scholarly journals Western-style diet impedes colonization and clearance of Citrobacter rodentium

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. e1009497
Author(s):  
Junqing An ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Yanling Wang ◽  
Juan Noriega ◽  
Andrew T. Gewirtz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Citrobacter Rodentium ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Gut Pathogen

Western-style diet (WSD), which is high in fat and low in fiber, lacks nutrients to support gut microbiota. Consequently, WSD reduces microbiota density and promotes microbiota encroachment, potentially influencing colonization resistance, immune system readiness, and thus host defense against pathogenic bacteria. Here we examined the impact of WSD on infection and colitis in response to Citrobacter rodentium. We observed that, relative to mice consuming standard rodent grain-based chow (GBC), feeding WSD starkly altered the dynamics of Citrobacter infection, reducing initial colonization and inflammation but frequently resulting in persistent infection that associated with low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. WSD’s reduction in initial Citrobacter virulence appeared to reflect that colons of GBC-fed mice contain microbiota metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, especially acetate, that drive Citrobacter growth and virulence. Citrobacter persistence in WSD-fed mice reflected inability of resident microbiota to out-compete it from the gut lumen, likely reflecting the profound impacts of WSD on microbiota composition. These studies demonstrate potential of altering microbiota and their metabolites by diet to impact the course and consequence of infection following exposure to a gut pathogen.

scholarly journals Western-style diet impedes colonization and clearance of gut bacterial pathogens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Gewirtz ◽  
jun Zou ◽  
XU ZHAO ◽  
Juan Noriega
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Virulence Gene Expression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Colonic Environment

Western-style diet (WSD), which is high in fat and low in fiber, lacks nutrients to support gut microbiota. Consequently, WSD promotes microbiota encroachment and reduces microbiota density, potentially influencing colonization resistance, immune system readiness, and, consequently host defense against pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, the low-nutrient colonic environment resulting from WSD might impact bacterial pathogens. Hence, we examined the impact of WSD on infection and colitis in response to gut bacterial pathogens. Mice fed grain-based chow (GBC), WSD, or various versions thereof, were orally infected with Citrobacter rodentium or C. difficile. Colonization and its consequences, including inflammation and death were monitored. We observed that WSD delayed Citrobacter growth, reduced its virulence gene expression and ameliorated inflammation.  However, while GBC-fed mice uniformly cleared Citrobacter and were impervious to subsequent Citrobacter challenges, most WSD-fed mice remained chronically infected with Citrobacter while those that cleared it were highly prone to re-infection. Such persistent proneness to Citrobacter infection did not reflect reduced immune responsiveness but rather reflected reduced colonization resistance likely from the low microbiota density resulting from WSD feeding. While persistent Citrobacter infection did not cause overt inflammation, it was associated with low-grade inflammation in colon and adipose tissue that was associated with insulin resistance. An analogous pattern was seen in response to C. difficile with WSD resulting in delayed colonization and mortality while enriching WSD with fiber hastened colonization but afforded clearance and survival. Thus, altering microbiota via diet can profoundly impact the course and consequence of infection following exposure to gut bacterial pathogens.

scholarly journals Highly Branched Neo-Fructans (Agavins) Attenuate Metabolic Endotoxemia and Low-Grade Inflammation in Association with Gut Microbiota Modulation on High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1792
Author(s):  
Alicia Huazano-García ◽  
María Blanca Silva-Adame ◽  
Juan Vázquez-Martínez ◽  
Argel Gastelum-Arellanez ◽  
Lino Sánchez-Segura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
High Fat ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Metabolic Endotoxemia ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Highly branched neo-fructans (agavins) are natural prebiotics found in Agave plants, with a large capacity to mitigate the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Here, we investigated the impact of agavins intake on gut microbiota modulation and their metabolites as well as their effect on metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation in mice fed high-fat diet. Mice were fed with a standard diet (ST) and high-fat diet (HF) alone or plus an agavins supplement (HF+A) for ten weeks. Gut microbiota composition, fecal metabolite profiles, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and systemic effects were analyzed. Agavins intake induced substantial changes in gut microbiota composition, enriching Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Allobaculum, and Akkermansia genus (LDA > 3.0). l-leucine, l-valine, uracil, thymine, and some fatty acids were identified as possible biomarkers for this prebiotic supplement. As novel findings, agavins supplementation significantly decreased LPS and pro-inflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α; p < 0.05) cytokines levels in portal vein. In addition, lipid droplets content in the liver and adipocytes size also decreased with agavins consumption. In conclusion, agavins supplementation mitigate metabolic endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation in association with gut microbiota regulation and their metabolic products, thus inducing beneficial responses on metabolic disorders in high-fat diet-fed mice.

