Green urbanization

Large cities are more productive and generate more output per person. Using data from the UK on energy demand and waste generation, we show that they are also more energy-efficient. Large cities are therefore greener than small towns. The amount of energy demanded and waste generated per person is decreasing in total output produced, that is, energy demand and waste generation scale sublinearly with output. Our research provides the first direct evidence of green urbanization by calculating the rate at which per capita electricity use and waste decrease with city population. The energy demand elasticity with respect to city output is 83%: as the total output of a city increases by one percent, energy demand increases less than one percent, and the Urban Energy Premium is therefore 17%. The energy premium by source of energy demand is from households (13%), transport (20%), and industry (16%). Similarly, we find that the elasticity of waste generation with respect to city output is 90%. For one percent increase in total city output, there is a less than one percent increase in waste, with an Urban Waste Premium of 10%. Because large cities are energy-efficient ways of generating output, energy efficiency can be improved by encouraging urbanization and thus green living. We perform a counterfactual analysis in a spatial equilibrium model that makes income taxes contingent on city population, which attracts more people to big cities. We find that this pro-urbanization counterfactual not only increases economic output but also lowers energy consumption and waste production in the aggregate.

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The Challenge of Urban and Regional Development in the Future

Forum Geografi ◽

10.23917/forgeo.v9i1.519 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tedjo Suminto

Keyword(s):

Urban Development ◽

Regional Development ◽

Small Towns ◽

City Management ◽

Large Cities ◽

City Population ◽

Urban Models ◽

The Government ◽

Urban And Regional Development ◽

The City

The task of development is part of the overall national task carried out along governance. This task has been entrusted to the government as a gradual long-term task, planning, and sustainable. Implied in it, the intention to achieve a better state. Contained within the dimension of time setting goals, achieving goals, and overall utilization of benefits for citizens throughout the country. Enshrined also be aware that there will be found a variety of difficulties, limitations, and problems that must be solved. The problems of urban development in Indonesia can be viewed from two approaches, namely macro and micro approaches. A macro approach urban problems are reviewed in the context of the region (national scale). While the approach is seen as a micro city neighborhoods. This problem is closely related to the natural growth of the city population and population migration. Based on research on urban and regional development, it can be concluded: 1) the problem of urbanization of rural and small towns to large cities should be addressed; 2) urban spatial arrangements should be improved to do with increasingly limited land for development and urban development; 3) the provision of facilities and infrastructure of the city, city management, and financing of urban development, integration between government, society, and the private sector should be increased; 4) study of urban models that can accommodate all the problems of the city should be developed continuously.

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Energy Efficient R&D Investment and Aggregate Energy Demand: Evidence from OECD Countries

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.2703247 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amin Karimu ◽

Runar Brrnnlund

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficient ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Oecd Countries ◽

D Investment

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Linked Energy Systems for Production Sites of the Future

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.769.319 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 769 ◽

pp. 319-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Martin Beck ◽

Tilo Sielaff

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Energy System ◽

Efficient System ◽

Industrial Enterprises ◽

Future Production ◽

Cost Efficient ◽

System Configurations ◽

Energy Network

Industrial enterprises are increasingly driven to tap the potentials of energy efficiency in existing and future production sites. The challenge is to identify cost-efficient levers for a low energy demand in the linked energy system of production machines and peripheral devices. Considering enabling technologies for energy efficiency and energy recovery in a cascaded energy network with energy storages this paper presents an approach towards energy and cost-efficient system configurations for production sites. An outlook will be given on the research center eta-factory for energy efficient factories at the PTW, TU Darmstadt.

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The ‘building paradox’: research on building-related environmental effects requires global visibility and attention

Emerald Open Research ◽

10.35241/emeraldopenres.13838.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Francesco Pomponi ◽

Robert Crawford ◽

André Stephan ◽

Jim Hart ◽

Bernardino D'Amico

Keyword(s):

Environmental Effects ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Resource Depletion ◽

Status Quo ◽

Habitat Destruction ◽

Environmental Discourse ◽

Waste Generation ◽

Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽

Global Environmental ◽

The Status

The construction and operation of buildings is a major contributor to global energy demand, greenhouse gases emissions, resource depletion, waste generation, and associated environmental effects, such as climate change, pollution and habitat destruction. Despite its wide relevance, research on building-related environmental effects often fails to achieve global visibility and attention, particularly in premiere interdisciplinary journals – thus representing a major gap in the research these journals offer. In this article we review and reflect on the factors that are likely causing this lack of visibility for such a prominent research topic and emphasise the need to reconcile the construction and operational phases into the physical unity of a building, to contribute to the global environmental discourse using a lifecycle-based approach. This article also aims to act as a call for action and to raise awareness of this important gap. The evidence contained in the article can support institutional policies to improve the status quo and provide a practical help to researchers in the field to bring their work to wide interdisciplinary audiences.

