scholarly journals Fish muscle hydrolysate obtained using largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides digestive enzymes improves largemouth bass performance in its larval stages

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261847
Author(s):  
Karolina Kwasek ◽  
Christian Gonzalez ◽  
Macdonald Wick ◽  
Giovanni S. Molinari ◽  
Michal Wojno
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Largemouth Bass ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Skeletal Deformities ◽  
Molecular Weight Fractions

The present study utilized digestives tracts from adult largemouth bass (LMB) to hydrolyze Bighead carp muscle and obtain an optimal profile of muscle protein hydrolysates that would be easily assimilated within the primitive digestive tract of larval LMB. Specifically, muscle protein source was digested for the larva using the fully developed digestive system of the same species. The objectives of this study were: 1) to develop an optimal in vitro methodology for carp muscle hydrolysis using LMB endogenous digestive enzymes, and 2) to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of the carp muscle protein hydrolysate on LMB growth, survival, occurrence of skeletal deformities, and whole-body free amino acid composition. The study found that the in vitro hydrolysis method using carp intact muscle and LMB digestive tracts incubated at both acid and alkaline pH (to mimic digestive process of LMB) yielded a wide range of low molecular weight fractions (peptides), as opposed to the non-hydrolyzed muscle protein or muscle treated only with acid pH or alkaline pH without enzymes from LMB digestive tracts, which were comprised of large molecular weight fractions (polypeptides above 150 kDa). Overall, the dietary inclusion of the carp muscle hydrolysate improved growth performance of larval LMB in terms of final average weight, weight gain, DGC, SGR, and body length after 21 days of feeding compared to fish that received the diet based on non-hydrolyzed carp muscle. The study also found that hydrolysate-based feed significantly reduced skeletal deformities. The positive growth performance presented by fish in the hydrolysate-fed group possibly resulted from matching the specific requirements of the larvae with respect to their digestive organ development, levels of digestive enzymes present in the gut, and nutritional requirements.

A proinflammatory tumor that activates protein degradation sensitizes rats to catabolic effects of endotoxin

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (4) ◽  
pp. E527-E533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Mackenzie ◽  
Nathalie Bedard ◽  
Simon S. Wing ◽  
Vickie E. Baracos
Keyword(s):  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Proteolytic Pathway ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Muscle Protein Degradation

Chronic or acute inflammation may participate in the etiology of cancer cachexia. To investigate the interaction between tumor and a secondary inflammatory stimulus on muscle wasting, rats with and without tumors (Yoshida ascites hepatoma) received low doses of endotoxin (LPS, 400 μg/kg sc) or saline. Nitrogen balance was measured 24 h before and after LPS/saline. Epitrochlearis muscle was used to measure in vitro protein metabolism, and gastrocnemius muscle was used for quantification of the mRNA for components of the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway. The YAH reduced muscle mass ( P = 0.002), increased muscle protein degradation ( P = 0.042), and elevated mRNA expression of components of the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway ( P < 0.01) including ubiquitin, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E214k, and ubiquitin ligases muscle RING Finger 1 and atrogin-1. Although the selected low dose of LPS had no impact on protein metabolism in control rats, LPS in rats bearing YAH caused weight loss ( P = 0.0007), lowered nitrogen balance ( P = <0.0001), and increased muscle protein degradation ( P = 0.0336). In conclusion, the presence of a tumor can potentiate whole body and muscle-specific catabolic losses of protein in response to a stimulus that is not catabolic in healthy animals. This effect might be dependent on the inflammatory nature of the tumor.

The molecular weight of ulvan affects the in vitro inflammatory response of a murine macrophage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
JT Kidgell ◽  
CRK Glasson ◽  
M Magnusson ◽  
G Vamvounis ◽  
Ian Sims ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharide ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effect ◽  
Oligosaccharide Structure ◽  
1H And 13C Nmr ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Green Seaweed ◽  
Molecular Weight Fractions

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. Ulvan, a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from the green seaweed genus Ulva, has bioactive properties including an immunomodulating capacity. The immunomodulatory capacity of ulvan from Ulva ohnoi, however, has not been assessed in detail. We depolymerised purified ulvan from U. ohnoi to obtain a range of molecular weight fractions (Mw 7, 9, 13, 21, 209 kDa), which were characterised by constituent sugar analysis, SEC-MALLS, and NMR. Ulvan fractions contained 48.8–54.7 mol% rhamnose, 32.5–35.9 mol% glucuronic acid, 4.5–7.3 mol% iduronic acid, and 3.3–5.6 mol% xylose. 1H and 13C NMR was consistent with hydrolysis occurring at the anomeric centre without further modification to the oligosaccharide structure. The in vitro immunomodulatory effect of ulvan fractions was quantified by measuring levels of inflammatory-mediating signalling molecules released from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. All ulvan fractions showed no toxicity on RAW264.7 cells at concentrations below 100 μg mL−1 over 48 h. Secreted interleukin-10 and prostaglandin E2 demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect by higher molecular weight ulvan fractions at 100 μg mL−1. To a lesser extent, these fractions also enhanced the LPS-induced inflammation through minor increases of IL-1β and IL-6. This study confirms that ulvan from U. ohnoi has a mild in vitro immunomodulatory effect.

