scholarly journals Cumulative burden of non-communicable diseases predicts COVID hospitalization among people with HIV: A one-year retrospective cohort study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260251
Author(s):  
Michael D. Virata ◽  
Sheela V. Shenoi ◽  
Joseph Ladines-Lim ◽  
Merceditas S. Villanueva ◽  
Lydia A. Barakat
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
Hiv Viral Suppression ◽  
One Year ◽  
Overall Mortality

There continue to be conflicting data regarding the outcomes of people with HIV (PWH) who have COVID-19 infection with most studies describing the early epidemic. We present a single site experience spanning a later timeframe from the first report on January 21, 2020 to January 20, 2021 and describe clinical outcomes and predictors of hospitalization among a cohort of PWH in an urban center in Connecticut, USA. Among 103 PWH with controlled HIV disease, hospitalization occurred in 33% and overall mortality was 1%. HIV associated factors (CD4 count, HIV viral suppression) were not associated with hospitalization. Chronic lung disease (OR: 3.35, 95% CI:1.28–8.72), and cardiovascular disease (OR: 3.4, 95% CI:1.27–9.12) were independently associated with hospitalization. An increasing number of non-communicable comorbidities increased the likelihood of hospitalization (OR: 1.61, 95% CI:1.22–2.13).

scholarly journals Cessation of breastfeeding and associated factors in the era of elimination of mother to child transmission of HIV at Ndejje Health Center, Uganda: a retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackslina Gaaniri Ngbapai ◽  
Jonathan Izudi ◽  
Stephen Okoboi
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
One Year ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Mother To Child

Abstract BackgroundBreastfeeding an infant exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) carries the risk of HIV acquisition whilst not breastfeeding poses a higher risk of death from malnutrition, diarrhea, and pneumonia. In Uganda, mothers living with HIV are encouraged to discontinue breastfeeding at 12 months but data are limited. We examined the frequency and factors associated with cessation of breastfeeding at one year among mothers living with HIV at Ndejje Health Center IV, a large peri-urban health facility in Uganda.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study involved all mothers living with HIV and enrolled in HIV care for ≥ 12 months between June 2014 and June 2018. We abstracted data from registers, held focus group discussions with mothers living with HIV and key informant interviews with healthcare providers. Cessation of breastfeeding was defined as the proportion of mothers living with HIV who had discontinued breastfeeding at one year. We summarized quantitative data descriptively, tested differences in outcome using Chi-square and t - tests, and established independently associated factors using modified Poisson regression analysis at 5 % statistical significance level. We thematically analyzed qualitative data to enrich and triangulate the quantitative results. ResultsOf 235 participants, 150 (63.8 %) had ceased breastfeeding at one year and this was independently associated with the infant being male (Adjusted Risk Ratio [aRR] 1.25, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.04, 1.50), the mother being multiparous (aRR 1.26, 95 % CI 1.04-1.53), and the initiation of breastfeeding being on the same-day as birth (aRR 0.06, 95 % CI 0.01-0.41). The reasons for ceasing breastfeeding included male infants over breastfeed than females, maternal literacy and knowledge adequacy about breastfeeding, support and reminders from the partner, and boys can bite once they get teeth. ConclusionSuboptimal proportion of infants were ceased from breastfeeding at one year and this might increase the risk of mother to child transmission of HIV. Cessation of breastfeeding was more likely among male infants and multiparous mothers but less likely when breastfeeding was initiated on the same-day as birth. Interventions to enhance cessation of breastfeeding should target none multiparous mothers and those with female infants.