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A time-of-use based electricity price package mechanism in retail market considering consumers’ diversity

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202018202009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 182 ◽

pp. 02009

Author(s):

Gang Luo ◽

Yujun He ◽

Chen Zhao ◽

Xuan Zhang ◽

Shaohua Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Electricity Price ◽

Demand Elasticity ◽

Energy Price ◽

Retail Market ◽

Specific Time ◽

Optimal Price ◽

Numerical Case Study

In the deregulated retail market, consumers should have more right of choice for paying for their energy demand. This paper focuses on the design of electricity price package mechanism in retail market considering the demand elasticity of consumers. An optimal price package mechanism is proposed to incentivize consumers for peak-clipping/valley-filling. Consumers are able to choose the appropriate one from a set of price packages, each of which consists of specific time-of-use energy price and maximum-demand price. A numerical case study has shown the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed mechanism.

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KARAKTERISTIK KONSENTRASI CH4 (METANA) DI BEBERAPA KOTA BESAR DAN KOTA KECIL DI INDONESIA

MAJALAH ILMIAH GLOBE ◽

10.24895/mig.2017.19-2.619 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Indah Susanti ◽

Lilik Slamet S ◽

Waluyo Eko Cahyono

Keyword(s):

El Niño ◽

El Nino ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Small Towns ◽

Statistical Regression ◽

Friedman Test ◽

Large Cities ◽

Infra Red ◽

Level 3 ◽

Using Data

ABSTRAKKeberadaan konsentrasi CH4 di atmosfer berasal dari sumber emisi CH4 di permukaan bumi baik asal antropogenik maupun alami. Bobot molekul CH4 yang ringan mengakibatkan CH4 dapat bergerak vertikal sampai ke stratosfer. Konsentrasi CH4 yang tak terkendali berakibat pada pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim, sehingga perlu dipahami karakteristik CH4 terutama di beberapa kota besar (Jakarta, Medan, Makassar) dan kota kecil (Ambon, Biak Numfor, Pangkal Pinang) di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan data Atmospheric Infra Red Soundings (AIRS) level 3 yang memiliki resolusi spasial satu derajat dan resolusi temporal bulanan, untuk periode waktu 2003-2015, dikaji kecenderungan konsentrasi CH4 di enam kota dan anomalinya pada beberapa ketinggian atmosfer serta analisis pengaruh kategori kota (kota besar dan kota kecil berdasarkan jumlah penduduk) terhadap konsentrasi CH4. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis spasial horizontal dan vertical dengan bantuan Software Grads untuk mengetahui daerah mana dan pada level ketinggian mana terjadi perubahan konsentrasi CH4, serta ditunjang oleh analisis statistik regresi dan uji Friedman serta uji Tukey untuk mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh kategori kota terhadap konsentrasi CH4 di atmosfer. Hasilnya menunjukkan adanya penurunan konsentrasi CH4 terhadap ketinggian atmosfer dengan pola logaritmik (eksponensial) yang sebagian besar berasal dari kegiatan di permukaan bumi. Fluktuasi konsentrasi CH4 di atmosfer disebabkan salah satunya oleh El Nino Southern Oscilation (ENSO). Kondisi ini tampak dari kesamaan pola nilai indeks ENSO dan konsentrasi CH4. Berdasarkan penelitian dengan menggunakan uji Friedman dan uji Tukey dihasilkan bahwa klasifikasi kota menjadi kota besar dan kota kecil tidak berpengaruh pada konsentrasi CH4.Kata kunci: profil, metana, AIRS, statistik, klasifikasi, kotaABSTRACTConcentration of CH4 in the atmosphere comes from the source of CH4 emissions on the earth's surface either natural or anthropogenic activities. The light molecular weight resulting CH4 can move vertically up into the stratosphere. Unbridled CH4 concentration resulted in global warming and climate change. So, it’s important to understand CH4 characteristics, especially in large cities (Jakarta, Medan, Makassar) and small towns (Ambon, Biak Noemfoor, Pangkal Pinang) in Indonesia. Using data Atmospheric Infra Red Soundings (AIRS) level 3 which has a spatial resolution of one degree and monthly temporal resolution, for time period from 2003 to 2015, we analyzed the tendency of concentration of CH4 in 6 cities and its anomalies in some altitude atmosphere as well as analysis of the influence of the city category (cities and towns based on population) towards the CH4 concentration. The method used in this research is the analysis of spatial horizontal and vertical using Grads to know region and altitude levels which have change the concentration of CH4. In additon, supported by statistical regression analysis and Friedman test and Tukey test to determine whether there is any relation between city category against concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere. The results indicate a decrease in the height of atmospheric CH4 concentrations with the pattern of logarithmic (exponential) is mostly derived from activities in the Earth's surface. Fluctuations in the concentration of CH4 in the atmosphere caused among other is by El Nino Southern Oscilation (ENSO). This condition appears on the similarities of the ENSO index values and CH4 concentrations. Based on research by using the Friedman test and Tukey's test result that classification of cities and towns has no effect on the concentration of CH4.Keywords: profile, CH4, AIRS, statistic, classification, city

