate tested in this study, a combination of MADF, ADL and AIA as internal markers can be used to estimate diet and nutrient selection by sheep using the least squares procedure. Hence, these markers can be used to predict ingredient composition of diet, diet and nutrient selection, nutrient intake and digestibility in free ranging animals.

scholarly journals Effect of Yeast-Fermented Citrus Pulp as a Protein Source on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and In Situ Digestion Kinetics in Nili Ravi Buffalo Bulls

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1713
Author(s):  
Muhammad Awais ◽  
Muhammad Sharif ◽  
Khurram Ashfaq ◽  
Amjad Islam Aqib ◽  
Muhammad Saeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Citrus Pulp ◽  
Digestion Kinetics

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of single cell protein (SCP) supplement as a protein source on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and in situ digestion kinetics in four Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous concentrates containing 3, 6, 9 and 12% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented citrus pulp were formulated. All animals were fed a ration with a concentrate/forage ratio of 50:50. Diets were provided ad libitum twice a day as a total mixed ration in a 4 × 4 Latin Square Design. Each experimental period lasted 3 weeks while the overall study 12 weeks. The first 2 weeks of each experimental period were used as adaptation period while the third week as collection period. Chemical composition of fermented citrus pulp appeared as an excellent source of protein. No significant difference was observed on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and SCP among all the treatments. Moreover, no significant effect was observed on ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen at different times. Rate of disappearance and lag time of in situ dry matter digestion kinetics remained nonsignificant regardless of SCP percentage. Based on results of similar nutrients intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal parameters it is concluded that SCP could be used in the concentrate diet of ruminant up to 12%. Furthermore, the SCP has the potential of an alternative protein source in animal diet formulation.

Condensed tannins extracted from Quebracho affect the fermentation profile, nutritional quality and in vitro gas production of pornunça (Manihot spp.) silages

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
D. T. Q. Carvalho ◽  
A. R. F. Lucena ◽  
T. V. C. Nascimento ◽  
L. M. L. Moura ◽  
P. D. R. Marcelino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Fermentation Profile

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the fermentation profile, in vitro gas production and nutritional quality of pornunça (Manihot spp.) silages containing levels of condensed tannin (CT; 0, 4, 8 and 12% on dry matter (DM) basis), at five opening times (0, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days). A completely randomized design in a 4 × 5 factorial arrangement was adopted, with four replications, totalling 80 experimental silos. The pH and NH3-N analyses were performed at all opening times of the silos. The other analyses were performed only with silages opened at 56 days of storage. There was an interaction effect between CT levels and silo opening times for pH and NH3-N. Tannin levels in pornunça silages after 56 days ensiling increased the pH and DM and reduced crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). There was a quadratic effect for NH3-N, acetic acid, butyric acid, gas losses, dry matter recovery (DMR), hemicellulose and acid detergent fibre. Inclusion of 4 and 8% CT in pornunça silage promotes a rapid decline in pH, being within the acceptable limit for adequate fermentation at 3 days of ensiling. Silages with 4% CT establish the pH at 28 days of opening the silos, with reduced NH3-N. Silages with 4% CT present higher concentrations of acetic and butyric acids and greater DMR. Inclusion of CT in pornunça silage after 56 days ensiling increases DM and reduces CP and NDF, directly affecting the in vitro degradability and reducing gas production.

scholarly journals Nutrient intake and digestibility of selected browse plants fed in combination with Panicum maximum to West African dwarf (WAD) bucks

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-172
Author(s):  
U. Okah ◽  
E. A. Anita
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
West African ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

A study was conducted to evaluate nutrient intake and digestibility of Panicum maximum fed in combination with selected browse plants to West African dwarf (WAD) bucks. Four intact West African dwarf (WAD) bucks of mean body weight 17.50kg were used to conduct digestibility study in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design experiment. Four forage combinations, diets A, B, C and D were fed to the goats. Diet A, the control, was 100% Panicum maximuni, while diets B, C and D contained 60% Panicum maximum each plus 40% of Alchornea cordifolia, Manniophyton fulvum and Gmelina arborea, respectively. The study lasted 56 days in a 14 day x 4 change over periods. Data were collected on dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient intake and digestibility. Simple linear regression and correlation were used to assess the degree of relationship between some of the digestion components. The result of proximate analysis indicated that the diets (P. max + browse) B, C and D had significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter (%DM) contents of 81.12, 81.09 and 80.68%, respectively, than the 75.71% for diet A (sole P.max). Crude protein content of 17.56, 15.62 and 17.52%, respectively were also higher (p<0.05) than the 8.38%for diet A. There was higher (p<0.05) ether extract content of 2.43, 2.38 and 2.32%, for diets B, C, and D, respectively than the 1.32% for diet A. The ash content of 10.71, 9.78 and 9.76% for diets B, C and D respectively, were also higher (p<0.05) than the 7.83% for diets A. Metabolizable energy (MJKg-1) values of 1.41, 1.42 and 1.42 for diets B, C and D were also higher (p<0.05) than the 1.31 for diet A. However, the crude fibre value of the diet A (27.26%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the 18.30, 19.30 and 18.58% for diets B, C and D. respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in DMI among treatment means. Vitro significantly (p<0.05) higher for animals fed diets B(15.04). C(13.12 ) and D(14.48 ) wherein P.max was fed in combination with browse plants than in the diet A( 6.28) group fed sole Pmax. Faecal nitrogen showed no significant (p>0.05) difference among treatment means. Urinary nitrogen was significantly (p<0.05) higher in diet A group (0.39) than in diets B (0.30), C (0.34) and D (0.43) groups. There was positive nitrogen balance for all in the treatment groups. Apparent nitrogen digestibility (%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in diets B (92.37). C (90.51) and D (97.63) groups than in diet A (79.49). Nitrogen intake (g/d) could not reliably predict faecal nitrogen (g/kgDM) in diets C and D groups. Absorbed nitrogen (g/d/WKg0.75) could not predict urinary nitrogen (g/d/WKg0.75) in any of the diets. Biological value (BV) of the diets were A (55), B (45), C (81) and D (97). The result of this study shows that the animals fed P. max + browse recorded higher DMI, nutrient intake and digestibility than the sole P.max diet. These evaluation indices were, however, mostly better in the diet B group (60% P.maximum + 40% Alchornea cordifolia). The combination of 60% P. maximum + 40% Alchornea cordifolia is therefore recommended for West African dwarf (WAD) goats reared in the humid tropics of Nigeria for optimum intake and improved nutrient utilization.

