scholarly journals Nociceptive pain and anxiety in equines: Physiological and behavioral alterations

2021 ◽  
pp. 2984-2995
Author(s):  
I. Hernández-Avalos ◽  
D. Mota-Rojas ◽  
J. E. Mendoza-Flores ◽  
A. Casas-Alvarado ◽  
K. Flores-Padilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Behavioral Alterations ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Multiple Factors

Pain and anxiety are two of the most important concerns in clinical veterinary medicine because they arise as consequences of multiple factors that can severely affect animal welfare. The aim of the present review was to provide a description and interpretation of the physiological and behavioral alterations associated with pain and anxiety in equines. To this end, we conducted an extensive review of diverse sources on the topic. The article begins by describing the neurophysiological pathway of pain, followed by a discussion of the importance of the limbic system in responses to pain and anxiety, since prolonged exposure to situations that cause stress and pain generates such physiological changes as tachycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, hyperthermia, and heart rate variability (HRV), often accompanied by altered emotional states, deficient rest, and even aggressiveness. In the long term, animals may show deficiencies in their ability to deal with changes in the environment due to alterations in the functioning of their immune, nervous, and endocrinologic systems. In conclusion, pain and anxiety directly impact the homeostasis of organisms, so it is necessary to conduct objective evaluations of both sensations using behavioral scales, like the horse grimace scale, complemented by assessments of blood biomarkers to analyze their correlation with physiological parameters: Heart rate, respiratory rate, HRV, the parasympathetic tone activity index, lactate and glucose levels, and temperature. Additional tools – infrared thermography, for example – can also be used in these efforts to improve the quality of life and welfare of horses.

scholarly journals Pain and Stress Response during Intravenous Access in Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Effects of EMLA and Nitrous Oxide Treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
K. Ekbom
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Intravenous Access ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
17 Hydroxyprogesterone ◽  
Children's Pain

Background. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an endocrine condition that requires regularly blood samples for optimal treatment. The management of CAH in children is complex when intravenous access is one of the most stressful procedures for children. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of nitrous oxide inhalation (N2O) in combination with cutaneous application of local anesthetics (EMLA) for improving intravenous access in children with CAH. Method. Ten children (7–14 years) were studied. The children received two intravenous procedures: one with EMLA and one with EMLA + N2O. The order of priority was randomized. The outcomes were the children’s pain experience (0–10) and an evaluation of satisfaction (1–5) after the procedure. Heart rate, blood pressure, saturation, and analyses of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), norepinephrine, and glucose were analyzed. Results. Higher pain scores, heart rate, and glucose levels were reported after EMLA, compared to EMLA + N2O, but 17-OHP levels remained unchanged. The children’s satisfaction with the intravenous procedure was more positive for EMLA + N2O. Conclusions. EMLA + N2O offers the possibility of improving the intravenous procedure for anxious children with CAH. Although the quality of care was better with N2O treatment, it was not possible to demonstrate that this is a prerequisite for valid 17-OHP measurements.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Gentle Handling on Behavioral Responses, Production Performance, and Meat Quality of Pigs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Yongjie Chen ◽  
Yanju Bi ◽  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Hanqing Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Significant Difference

In order to investigate the effect of gentle handling on the behavior, performance, and meat quality of pigs from weaning to slaughter, 144 6-week-old weaned hybrid Min piglets (a native breed) were selected and divided into a handling group (HG: 9 pens × 8 pigs) and a control group (CG: 9 pens × 8 pigs). After 6 weeks of handling, we observed and then evaluated the pigs’ responses to a handler with behavioral scores. Moreover, we measured heart rate and production performance. Three pigs were randomly selected from each of the 18 pens and divided into a handling group (HG: n = 27) and a control group (CG: n = 27), and the HG pigs were given gentle handling until slaughter. Subsequently, we evaluated meat quality and the production performance of six pigs from each group. The results show that AA test (approaching–avoidance test) scores in HG pigs, the number of contacts with the handler and absence of contact with the handler, were significantly higher than in the CG pigs (p < 0.01). The occurrences of avoidance and looking at the handler were lower in the HG than in the CG group (p < 0.01); however, heart rate was not found to be significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.63). No significant difference was found in the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio between the two groups during the two periods (p > 0.05). The b* value was determined 45 min after slaughter, and it was significantly lower in the HG than that in the CG group (p = 0.002). Furthermore, 2 h after slaughter, the L value of the HG group was significantly higher than that of the CG group (p = 0.047), but no difference was observed in carcass quality or other meat quality indicators between the two groups (p > 0.05). The results indicate that gentle handling could reduce pigs’ anxiety and increase their willingness to approach the handler, increasing the intimacy of the pigs and handlers. However, long-term gentle handling had little effect on pig performance, carcass quality, and meat quality.