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Re-orientating the Experience of a Small Town

10.26686/wgtn.17139374 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Katherine Hailstone

Keyword(s):

Urban Landscape ◽

Social Issues ◽

Traditional Approach ◽

Small Towns ◽

Design Approach ◽

Master Plan ◽

Large Cities ◽

Aging Populations ◽

Declining Populations ◽

The Town

An experience by definition can imply that it leaves an impression. It can be how people experience our small towns that influence its viability and success. Small towns in Aotearoa face aging populations, growing social issues and tend to lack economic viability. Current statistics show population growth in our large cities and declining populations in our regions impacting the urban landscape and the experience of our regional towns. So, how can designing from an experiential approach make a difference to town life? A traditional approach to changing the experience of towns and cities is through consultation, a production of a master plan and then staging the design over time. Consider what could be gained if we used on-the-ground experience to inform the structure our towns? If we intensely engage with the ‘on the ground experience’ of the town, looking at how the town structures experience, we should be able to identify opportunities that could re-orientate how people interact with the town. These opportunities or potential design alterations, could reshape the way that the town is structured and therefore inform the development of a master plan or long term plan. Through an experience-based design approach the opportunities that can be identified from this method are often not visible from other techniques such as top down mapping and other common forms of data collection. Through a combination of; an understanding of the experience of the town, its history, influences, though various forms of mapping and the understanding the viability of proposed design alterations we could strategically transform the experience. Therefore, through an experiential design approach and understanding how our small towns work in Aotearoa; can we focus design actions in the public environment to develop potential future change?

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SIMULATION BASED COMPLEX ENERGY ASSESSMENT OF OFFICE BUILDING FENESTRATION

Journal of Civil Engineering and Management ◽

10.3846/jcem.2010.39 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 345-351 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Violeta Motuzienė ◽

Egidijus Saulius Juodis

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Office Building ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Energy Assessment ◽

