Evaluation of Chemical Compositions of Lycoris radiata at Different Development Stages and Cultivation Sites in South Korea

The Jangsu-gun area in the central Southwestern South Korea consists of a well-preserved Middle Paleoproterozoic gneissic basement, as well as the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic granitic rocks. Here, we present the detailed zircon U-Pb age data and whole-rock chemical compositions, including radioactive elements (e.g., U and Th) and activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K for the Middle Paleoproterozoic gneisses, and Late Triassic and Early Jurassic granitic rocks of the Jangsu-gun area. The Middle Paleoproterozoic gneissic basement, and the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic granitic rocks have ages of ca. 1988 Ma and 1824 Ma, 230 Ma and 187–189 Ma, respectively. Geochemically, the Middle Paleoproterozoic orthogneiss, Late Triassic granites and Early Jurassic granitic rocks show typical arc-related metaluminous to weakly peraluminous fractionated granite features with ASI (aluminum saturation index) values of 0.92 to 1.40. The mean values of U (ppm) and Th (ppm) of the Middle Paleoproterozoic orthogneisses (6.4 and 20.5, respectively), Late Triassic granites (1.5 and 10.9), and Early Jurassic granites (3.5 and 16.5) were similar to those (5 and 15) of the granitic rocks in the Earth’s crust. The mean 226Ra (Bq/kg), 232Th (Bq/kg), and 40K (Bq/kg) activity concentrations and radioactivity concentration index (RCI) are 62, 71, 1,214 and 0.96 for the Middle Paleoproterozoic orthogneisses; 16, 39, 1,614 and 0.78 for the Late Triassic granites; and 56, 70, 1031 and 0.88 for the Early Jurassic granitic rocks, respectively. The U, Th, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and RCI of the Middle Paleoproterozoic biotite paragneisses are similar to those of the Middle Paleoproterozoic orthogneisses. The trend of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K activity concentrations, and the composition of U and Th from the Precambrian and Mesozoic rocks in the Jangsu-gun area indicates that monazite is the main accessory mineral controlling the concentration of natural radioactivity. Based on a detailed examination of the natural radioactivity in the rocks of the Jangsu-gun area, the Middle Paleoproterozoic orthogneisses and paragneisses, and Late Triassic and Early Jurassic granitic rocks show average high mean RCI values of 0.88−0.96, such that 32% of the rocks exceeded the recommended value of one in the guidelines for the RCI in South Korea. Especially, the RCI is closely related to the radon levels in the rocks. As a result, the Jangsu-gun area in South Korea is a relatively high radiological risk area, which exhibits higher indoor radon levels in the residences, compared with residences in the other areas in South Korea.

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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Regulatory Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Metabolism During Flower Development in Lycoris radiata

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.761862 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ning Wang ◽

Xiaochun Shu ◽

Fengjiao Zhang ◽

Weibing Zhuang ◽

Tao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcriptome Analysis ◽

Flower Development ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Expression Level ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Comparative Transcriptome ◽

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis ◽

Development Stages ◽

Lycoris Radiata

Lycoris is used as a garden flower due to the colorful and its special flowers. Floral coloration of Lycoris is a vital trait that is mainly regulated via the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of Lycoris radiata petals at four different flower development stages. A total of 38,798 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA sequencing, and the correlation between the expression level of the DEGs and the anthocyanin content was explored. The identified DEGs are significantly categorized into ‘flavonoid biosynthesis,’ ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,’ ‘Tropane, piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis,’ ‘terpenoid backbone biosynthesis’ and ‘plant hormone signal transduction’ by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. The candidate genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation in L. radiata petals during flower development stages were also identified, which included 56 structural genes (especially LrDFR1 and LrFLS) as well as 27 key transcription factor DEGs (such as C3H, GATA, MYB, and NAC). In addition, a key structural gene namely LrDFR1 of anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was identified as a hub gene in anthocyanin metabolism network. During flower development stages, the expression level of LrDFR1 was positively correlated with the anthocyanin content. Subcellular localization revealed that LrDFR1 is majorly localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane. Overexpression of LrDFR1 increased the anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco leaves and Lycoris petals, suggesting that LrDFR1 acts as a positively regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our results provide new insights for elucidating the function of anthocyanins in L. radiata petal coloring during flower development.