scholarly journals ANSIEDADE, DEPRESSÃO E ANÁLISE NÃO LINEAR DA VARIABILIDADE DA FREQUÊNCIA CARDÍACA EM INGRESSANTES NO ENSINO SUPERIOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-234
Author(s):  
Romes Bittencourt Nogueira de Sousa ◽  
◽  
Carini Silva da Silva ◽  
Marcos Antônio Ferreira Filho ◽  
Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Poincaré Plot ◽  
The Public ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Trait And State Anxiety ◽  
Hrv Analysis

The non-linear analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV) is a potential correlation tool between physiological and emotional states. The aim of this study was correlate changes in non-linear parameters of the HRV with anxiety and depression indices in higher education entrants from Federal University of Goiás (UFG). To record HRV, the Polar Frequency Metermodel Polar® RS800cx (Electro Oi, Finland) was used. To analyze the levels of depression, the Beck Depression Inventory-I (BDI) was used, and for analysis of anxiety, the Inventories of State and Trace (IDATE T and E). Altogether, 50 (19.4±2.48 years) volunteers participated in the study. The scores of the depression and anxiety inventories indicated that the public had low and moderate indices of both conditions, respectively. Statistically significant correlations were found between the SD2 parameter (from the Poincaré plot in the HRV analysis), entropy data (ApEn and SampEn) and fractal property (DFA: α1) and trait and state anxiety levels. Although ApEn e SampEn still do not have well-defined physiological correspondences, DFA: α1 has been associated with parasympathetic modulation of heart rate. Therefore, it is concluded that chronic negative emotional states, such as anxiety and humor disorders, can be accompanied by parasympathetic increase in HRV, so the organism would be able to not wear out against long-term stressors. New studies are necessary to understand the physiological and evolutional bases of depression and anxiety.

ASSESSMENT OF STRESS LEVELS DURING PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO AN IRRITANT ON THE BODY

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Виктория Эдуардовна Безносова ◽  
Ирина Анатольевна Аполлонова ◽  
Александр Петрович Николаев
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Prolonged Stress

В современном мире большинство жителей крупных городов подвергается постоянному стрессу. При длительном воздействии стрессора на организм адаптационная энергия исчерпывается, вследствие чего возникает риск развития тяжелых заболеваний. Перманентный стресс может спровоцировать ряд нарушений со стороны кровеносной, иммунной, репродуктивной систем, ЖКТ, метаболических процессов, привести к психоэмоциональным нарушениям. На сегодняшний день не существует системы регистрации длительного стресса, которая была бы полезна для психологических и медицинских центров для более качественного отслеживания состояния здоровья пациента и для более точного подбора вида реабилитации. В статье представлено описание стадий развития стресса, приведены возможные последствия длительного стресса на организм, инвазивные и неинвазивные методы регистрации уровня стресса, обоснован выбор устройства для системы регистрации длительного стресса, представлена система регистрации уровня стресса при длительном воздействии стрессора на организм. Система состоит из следующих блоков: пульсометр (устройство, регистрирующее ЧСС), сервер (хранение, обработка, анализ данных), мобильное устройство, компьютеры, пользователь, врачи и психологи (медицинские и психологические центры). Создание безопасной, защищенной, доступной системы, которая включает в себя точный сбор данных, грамотную программу анализа, обработки данных, качественное соединение и обратную связь, позволит людям своевременно выявлять истощение организма и предотвращать различные заболевания Nowadays most people are constantly stressed, especially those who live in large cities. With prolonged exposure to the stressor on the body adaptive energy is exhausted, and there is a risk of developing of serious diseases as a result. Permanent stress can provoke a number of disorders from the circulatory, immune and reproductive systems, gastrointestinal tract, metabolic processes, and lead to psycho-emotional disorders. Now there is no system for recording long-term stress that would be useful for psychological and medical centers for better monitoring of the patient’s health and for more accurate selection of the type of rehabilitation. This article describes the stages of stress development, provides the possible consequences of prolonged stress on the body, invasive and non-invasive methods for recording the level of stress, it also justifies the choice of a device for the registration of long-term stress and provides a system for recording the level of stress with prolonged exposure to the stressor on the body. The system consists of the following blocks: a heart rate monitor (a device that records heart rate), a server (storage, processing, data analysis), a mobile device, computers, a user, doctors and psychologists (medical and psychological centers). The creation of a safe, secure, affordable system, which includes accurate data collection, a competent program of analysis, data processing, high-quality connection and feedback, will allow people to detect exhaustion and prevent various diseases in time

scholarly journals P442 Long-term quality of life after surgery for perianal Crohn’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S399-S399
Author(s):  
I Angriman ◽  
M Tomassi ◽  
G Bordignon ◽  
R Bardini ◽  
C Ruffolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Perianal Fistula ◽  
Disease Activity Index ◽  
Perianal Disease