Feed intake and digestibility in Yankasa sheep fed diets containing various levels of Leucaena leucocephala leaf residues

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Fasae ◽  
J. A. Alokan ◽  
G. E. Onibi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Leaf Residue ◽  
Metabolism Study ◽  
Age Range

Four Yankasa sheep, weighing between 19 and 24kg live weight and with age range between 15-24 months were used in a metabolism study to determine the intake and the digestibility of Leucaena leucocephala leaf residue (LLLR) while diets B, C and D had 15, 30 and 45% LLLR inclusion respectively. Dry matter and dietary crude protein intake by trhe environmental animals decreased with increasing level of LLLR inclusion in the diets, although these values were not significant (P>0.05). Also, digestion rates for dry matter and nutrients decreased as protein level of the diets decreased but variation were not significant (P<0.05). Inclusion of 15% LLLR in the dust produced the best weight gain, though this was significantly (P>0.05) different from other treatments. None of the animals developed any health problem and none was underfed as they all recorded an increase in weight. The diet with 15% LLLR produced performance similar to the control both in nutrient intake and weight gain

Comparative characteristics during wilting for alfalfa conditioned by maceration or by a conventional roller-conditioner

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwarno Suwarno ◽  
K. M. Wittenberg ◽  
W. P. McCaughey
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Nutrient Profile ◽  
Conditioning Treatment ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Medicago Sativa L

A study was conducted to monitor nutrient and microbial count changes during wilting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in response to varying degrees of maceration at mowing. Early bloom alfalfa was mowed with either a roller-conditioner (CONV) or a macerator set to deliver four degrees of maceration during alfalfa mowing: LIGHT, LIGHT+, SEVERE, and SEVERE+. Macerated alfalfa reached 80% dry matter in 9–11 h compared with alfalfa mowed by roller-conditioner, which required 54 h. The most rapid wilting rates were associated with LIGHT+, SEVERE, and SEVERE+ maceration treatments when alfalfa was not exposed to precipitation. The wilting coefficient in the first 24 h was increased by more than 100% for the SEVERE treatment compared with alfalfa mowed using a conventional roller-conditioner in alfalfa that was not exposed to precipitation. Precipitation at 1.5 h post-mowing increased wilting time by 8.3 h to achieve 45% DM, and by 17.5 to achieve 80% DM in the SEVERE+ maceration treatment relative to alfalfa from the same conditioning treatment that was not exposed to precipitation. Precipitation at 24 h post-mowing increased wilting time to reach 80% DM by 11 h and 21 h for the LIGHT and LIGHT+ maceration treatments relative to alfalfa of the same mowing treatments not exposed to precipitation. Maceration of alfalfa resulted in a 24.2 to 26.8 h shorter wilting time relative to the conventional roller-conditioner treatment when alfalfa was exposed to precipitation at 24 h post-mowing. SEVERE and SEVERE+ maceration treatments at mowing resulted in higher (P < 0.05) neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre levels post-wilting. Lactic acid bacteria populations on alfalfa tended to be higher with maceration within 1 h post-mowing (P < 0.10) and post-wilting (P < 0.08). Key words: Alfalfa, maceration, precipitation, wilting time, bacteria, nutrient profile, compressibility

scholarly journals Effect of Sulphate ion on the in Vitro Rumen Digestion of Polysaccharide Constituents of Bagasse

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
RFH Dekker ◽  
GN Richards
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Inorganic Sulphate ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

The dry matter digestibility (DMD) of poor quality roughages such as spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) by sheep and cattle has been shown to increase on addition of sulphur to the diet. The sulphur is added most frequently as inorganic sulphate, either alone (Playne 1969) or supplemented with urea (Bray and Hemsley 1969; Kennedy and Siebert 1972; Siebert and Kennedy 1972) or gluten (Playne 1969). These supplements have also increased feed intake in sheep (Playne 1969; Kennedy and Siebert 1972; Siebert and Kennedy 1972) and cattle (Siebert and Kennedy 1972), and have improved the nitrogen and sulphur balance (Moir, Somers, and Bray 1967; Bray and Hemsley 1969; Playne 1969; Kennedy and Siebert 1972) within the animal. Sulphates have been shown to increase the in vitro rumen digestion of starch (Kennedy, Mitchell, and Little 1971), crude fibre (Bray and Hemsley 1969), and acid-detergent fibre and cellulose (Barton, Bull, and Hemken 1971).

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