scholarly journals 95 Betaine improves growth performance by increasing digestive enzymes activities, and ameliorating intestinal structure of piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
Sisi Li ◽  
Haichao Wang ◽  
Jie Feng
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Enzymes Activities ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract This study was aimed to investigate the effects of betaine on intestinal structures and digestive enzyme activities of piglets. A total of 150 crossbred piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), with an average initial body weight of 8.52 ± 0.26 kg and age of 39-day, were randomly divided into three dietary treatments, each of which was replicated five times with ten pigs per replicate. The dietary treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0, 1250, 2500 mg/kg betaine, respectively. The experiments lasted for 30 days. The results showed that supplementation of betaine in the diet significantly increased average daily gain (P &lt; 0.05), decreased diarrhea rate (P &lt; 0.05), and improved feed conversion rate (P &lt; 0.05) of piglets. The villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of small intestine were significantly increased with betaine supplementation (P &lt; 0.05). The addition of betaine in diet also increased the expression of tight junction proteins in small intestine (P &lt; 0.05) and decreased the diamine oxidase in plasma (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein and ether extract (P &lt; 0.05) and the activities of amylase, trypsin, and lipase (P &lt; 0.05) in small intestinal were increased with betaine addition. Enzyme kinetic experiments in vitro indicated that hypertonic environment formed by NaCl could inhibit the activities of amylase and trypsin. While betaine addition improved the affinity of amylase and trypsin with their corresponding substrates, thereby counteracted the inhibitory effect of hyperosmolarity. In conclusion, the supplementation of betaine in diet could improve growth performance of piglets by ameliorating intestinal structure, increasing digestive enzymes activities, promoting the digestion of nutrients and decreasing the diarrhea rate.

In vitro digestion of caseinophosphopeptide–iron complex

2000 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
NABIL AÎT-OUKHATAR ◽  
SAÏD BOUHALLAB ◽  
FRANÇOIS BUREAU ◽  
PIERRE ARHAN ◽  
JEAN-LOUIS MAUBOIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mass ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Iron Complex ◽  
Loop Model ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Fe Complex ◽  
Influence Of Ph

Caseins bind strongly to Fe by their phosphoseryl residues (Hegenauer et al. 1979; Brulé & Fauquant, 1982; Bouhallab et al. 1991; Emery, 1992) and keep it soluble at the alkaline pH of the duodenum (Manson & Annan, 1971; Bouhallab et al. 1991). It has been suggested that this strong binding prevents the release of free Fe during digestion and impairs its absorption (West, 1986; Hurrell, 1997), but in human studies hydrolysis by digestive enzymes to give low molecular mass peptides improves Fe absorption (Hurrell et al. 1988, 1989).β-Casein peptide 1–25 (β-CN(1–25)) is the phosphorylated N-terminal fragment of β-CN. Its molecular mass is 3124 Da and it contains four phosphoseryl residues that bind four Fe atoms and keep them soluble (Bouhallab et al. 1991).Preliminary results showed that binding Fe to β-CN(1–25) enhances its bioavailability in the rat (Aît-Oukhatar et al. 1997) and its absorption by the duodenal rat loop model (Pérès et al. 1997). We recently showed that the β- CN(1–25)–Fe complex is hydrolysed to a lesser extent than free β-CN(1–25) during duodenal digestion, and that the phosphorylated region of the peptide to which Fe is bound, β-CN(15–24), cannot be detected in the digestive lumen (our unpublished results).These previous studies did not examine the effect of luminal digestion that could release free inorganic Fe. We considered the possibility that Fe bound to β-CN(1–25) is not released in the digestive lumen, and that it reaches the absorbing surface of the small intestine brush border membrane as a complex. To test this hypothesis we examined in vitro the influence of pH and digestive enzymes on the dialysability of the β-CN(1–25)–Fe complex.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Dietary Bacillus subtilis and Trans-cinnamic Acid on Growth Performance, Whole Body Compositions, Digestive Enzymes and Intestinal bacteria in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevdan YILMAZ ◽  
Nergiz ÇOBAN ◽  
Sebahattin ERGÜN ◽  
Murat YIGIT ◽  
Ekrem Şanver ÇELIK
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Body Compositions

In this study, the combined effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis (BS, 10 7 g/cfu) and different levels (0.025%, 0.050%, 0.075% and 0.150%) of trans-cinnamic acid (CA) on fish growth performance, whole body compositions, digestive enzymes, intestinal bacteria and internal organ index of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Six different experimental groups including control group (C), C+BS, 0.025%CA+BS, 0.050%CA+BS, 0.075CA+BS, 0.150%CA+BS) were established. According to the results obtained, growth performance, whole body compositions and digestive pH were not statistically significant among groups. Further, no significant differences were found between experimental groups in terms of the intestinal enzymes (trypsin, alkaline phosphatase and lipase) and gastric pepsin. Significantly higher levels of intestinal amylase were found in the control+BS, 0.025%CA+BS, 0.050% CA+BS, and 0.075%CA+BS compared to the control and 0.150%CA+BS groups. Moreover, coliform and Enterobacteriaceae counts were highest in the control+B. subtilis and lowest in the 0.150% CA + B. subtilis groups.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Silver Carp Scale Peptide and Its Nanofiltration Fractions