Abstract Background Perianal disease is rather common among Crohn’s disease (CD) patients and quality of life is often worsened by disease activity. This study aimed to assess the possible predictors of long-term quality of life after surgery for perineal CD. Methods Data of 50 consecutive patients operated on from 2014 to 2018 for perianal fistula or abscess were retrieved. Thirty-three of them had perianal CD while 17 of them had a sporadic perianal fistula and were enrolled as controls. Patients were interviewed with the Cleveland Global Quality of Life (CGQL) and SF-12 quality of life questionnaires. Disease activity was defined as the Harvey–Bradshaw Index (HBI) and Perianal Disease Activity Index (PDAI). Comparisons between CD and sporadic groups were carried out with non-parametric tests and log-rank test and multiple regression models were used to assess predictors of quality of life. Results The total CGQL score and that of all its items were significantly lower in CD patients compared with patients with the sporadic perineal disease (p &lt; 0.05) while SF12 sub total did not differ in the two groups. At multivariate analysis, CD diagnosis and perineal disease activity index confirmed to be independent predictors of long-term overall quality of life measured with CGQL. SF-12 mental component (MCS) was predicted by PDAI (p = 0.005) and by HBI (p = 0.03) while SF-12 Physical Component (PCS) was independently predicted by PDAI (p = 0.008), oozing perineal fistulae (p = 0.01) and age at disease onset (p = 0.0003). Conclusion Long-term quality of life after surgery for perineal disease is worse in CD patients than in patients with sporadic perianal disease. Quality of life is predicted by local and systemic disease activity and age at disease onset.

scholarly journals Plasma paraoxonase1 activity in rats treated with monocrotophos: a study of the effect of duration of exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-135
Author(s):  
Raju Nagaraju ◽  
Apurva Kumar R. Joshi ◽  
Sowmya Giriyapura Vamadeva ◽  
Rajini Padmanabhan Sharda
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Plasma Cholinesterase ◽  
Pon1 Activity ◽  
Plasma Parameters ◽  
Glucose Levels

Abstract We have earlier demonstrated the potential of monocrotophos (MCP), a highly toxic organophosphorus insecticide (OPI), to elicit insulin resistance in rats after chronic exposure. Given the understanding of role of paraoxonase1 (PON1) in OPI toxicity and diabetes pathology, this study was envisaged to understand the effect of duration of exposure to MCP on plasma PON1 activity in rats. Rats were administered MCP per os at 1/20 and 1/10th LD50 as daily doses for 180 days. Interim blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 90 and 180 d for analysis of plasma parameters. Exposure to MCP for 45 resulted in persistent trend of hyperinsulinemia, while significant increase in fasting glucose levels was observed after 180 days. MCP caused suppression of plasma cholinesterase activity though the study period, albeit extent of inhibition was more severe during the early phase of the study. Exposure to MCP for 180 d resulted in hypertriglyceridemia and marginal decrease in HDL-C levels. MCP failed to modulate PON1 activity in plasma during the early phase of the study (up to 45 d). However, prolonged exposure resulted in significant increase in the plasma PON1 activity. This suggests that manifestation of insulin resistance in rats subjected to chronic exposure to MCP is associated with increase in PON1 activity. Our work provides rationale for studying whether the increase in PON1 activity observed in the present study serves to counter the deleterious effect of long term exposure to organophosphorus insecticides on metabolic homeostasis.

Burns rehabilitation

2019 ◽  
pp. 601-614
Author(s):  
Manoj Sivan ◽  
Margaret Phillips ◽  
Ian Baguley ◽  
Melissa Nott
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Psychological Coping

A burn injury is an unexpected and dramatic event in a person’s life, with a strong likelihood of persistent physical and psychological impacts. Overall, the incidence of burns is relatively low; however, it is higher in developing countries, in lower socioeconomic and disadvantaged groups, in children under 2 years of age, and in the workplace. How well a person copes following a burn injury depends on multiple factors including those relating to the burns themselves (e.g. area, depth, and type), secondary issues relating to treatment (e.g. efficacy of pain management and multiple operations), associated long-term implications (e.g. contractures, cosmesis, and psychology), along with personality, family, and societal influences. As with all rehabilitation, the goal is to maximize quality of life by minimizing adverse outcomes, maximizing adaptation, and encouraging positive psychological coping mechanisms.