scholarly journals Consumption of Select Dietary Emulsifiers Exacerbates the Development of Spontaneous Intestinal Adenoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2602
Author(s):  
Emilie Viennois ◽  
Benoit Chassaing
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Gastrointestinal Cancers ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chronic Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Intestinal Adenoma

Inflammation is a well-characterized critical driver of gastrointestinal cancers. Previous findings have shown that intestinal low-grade inflammation can be promoted by the consumption of select dietary emulsifiers, ubiquitous component of processed foods which alter the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Using a model of colitis-associated cancer, we previously reported that consumption of the dietary emulsifiers carboxymethylcellulose or polysorbate-80 exacerbated colonic tumor development. Here, we investigate the impact of dietary emulsifiers consumption on cancer initiation and progression in a genetical model of intestinal adenomas. In APCmin mice, we observed that dietary emulsifiers consumption enhanced small-intestine tumor development in a way that appeared to be independent of chronic intestinal inflammation but rather associated with emulsifiers’ impact on the proliferative status of the intestinal epithelium as well as on intestinal microbiota composition in both male and female mice. Overall, our findings further support the hypothesis that emulsifier consumption may be a new modifiable risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) and that alterations in host–microbiota interactions can favor gastrointestinal carcinogenesis in individuals with a genetical predisposition to such disorders.

Abstract 14849: Gender Differences in Impact of CYP2C19 Polymorphism and Low Grade Inflammation on Coronary Spasm in Patients with Vasospastic Angina (VSA)

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomonori Akasaka ◽  
Seiji Hokimoto ◽  
Noriaki Tabata ◽  
Kenji Sakamoto ◽  
Kenichi Tsujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Spasm ◽  
Coronary Spasm ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cyp2c19 Genotype ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Background: Several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme families have been identified in extra hepatic tissues such as heart, vasculature, kidney, and lung. CYP2C19 localized in vascular smooth muscle and endothelium contributes to the regulation of vascular tone and homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether CYP2C19 genotype is associated with the vascular tonus in patients with VSA. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of CYP2C19 genotype on coronary artery spasm in patients with VSA. Methods: We examined the distribution of CYP2C19 genotype in patients with VSA (n=129) who were diagnosed by intra-coronary acetylcholine infusion test and healthy subjects (n=455) as control group. CYP2C19 genotypes were divided into 3 groups; (1) CYP2C19*1/*1: EM, (2) one loss-of-function allele (*1/*2, *1/*3: IM), and (3) two loss-of-function alleles (*2/*2, *2/*3, *3/*3: PM). Moreover, we measured the level of high-sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) as a degree of low glade inflammation in each group. Results: The ratios of CYP2C19 genotype (EM, IM, and PM) were 30, 42, and 28% in VSA group, and 32, 49, and 19% in control group. In short, PM frequency was significantly higher in VSA than in control (28% vs 19%, P=0.026). In VSA group, the ratios of CYP2C19 genotype were 36, 44, and 20% in male, and 20, 39, and 41% in female, respectively. Briefly, the PM frequency was significantly higher in female than in male (41% vs 20%, P<0.001). Moreover, the level of hs-CRP was significantly higher in VSA group than in control group (0.17±0.367 vs 0.10.±0.240, P=0.02). When patients were stratified by gender, the level of hs-CRP was significantly higher in VSA group in female (0.11±0.198 vs 0.06±0.105, P=0.031) and male (0.20±0.438 vs 0.12±0.277, P=0.044). Multivariate analysis for coronary spasm indicated high age, hypertension, and high level of hs-CRP as predictive factors among all subjects. PM is a predictive factor for coronary spasm in female group only (OR3.1, 95%RI 1.525-6.317, P=0.002), but not in male (OR0.829, 95%RI 0.453-1.518, P=0.543). Conclusion: The CYP2C19 two loss-of-function alleles (PM) and low grade inflammation may be associated with pathophysiology of coronary artery spasm and the regulation of coronary tonus, especially in female.