scholarly journals Impact of Pharmacy Type on HIV Viral Suppression: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua P Havens ◽  
Harlan Sayles ◽  
Nada Fadul ◽  
Sara H Bares
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Viral Suppression ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Illicit Substance ◽  
Hiv Viral Suppression ◽  
Delivery Services ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background People with HIV (PWH) use various pharmacy types beyond traditional local pharmacies. Some specialized pharmacies offer additive adherence services such as refill reminders, expedited delivery, and adherence packaging. Methods This single-center, retrospective cohort study evaluated the impact of pharmacy type on the gain or loss of HIV viral suppression (VS; HIV RNA ≤50 copies/mL). Patients (≥19 years) were categorized by VS and pharmacy type: HIV-specialized (additive adherence/delivery services) vs traditional (without adherence/delivery services). Fisher exact tests examined the effect of pharmacy type on differences in VS between years, and logistic regression models identified possible predictors of gaining or losing VS. Results During 2017–2018, no differences were observed for the gain or loss of VS across pharmacy types (VS gain vs continued viremia, P = .393; VS loss vs continued VS, P = .064). Predictors for the gain of VS included antiretroviral therapy adherence as percentage of days covered (PDC; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.05; P < .001) and Federal Poverty Level 100%–138% (FPL; aOR, 0.17; P = .032). Predictors for the loss of VS included use of protease inhibitor (aOR, 2.85; P = .013), ≥1 other illicit substance including tobacco (aOR, 2.96; P = .024), PDC (aOR, 0.95; P < .001), FPL 139%–200% (aOR, 0.09; P = .031), and CD4 >200 cells/ccm (aOR, 0.19; P = .013). Conclusions The gain or loss of VS among PWH in this retrospective cohort was not impacted by pharmacy transitions within the 2-year study period. However, PDC, FPL, illicit substance use, protease inhibitor use, and CD4 >200 cells/ccm were identified as factors associated with changes in VS.

scholarly journals The trend of direct medical costs and associated factors in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Guangzhou, China: an eight-year retrospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (S2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Yang ◽  
Ge Chen ◽  
Yueping Li ◽  
Guanhai Li ◽  
Yingfang Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Although the expenses of liver cirrhosis are covered by a critical illness fund under the current health insurance program in China, the medical costs associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) related diseases is not well addressed. In order to provide evidence to address the problem, we investigated the trend of direct medical costs and associated factors in patients with chronic HBV infection. Methods A retrospective cohort study of 65,175 outpatients and 12,649 inpatients was conducted using a hospital information system database for the period from 2008 to 2015. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were applied to explore associations between annual direct medical costs and corresponding factors, meanwhile quantile regression models were used to evaluate the effect of treatment modes on different quantiles of annual direct medical costs stratified by medical insurances. Results The direct medical costs increased with time, but the proportion of antiviral costs decreased with CHB progression. Antiviral costs accounted 54.61% of total direct medical costs for outpatients, but only 6.17% for inpatients. Non-antiviral medicine costs (46.06%) and lab tests costs (23.63%) accounted for the majority of the cost for inpatients. The direct medical costs were positively associated with CHB progression and hospitalization days in inpatients. The direct medical costs were the highest in outpatients with medical insurance and in inpatients with free medical service, and treatment modes had different effects on the direct medical costs in patients with and without medical insurance. Conclusions CHB patients had a heavy economic burden in Guangzhou, China, which increased over time, which were influenced by payment mode and treatment mode.

Risk Factors of Early Childhood Caries in a Southeast Asian Population

2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.H. van Palenstein Helderman ◽  
W. Soe ◽  
M.A. van ’t Hof
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Early Childhood Caries ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Supplementary Food ◽  
Southeast Asian Population ◽  
Nocturnal Feeding

A retrospective cohort study on ECC and associated factors was conducted among mothers with 25- to 30-month-old infants in a community where prolonged breastfeeding was common practice. All infants who consumed sugary supplementary food or rice that was pre-chewed by the mother, or who fell asleep with the breast nipple in their mouths, had ECC. Infants without those habits, and who were breastfed up to 12 months, had no ECC. Breastfeeding during the day beyond the age of 12 months was not associated with ECC, but infants who were breastfed at night > 2 times had an OR for ECC of 35 (CI 6-186), and those who were exposed to > 15 min per nocturnal feeding had an OR for ECC of 100 (CI 10-995). The present study indicates that, in this population, besides the consumption of sugars and pre-chewed rice, nocturnal breastfeeding after the age of 12 months poses a risk of developing ECC.

scholarly journals Eligibility and subsequent burden of cardiovascular disease of four strategies for blood pressure-lowering treatment: a retrospective cohort study

The Lancet ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 394 (10199) ◽  
pp. 663-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Herrett ◽  
Sarah Gadd ◽  
Rod Jackson ◽  
Krishnan Bhaskaran ◽  
Elizabeth Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Blood Pressure Lowering ◽  
Pressure Lowering
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