The North ◽

Complex Evaluation ◽

Lighting Energy ◽

Glazed Facade

The number of office buildings with highly fenestrated facades is currently increasing in Lithuania and neighboring countries. Highly fenestrated facades reduce energy consumption for lighting and simultaneously increase energy consumption for heating, cooling, air conveying and may cause thermal and visual discomfort. Pursuing to reduce negative effects of the highly glazed facade, special glasses are frequently used. However, such windows usually increase demand for lighting energy. Therefore, when making early decisions about glazing the building, it is important to have a complex evaluation of energy demand related to the specific case. The paper presents the results of analysis made using energy simulation tools. The obtained results have shown that when shading is not applied, the north is the most energy efficient orientation to glazing for an air conditioned office building in cool climate zones like Lithuania. The most energy efficient window‐to‐wall ratios (WWR) for the south, east and west oriented façade are 20%, whereas for the north it makes 20–40%. However, such WWR values do not satisfy standard requirements for day lighting. Santrauka Pastaraisiais metais Lietuvoje ir kaimyninese šalyse daugeja administracines paskirties pastatu, kuriu dauguma išoriniu atitvaru yra skaidrios. Didesnis istiklinimo plotas lemia mažesnius energijos poreikius apšvietimui, tačiau didina šildymo ir vesinimo sistemu energijos poreikius, sukelia šilumini bei vizualini diskomforta. Neigiamai dideliu skaidriu atitvaru itakai sumažinti naudojami tamsinti ir kitu specialiu charakteristiku stiklai, tačiau tai savo ruožtu didina energijos poreiki apšvietimui. Todel, priimant sprendimus del pastato istiklinimo, svarbu prieš tai kompleksiškai išnagrineti konkretaus sprendimo itaka pastato energijos poreikiams. Straipsnyje pateikiama modeliuojant gautu rezultatu analize. Rezultatai parode, kad vesaus klimato šalyse, kurioms priklauso ir Lietuva, kondicionuojamu administraciniu pastatu fasadu, kai nenaudojamos apsaugos nuo saules priemones, energiškai efektyviausias istiklinimas yra i šiaures puse. Energiškai efektyviausias santykinis fasado istiklinimo plotas pietines, rytines ir vakarines orientacijos fasadams yra 20 %, o šiaurines ‐ 20–40 %. Tačiau tokie istiklinimo plotai neatitinka norminiu natūralaus apšvietimo reikalavimu.

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Electrochemical synthesis of nitric acid from air and ammonia through waste utilization

National Science Review ◽

10.1093/nsr/nwz019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 730-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Yuting Wang ◽

Yifu Yu ◽

Ranran Jia ◽

Chao Zhang ◽

Bin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Nitric Acid ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Isotope Labeling ◽

Reaction Path ◽

High Energy ◽

Waste Utilization ◽

Environmental Crisis ◽

Electrocatalytic Reduction ◽

Green Production

ABSTRACT Commercial nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3) are mostly produced through the Ostwald process and the Haber-Bosch process, respectively. However, high energy demand and enormous greenhouse gas accompy these processes. The development of economical and green ways to synthesize HNO3 and NH3 is highly desirable for solving the global energy and environmental crisis. Here, we present two energy-efficient and environmentally friendly strategies to synthesize HNO3 and NH3 at distributed sources, including the electrocatalytic oxidation of N2 in air to HNO3 and the electrocatalytic reduction of residual ${\rm NO_{3}^{-}}$ contamination in water to NH3. The isotope-labeling studies combined with theoretical calculation reveal the reaction path of the two proposed strategies, confirming the origin of the electrochemical products. Importantly, the electrooxidation-generated ${\rm NO_{3}^{-}}$ ions may also serve as reactants for the electroreduction synthesis of NH3 in the future. Our work may open avenues for energy-efficient and green production of HNO3 and NH3 at distributed sources.

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Perception of risk from electric and magnetic fields: Stress effects and psychological aspects

Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) ◽

10.1590/s0103-166x2013000400003 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 497-506

Author(s):

Marilda Emmanuel Novaes Lipp ◽

Flavio Eitor Barbieri ◽

Leonel Santánna ◽

Ana Paula Justo ◽

Ana Carolina Cabral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Magnetic Fields ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Small Towns ◽

Regulatory Agencies ◽

Exposure Level ◽

Perception Of Risk ◽

Large Cities ◽

Electric And Magnetic Fields ◽

The Government

The present study aimed to investigate the perception of risk in the Brazilian population related to electric and magnetic fields. Six hundred adults were recruited from the surrounding communities. Three hundred of them lived in large cities and an equal number lived in small towns. A short questionnaire was constructed to assess risk perception, trust in government to control risk exposure, level of comfort with exposure to extra-low-frequency electromagnetic fields, measures perceived as necessary to reduce emotional discomfort, and trust in the regulatory agencies. The Lipp Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults was applied to assess stress levels. Findings indicate that the majority of the participants in this study did not trust the Government to provide protective measures from exposure to electric and magnetic fields, did not trust the regulatory agencies, felt that there is no adequate risk control and thought about it frequently, and some felt that line installations were being performed in excess and that this should be stopped. Results endorse the need for risk education and indicate that risk perception and feelings should be considered before starting new line installations. Risk communication should incorporate knowledge regarding social cognition since a large proportion of the people were concerned about electric and magnetic fields. Lack of communication can lead to a rejection of necessary transmission line installation, and to unnecessary or exaggerated fear.

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