Abstract 14862: Gender Differences in Impact of CYP2C19 Polymorphism and Low Grade Inflammation on Coronary Microvascular Disease

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomonori Akasaka ◽  
Seiji Hokimoto ◽  
Noriaki Tabata ◽  
Kenji Sakamoto ◽  
Kenichi Tsujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microvascular Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cyp2c19 Genotype ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Disease Group ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Background: Specific CYPs localized in vascular smooth muscle and endothelium contribute to the regulation of vascular tone and homeostasis. CYP2C19 two loss-of-function alleles (PM) were found to be an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, and PM is associated with the coronary spasm especially in female. However, it is unknown whether CYP2C19 genotype is associated with the coronary microvascular disease. The aim was to evaluate the impact of CYP2C19 genotype on coronary microvascular disease. Methods: We examined CYP2C19 genotype in patients with microvascular disease (n=40) who were diagnosed by intra-coronary acetylcholine infusion test and healthy subjects (n=455) as control group. We defined the coronary microvascular disease that have no epicardial spasm and have angina, ischemic ECG changes, reduced coronary blood flow, or inversion of lactic acid level between intra-coronary and coronary sinus. CYP2C19 genotypes were divided into 3 groups; (1) CYP2C19*1/*1: EM, (2) one loss-of-function allele (*1/*2, *1/*3: IM), and (3) two loss-of-function alleles (*2/*2, *2/*3, *3/*3: PM). Results: The ratios of CYP2C19 genotype (EM, IM, and PM) were 33, 35, and 32% in microvascular disease group, and 32, 49, and 19% in control group. In short, PM frequency was significantly higher in microvascular disease group (32%vs19%,P=0.039). In microvascular disease group, the ratios of CYP2C19 genotype (EM, IM, and PM) were 44, 38, and 19% in male, and 25, 33, and 42% in female, respectively. Briefly, the PM frequency was significantly higher in female than in male (42%vs19%,P=0.011). Moreover, the level of hs-CRP was significantly higher in microvascular disease group (0.37±0.908 vs 0.10±0.240, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis for microvascular disease indicated that gender, high age, smoking, hypertension, and the high level of hs-CRP are predictive factors among all subjects. PM is a predictive factor for microvascular disease in female group only (OR3.214, 95%RI 1.286-8.034, P=0.012), but not in male (OR0.909, 95%RI 0.251-3.285, P=0.884). Conclusion: The CYP2C19 two loss-of-function alleles (PM) and low grade inflammation may be associated with pathophysiology of coronary microvascular disease, especially in female.

scholarly journals Effects of Rich in Β-Glucans Edible Mushrooms on Aging Gut Microbiota Characteristics: An In Vitro Study

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evdokia K. Mitsou ◽  
Georgia Saxami ◽  
Emmanuela Stamoulou ◽  
Evangelia Kerezoudi ◽  
Eirini Terzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Alterations of gut microbiota are evident during the aging process. Prebiotics may restore the gut microbial balance, with β-glucans emerging as prebiotic candidates. This study aimed to investigate the impact of edible mushrooms rich in β-glucans on the gut microbiota composition and metabolites by using in vitro static batch culture fermentations and fecal inocula from elderly donors (n = 8). Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Hericium erinaceus and Cyclocybe cylindracea mushrooms derived from various substrates were examined. Gut microbiota composition (quantitative PCR (qPCR)) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; gas chromatography (GC)) were determined during the 24-h fermentation. P. eryngii induced a strong lactogenic effect, while P. ostreatus and C. cylindracea induced a significant bifidogenic effect (p for all <0.05). Furthermore, P. eryngii produced on wheat straw and the prebiotic inulin had comparable Prebiotic Indexes, while P. eryngii produced on wheat straw/grape marc significantly increased the levels of tested butyrate producers. P. ostreatus, P. eryngii and C. cylindracea had similar trends in SCFA profile; H. erinaceus mushrooms were more diverse, especially in the production of propionate, butyrate and branched SCFAs. In conclusion, mushrooms rich in β-glucans may exert beneficial in vitro effects in gut microbiota and/or SCFAs production in elderly subjects.

scholarly journals Whole grain-rich diet reduces body weight and systemic low-grade inflammation without inducing major changes of the gut microbiome: a randomised cross-over trial

Gut ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Munch Roager ◽  
Josef K Vogt ◽  
Mette Kristensen ◽  
Lea Benedicte S Hansen ◽  
Sabine Ibrügger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Intestinal Transit Time ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

