scholarly journals A Methodological Approach to Developing a Measure of the Psychological Contract for Managers

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A.J. Cable
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Psychological Contract ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Psychological Contracts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Work Contract

AbstractWith a focus on a specific employment group this research attempted to add to the knowledge on the content of the psychological contract. Structured interviews with 35 managers generated 651 responses relating to the content of their psychological contracts. Analysis of those responses resulted in the development of an initial two-component measure of the contract. One component (23 items) included the managers' expectations relating to the organisation's obligations. The other component (16 items) included the managers' obligations relating to the perceived organisation's expectations. Validation of the measure was based on a questionnaire completed by 124 managers. Participants considered all items to be important aspects of the contract. Participants also rated as high the obligation of each party to meet the expectations of the other. Factor analysis of the measure revealed two factors in each component which, in line with previous research, were termed relational obligations and transactional obligations. A robust methodology is proposed for continuing research into the content of the psychological work contract.

scholarly journals The Content of the Psychological Work Contract for Frontline Police Officers

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Donald A.J. Cable
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Psychological Contract ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Sector Analysis ◽  
Work Contract

Adding to the field of knowledge on the content of the psychological work contract, structured interviews with 35 frontline police officers generated 662 responses relating to the content of the psychological work contract for this employment sector. Analysis of these responses resulted in the development of an initial two-component measure of the contract. One component (17 items) reflected the obligations arising from the promises officers believed the organisation had made to them. The other component (19 items) reflected the obligations arising from the promises officers believed they had made to the organisation. The measure was included in a survey completed by 84 frontline police officers. Factor analysis revealed two factors in each component. For the organisation's obligations component, one factor reflected obligations related more to the organisational environment, whereas the other factor reflected obligations related more to the job environment. For the employee's obligations component, one factor reflected obligations related more to behaviours on the job, whereas the other factor reflected obligations related more to the pursuit of development opportunities. The nature of the relationships that emerged between the psychological contract and the nomological network variables included in the study provide strong support for the validity of this measure of the psychological contract.

Physiologic Model of Oropharyngeal Swallowing Revisited

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie Martin-Harris ◽  
Yvonne Michel ◽  
Donald O. Castell
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Phase Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Physiologic Model

Objective: The purposes of this investigation were to determine whether the temporal onsets of swallow events segment into oral and pharyngeal phases, to test the interdependence of temporal onsets of swallow events, and to determine the influence of age on total swallow duration. Study Design and Setting: The onsets of swallowing and respiratory measures were studied in 76 healthy normal individuals. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a 2-factor solution but did not support the hypothesized 2-phase structure (ie, oral and pharyngeal). Two of the onsets, apnea onset and apnea offset, formed a single factor that explained 12.6% of the variation among the 11 onset times. The other 9 onsets formed a second factor that explained 66.4% of the variation. Age accounted for modest variation in total swallow duration. Conclusions: The two factors, oropharyngeal and respiratory, explained 79% of the variation among the 11 onset times. Significance: This finding speaks to the overlap between the initiation of oral and pharyngeal components of swallowing in adults and highlights the artificiality of separating the swallowing continuum into isolated phases.

Manager-employee psychological contracts: enter the smartphone

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Obushenkova ◽  
Barbara Plester ◽  
Nigel Haworth
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Contract ◽  
Psychological Contracts ◽  
Psychological Climate ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Contract Formation ◽  
Development Change ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Employee Relationship ◽  
User Device

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how company-provided smartphones and user-device attachment influence the psychological contract between employees and managers in terms of connectivity expectations and outcomes. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using qualitative semi-structured interviews with 28 participants from four organizations. Findings The study showed that when organizations provide smartphones to their employees, the smartphones become a part of the manager-employee relationship through user-device attachment and this can change connectivity expectations for both employees and managers. Research limitations/implications Due to participant numbers, these findings may not be generalizable to all employees and managers who receive company smartphones. However, the authors have important implications for theory. The smartphone influence on the psychological climate and its role as a signal for workplace expectations suggest that mobile information and communication technology devices must be considered in psychological contract formation, development, change and breach. Practical implications The perceived expectations can lead to hyper-connectivity which can have a number of negative performance and health outcomes such as technostress, burnout, absenteeism and work-life conflict. Social implications Smartphone usage and user-device attachment have the potential to redefine human relations by encouraging and normalizing hyper-connected relationships. Originality/value This study makes an original contribution to psychological contract theory by showing that smartphones and attachment to these devices create perceived expectations to stay connected to work and create negative outcomes, especially for managers.

Recruitment Communication and Psychological Contracts in Start-Ups

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
Mia Thyregod Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Contract ◽  
Psychological Contracts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Explanatory Framework ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Recruitment Communication ◽  
The One ◽  
Start Ups

Recruitment communication presents a dilemma for organisations. When organisations hire, they often engage in branding themselves as employers (Backhaus & Tikoo, 2004) and rely on positive framing to present vacant positions in order to attract candidates. This leads to the ensuing challenge of living up to these promises for the candidates who are ultimately hired. Overpromising and underdelivering leads to a breach of the initial psychological contract. This balancing dilemma is especially pertinent for new and unknown companies, where concerns about the company’s legitimacy as an employer may cause potential candidates not to apply (Williamson, Cable, & Aldrich, 2002). On the one hand, start-ups need and want to attract the best, and on the other hand, they need to be wary of the impression they are creating of the job and the organisation as a place of work, as they would also like the candidates to stay once they are hired. I draw on interviews with managers and newcomers in Danish start-ups to give empirical examples of this challenge and its results, using the literature on psychological contracts (Rousseau, 1995) as an explanatory framework. I discuss what organisations might do to accomplish this balancing feat from theoretical and practical perspectives.