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-yan Zu ◽  
Ya-jing Zhao ◽  
Shi-ming Fu ◽  
Tao Liao ◽  
Hai-lan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Silver Carp ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Hydrophobic Amino Acids ◽  
Radical Scavenging Ability ◽  
Molecular Weight Fractions

To explore the physicochemical properties and biological functions of silver carp scale peptide (SCSP), its molecular-weight fractions SCSP-I, II, and III obtained by nanofiltration were assessed for their solubility, emulsibility, free radical scavenging ability, effect on the proliferation of mouse B16 cells. The results showed that the solubility of each fraction of SCSP was higher than 90%, SCSP-II and III were higher than 95%. The antioxidant powers on ⦁OH, O2-⦁ and Fe3+ were ranked as SCSP-III &gt; SCSP-II &gt; SCSP-I &gt; SCSP. All fractions of SCSP had no toxic or side effects in mouse B16 melanoma cells experiments in vitro. At a concentration of 0.01 mg/mL, the tyrosinase activity of B16 cells in the SCSP-II fraction was significantly lower than that of the α-arbutin (P &lt; 0.05), at 65.37%. The molecular weight distribution of SCSP was 399–1404 Dalton and 13 peptide sequences were detected. Among them, SCSP-II contained many hydrophobic amino acids, and SCSP-III stood out for combining arginine with hydrophobic amino acids. This may be the reason why the low molecular-weight SCSPs show the strong antioxidant activity and strong tyrosinase inhibition. The work provides a data base for the development of SCSP and increases the possibility of its application.

scholarly journals Anticoagulant Activities of Lung and Mucosal Heparin

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Barrowcliffe ◽  
E. A. Johnson ◽  
C. A. Eggleton ◽  
D. P. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Multiple Role ◽  
Heparin Activity ◽  
Molecular Weight Fractions

Interaction with antithrombin III is thought to be the main mechanism whereby heparin exerts an anticoagulant effect, but measurements of this specific heparin activity by an anti-Xa assay do not always agree with measurements made by ‘multiple role’ assays, such as APTT or pharmacopoeial assays. Two batches of lung heparin had APTT activities in vitro about 1.4 times those found by anti-Xa, whereas in several batches of porcine mucosal heparin this ratio was about 0.8. All assays by both methods were carried out against the 3rd International Standard for heparin. After gel filtration, lung heparin maintained a high ratio of APTT to anti-Xa activity in all except the low molecular weight fractions, where the two activities were both about 60 i. u./mg. In contrast, low molecular weight mucosal fractions had negligible APTT activity, but high (120 i. u./mg) activity by anti-Xa assay. A nominal 1000 units of lung heparin injected I. V. into volunteers gave peak anti-Xa levels of about 0.2 i. u./ml; a comparable injection of mucosal heparin gave peak levels of about 0.3 i. u./ml. The resulting ratio agreed with the anti-Xa activities of these two batches in vitro. However, in vivo, APTT levels with both heparins were less than half the anti-Xa levels, and 50 mins. after injection there was virtually no effect on the APTT, while heparin levels by anti-Xa remained about 0.1 i. u./ml. Although their APTT activities were comparable, lung heparin had much less anti-Xa potentiating effect than mucosal heparin, both in vitro and in vivo; this has important implications for the assay and clinical use of heparin.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Protein Levels on Growth Performance, Hematological Parameters and Digestive Enzymes in Juveniles of Brycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anny Cristina V. Leite ◽  
Jackson Pantoja-Lima ◽  
Renan R. Paulino ◽  
Márcia Regina Fragoso M. Bussons ◽  
Rodrigo Y. Gimbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels

A 52-day experiment was conducted to determine the crude protein (CP) requirements of juvenile matrinx&atilde; Brycon amazonicus, and to evaluate their resulting growth performance, hematological parameters and enzymatic activities. Sixty fish (29.03g &plusmn; 1.16g) were distributed in 12 tanks (310 L) with a completely randomized design, and maintained at four dietary crude protein levels (270, 320, 350, 390 g.kg-1) for 52 days. The results revealed that the fish fed diet 390 g.kg-1 CP had the best final weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and lipid retention rate. The same could be stated for hematocrit, number of circulating erythrocytes, triglycerides and total proteins of the hematological profile (p&amp;lt;0.05). In the whole body composition, dry matter content was lower in the fish fed 390 g.kg-1 CP, while lipid content was higher in the fish fed 350-390 g.kg-1 CP (p&amp;lt;0.05). No differences were observed in CP and ash (p&amp;gt;0.05), or in the activities of digestive enzymes (p&amp;gt;0.05). In short, our findings suggest benefits of the 390 g.kg-1 CP feed for being the most adequate for this species&rsquo; juvenile stage.

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