ObjectiveTo investigate whether a whole grain diet alters the gut microbiome and insulin sensitivity, as well as biomarkers of metabolic health and gut functionality.Design60 Danish adults at risk of developing metabolic syndrome were included in a randomised cross-over trial with two 8-week dietary intervention periods comprising whole grain diet and refined grain diet, separated by a washout period of ≥6 weeks. The response to the interventions on the gut microbiome composition and insulin sensitivity as well on measures of glucose and lipid metabolism, gut functionality, inflammatory markers, anthropometry and urine metabolomics were assessed.Results50 participants completed both periods with a whole grain intake of 179±50 g/day and 13±10 g/day in the whole grain and refined grain period, respectively. Compliance was confirmed by a difference in plasma alkylresorcinols (p<0.0001). Compared with refined grain, whole grain did not significantly alter glucose homeostasis and did not induce major changes in the faecal microbiome. Also, breath hydrogen levels, plasma short-chain fatty acids, intestinal integrity and intestinal transit time were not affected. The whole grain diet did, however, compared with the refined grain diet, decrease body weight (p<0.0001), serum inflammatory markers, interleukin (IL)-6 (p=0.009) and C-reactive protein (p=0.003). The reduction in body weight was consistent with a reduction in energy intake, and IL-6 reduction was associated with the amount of whole grain consumed, in particular with intake of rye.ConclusionCompared with refined grain diet, whole grain diet did not alter insulin sensitivity and gut microbiome but reduced body weight and systemic low-grade inflammation.Trial registration numberNCT01731366; Results.

scholarly journals Nut consumption is inversely associated with both cancer and total mortality in a Mediterranean population: prospective results from the Moli-sani study

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 804-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marialaura Bonaccio ◽  
Augusto Di Castelnuovo ◽  
Amalia De Curtis ◽  
Simona Costanzo ◽  
Francesca Bracone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Mortality ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Mediterranean Population ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Nut Intake

AbstractNut intake has been associated with reduced inflammatory status and lower risk of CVD and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between nut consumption and mortality and the role of inflammation. We conducted a population-based prospective investigation on 19 386 subjects enrolled in the Moli-sani study. Food intake was recorded by the Italian version of the European Project Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition FFQ. C-reactive protein, leucocyte and platelet counts and the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio were used as biomarkers of low-grade inflammation. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. During a median follow-up of 4·3 years, 334 all-cause deaths occurred. As compared with subjects who never ate nuts, rare intake (≤2 times/month) was inversely associated with mortality (multivariable HR=0·68; 95 % CI 0·54, 0·87). At intake ≥8 times/month, a greater protection was observed (HR=0·53; 0·32, 0·90). Nut intake (v. no intake) conveyed a higher protection to individuals poorly adhering to the Mediterranean diet (MD). A significant reduction in cancer deaths (HR=0·64; 95 % CI 0·44, 0·94) was also observed, whereas the impact on CVD deaths was limited to an inverse, but not significant, trend. Biomarkers of low-grade inflammation were reduced in nut consumers but did not account for the association with mortality. In conclusion, nut intake was associated with reduced cancer and total mortality. The protection was stronger in individuals with lower adherence to MD, whereas it was similar in high-risk groups (diabetics, obese, smokers or those with the metabolic syndrome), as compared with low-risk subjects. Inflammation did not explain the observed relationship.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Friend or Foe?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uday C. Ghoshal ◽  
Ratnakar Shukla ◽  
Ujjala Ghoshal ◽  
Kok-Ann Gwee ◽  
Siew C. Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Psychosomatic Disease ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Qualitative Changes

Progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), once thought to be a purely psychosomatic disease, has advanced considerably and low-grade inflammation and changes in the gut microbiota now feature as potentially important. The human gut harbours a huge microbial ecosystem, which is equipped to perform a variety of functions such as digestion of food, metabolism of drugs, detoxification of toxic compounds, production of essential vitamins, prevention of attachment of pathogenic bacteria to the gut wall, and maintenance of homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract. A subset of patients with IBS may have a quantitative increase in bacteria in the small bowel (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth). Qualitative changes in gut microbiota have also been associated with IBS. Targeting the gut microbiota using probiotics and antibiotics has emerged as a potentially effective approach to the treatment of this, hitherto enigmatic, functional bowel disorder. The gut microbiota in health, quantitative and qualitative microbiota changes, and therapeutic manipulations targeting the microbiota in patients with IBS are reviewed in this paper.

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