scholarly journals Functional reorganization of sensory processing following long-term neural adaptation to optical defects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Barbot ◽  
Woon-Ju Park ◽  
Ru-Yuan Zhang ◽  
Krystel R Huxlin ◽  
Duje Tadin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Retinal Images ◽  
Optical Aberrations ◽  
Functional Reorganization

How we see is fundamentally limited by the eye’s optics, which determine retinal image quality and constrain neural processing. Elucidating how long-term exposure to optical defects alters visual processing is vital for understanding the human brain’s capacity for and limits of sensory plasticity. Using adaptive optics to bypass the eye’s optical aberrations, we assessed changes in visual processing in neurotypically-developed adults with keratoconus (KC)—a corneal disease causing severe optical aberrations during adulthood that cannot be fully corrected using conventional methods. As a result, KC patients are chronically exposed to degraded retinal images in their everyday life, making them an ideal model to understand how prolonged exposure to poor optical quality alters visual processing. Here, we show that when tested under similar fully-corrected optical conditions as neurotypical observers, KC patients exhibited altered contrast sensitivity, with impaired sensitivity for fine spatial details and better sensitivity for coarse spatial details. Both gains and losses in contrast sensitivity were more pronounced in patients with poorer habitual optical quality. Moreover, using an equivalent noise paradigm and a computational model of visual processing, we show that these alterations in visual processing are mediated by changes in signal enhancement of spatial frequency selective mechanisms. The present findings uncover fundamental properties of neural compensation mechanisms in response to long-term exposure to optical defects, which alter sensory processing and limit the benefits of improved optics. The outcome is a large-scale functional reorganization favoring the processing of sensory information less affected by the eye’s optics.Significance statementThe eye’s optics represent an intrinsic limit to human visual perception, determining the quality of retinal images. Neural adaptation optimizes the brain’s limited sensory processing capacity to the structure of the degraded retinal inputs, providing an exceptional quality of vision given these optical limitations. Here, we show that prolonged exposure to poor optical quality results in a functional reorganization of visual processing that favors sensory information less affected by the eye’s optics. The present study helps elucidate how optical factors shape the way the brain processes visual information. Notably, the resulting adaptive neural plasticity limits the immediate perceptual benefits of optical interventions, a factor that must be taken into consideration when treating the increasing human population affected by optical defects.

scholarly journals Alpha and theta oscillations are inversely related to progressive levels of meditation depth

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sucharit Katyal ◽  
Philippe Goldin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Attention Regulation ◽  
Alpha 7 ◽  
Opposite Manner ◽  
Mental Well Being

Abstract Meditation training is proposed to enhance mental well-being by modulating neural activity, particularly alpha and theta brain oscillations, and autonomic activity. Although such enhancement also depends on the quality of meditation, little is known about how these neural and physiological changes relate to meditation quality. One model characterizes meditation quality as five increasing levels of ‘depth’: hindrances, relaxation, concentration, transpersonal qualities and nonduality. We investigated the neural oscillatory (theta, alpha, beta and gamma) and physiological (respiration rate, heart rate and heart rate variability) correlates of the self-reported meditation depth in long-term meditators (LTMs) and meditation-naïve controls (CTLs). To determine the neural and physiological correlates of meditation depth, we modelled the change in the slope of the relationship between self-reported experiential degree at each of the five depth levels and the multiple neural and physiological measures. CTLs reported experiencing more ‘hindrances’ than LTMs, while LTMs reported more ‘transpersonal qualities’ and ‘nonduality’ compared to CTLs, confirming the experiential manipulation of meditation depth. We found that in both groups, theta (4–6 Hz) and alpha (7–13 Hz) oscillations were related to meditation depth in a precisely opposite manner. The theta amplitude positively correlated with ‘hindrances’ and increasingly negatively correlated with increasing meditation depth levels. Alpha amplitude negatively correlated with ‘hindrances’ and increasingly positively with increasing depth levels. The increase in the inverse association between theta and meditation depth occurred over different scalp locations in the two groups—frontal midline in LTMs and frontal lateral in CTLs—possibly reflecting the downregulation of two different aspects of executive processing—monitoring and attention regulation, respectively—during deep meditation. These results suggest a functional dissociation of the two classical neural signatures of meditation training, namely, alpha and theta oscillations. Moreover, while essential for overcoming ‘hindrances’, executive neural processing appears to be downregulated during deeper meditation experiences.

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