Factor Analysis of Sex-Typed Items from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: A Replication

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 517-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Collins ◽  
Carrie Wherry Waters ◽  
L. K. Waters
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Bem Sex Role Inventory ◽  
Female College ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Affective Orientation

Based on the responses of 118 male and 79 female college students, a factor analysis of the 40 sex-typed items from the Bem Sex-role Inventory and sex of respondent yielded four factors which were almost identical to those reported by Waters, Waters, and Pincus (1977). One of the factors essentially represented the gender of the respondent. A second factor representing an expressive, affective orientation was defined by feminine sex-typed items. The other two factors were primarily defined by masculine sex-typed items. One stressed independence, self-sufficiency, and individuality while the other stressed leadership, aggressiveness, and forcefulness. These latter factors were interpreted in terms of an “agentic” orientation (Bakan, 1966) and an “instrumental” orientation (Parsons & Bales, 1955).

scholarly journals Testing a Psychological Contract Measure in a Swiss Employment Context

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Raeder ◽  
Anette Wittekind ◽  
Alice Inauen ◽  
Gudela Grote
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Contract ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Psychological Contracts ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Stable Employment

In this study, we validated a questionnaire measuring psychological contracts in a Swiss employment context. We argue that this measure sufficiently considers the characteristics of a stable employment situation and meets the criteria for the validity of psychological contract measures. The sample consisted of the employees of two firms and portfolio workers. An item and scale analysis was conducted and the dimensionality of the instrument was tested by means of confirmatory factor analyses. Finally, the instrument consists of three factors measuring employee expectations and employer inducements as well as two factors measuring employer expectations and employee contributions. Validity was evaluated by comparing groups with different employment status and by hierarchical regression analyses predicting intention to quit and performance.

scholarly journals Psychological Contract of Buyer-Supplier Relationships in Construction Projects: An Analysis Based on Game Theory

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Qi Luo ◽  
Kun Lu
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Contract ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Construction Project ◽  
Repeated Game ◽  
Psychological Contracts ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Supplier Relationships ◽  
The Relationship

Expect for formal contracts, there are informally unwritten psychological contracts (PC) in the relationship between buyer and supplier for construction projects. The PC can affect the construction project performance and even cause project failure, but its process and formation are complex and not comprehensive in existing researches. This paper analyzes the PC between buyer and supplier by using evolutionary game and repeated game to tackle this gap. The results show the following: (1) the goodwill and interest have an important impact on PC fulfillment. (2) The PC is vulnerable; for example, once either one fails to perform PC, the other will also destroy PC, and then the construction project will enter a vicious circle. (3) In the process of repeated game, the effect of goodwill will gradually disappear, and the interest will play a major role. (4) If the project performance is only linked to one participant, it will lead to breach from another player. Some measures may help both sides to complete PC, such as making both sides profitable, increasing the emphasis on business reputation, and improving the relevance of construction projects performance.

scholarly journals “What do you think people feel?” Emotional climate during a pandemic: Adaptation and validation of a scale

Psicologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
Cristina De Sousa ◽  
João Viseu ◽  
Helena Vinagre ◽  
Dario Páez ◽  
Olga Valentim
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Social Climate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emotional Climate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Collective Resilience

Our study examined the psychometric properties and factor structure of an instrument to assess emotional climate during the COVID-19 pandemic using a sample of 601 Portuguese individuals. Two sub-samples were created, one to perform an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), composed of 300 participants, and the other to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), composed of 301 individuals. Two factors were found: positive and negative emotional climate. In the EFA, both factors established a negative and significant correlation. However, the CFA presented a better fit with two independent factors. Reliability analysis indicated acceptable values for both dimensions. There was also evidence of discriminant, convergent, and criterion validity. More negative emotions were perceived regarding the social climate. Results were discussed in the frame of different positive and negative psychosocial variables related to positive and negative emotional climates, as well as positive emotional climate as a resource for collective resilience.

Research on Hydraulic System Contamination in Different Wear Stages Based on Factor Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 543-547 ◽  
pp. 232-235
Author(s):  
Ge Wang ◽  
Dong Feng Liu ◽  
Zhi Cai Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydraulic Oil ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Factory Test ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Equipment Factory

Every ship will face an extension run-in stage after equipment factory test. In the paper, adjustable pitch propeller of the two ships in different wear processes are selected for the experiment and the features of hydraulic oil are obtained. With FA (factor analysis), the features of the contamination can be represented by two feature factors, large size particles factor and small size particles factor. According to comparison of the contribution of the ships two factors, large size particles factor of the ship in extension run-in stage have much more influence on the hydraulic oils status than the other ship.

Taking Items Out of Context: Dimensional Shifts with the Short Form of the Beck Depression Inventory

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
David John Berndt
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Beck Depression Inventory ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Form Analysis ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Long Form ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Different Dimensions

Two samples of students completed the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory under different conditions. One sample completed the items embedded within the full scale, while the other sample completed only the items in the short form. Identical methods of factor analysis produced different factor patterns for the two samples. For the embedded items, three interpretable factors were derived, and the first two factors resembled results of previous analyses of the long form. Analysis of the other sample produced three new factors, indicating that the short form may be measuring different dimensions than the long form.

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