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Size-Segregated Chemical Compositions of HULISs in Ambient Aerosols Collected during the Winter Season in Songdo, South Korea

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos10040226 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 226 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kyoung-Soon Jang ◽

A Young Choi ◽

Mira Choi ◽

Hyunju Kang ◽

Tae-Wook Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Winter Season ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Formation Mechanisms ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Ion Cyclotron Resonance ◽

Heating Period ◽

Ambient Aerosols ◽

Air Sampler

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the molecular compositions of humic-like substances (HULISs) in size-resolved ambient aerosols, which were collected using an Anderson-type air sampler (eight size cuts between 0.43 and 11 μm) during the winter season (i.e., the heating period of 8–12 January 2018) in Songdo, South Korea. The aerosol samples collected during the pre- (preheating, 27 November–1 December 2017) and post-winter (postheating, 12–16 March 2018) periods were used as controls for the winter season samples. According to the concentrations of the chromophoric organics determined at an ultraviolet (UV) wavelength of 305 nm, most of the HULIS compounds were found to be predominantly enriched in particles less than 2.1 μm regardless of the sampling period, which shows that particulate matter (diameter less than 2.5 μm; PM2.5) aerosols were the dominant carriers of airborne organics. Ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (UHR FT–ICR MS) analysis of the aerosol-carried organic substances revealed that as the aerosol size increased the proportions of CHO and nitrogen-containing CHO (CHON) compounds decreased, while the proportion of sulfur-containing CHO (CHOS) species increased. In particular, the ambient aerosols during the heating period seemed to present more CHO and CHON and less CHOS molecules compared to aerosols collected during the pre- and postheating periods. The aerosols collected during the heating period also exhibited more aromatic nitrogen-containing compounds, which may have originated from primary combustion processes. Overall, the particle size distribution was likely influenced by source origins; smaller particles are likely from local sources, such as traffic and industries, and larger particles (i.e., aged particles) are likely derived from long-range transport generating secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the atmosphere. The results of the size-segregated particles can be utilized to understand particle formation mechanisms and shed light on their toxicity to human health.

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Analytical Electron Microscopy of Ion-Implanted Metals

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010011831x ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 282-285

Author(s):

D.I. Potter ◽

M. Ahmed ◽

K. Ruffing

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Ion Implantation ◽

Friction And Wear ◽

Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Surface Chemical ◽

Near Surface ◽

The Past ◽

Analytical Electron ◽

Property Changes

Ion implantation, used extensively for the past decade in fabricating semiconductor devices, now provides a unique means for altering the near-surface chemical compositions and microstructures of metals. These alterations often significantly improve physical properties that depend on the surface of the material; for example, catalysis, corrosion, oxidation, hardness, friction and wear. Frequently the mechanisms causing these beneficial alterations and property changes remain obscure and much of the current research in the area of ion implantation metallurgy is aimed at identifying such mechanisms. Investigators thus confront two immediate questions: To what extent is the chemical composition changed by implantation? What is the resulting microstructure? These two questions can be investigated very fruitfully with analytical electron microscopy (AEM), as described below.

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TEM/AEM characterization of fine-grained clay minerals in very-low-grade rocks: Evaluation of contamination by empa involving celadonite family minerals

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100165938 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 694-695

Author(s):

Gejing Li ◽

D. R. Peacor ◽

D. S. Coombs ◽

Y. Kawachi

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Volcanic Rocks ◽

Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽

Metamorphic Rocks ◽

New Mineral ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Low Grade ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Mineral Aggregates

Recent advances in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) have led to many new insights into the structural and chemical characteristics of very finegrained, optically homogeneous mineral aggregates in sedimentary and very low-grade metamorphic rocks. Chemical compositions obtained by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) on such materials have been shown by TEM/AEM to result from beam overlap on contaminant phases on a scale below resolution of EMPA, which in turn can lead to errors in interpretation and determination of formation conditions. Here we present an in-depth analysis of the relation between AEM and EMPA data, which leads also to the definition of new mineral phases, and demonstrate the resolution power of AEM relative to EMPA in investigations of very fine-grained mineral aggregates in sedimentary and very low-grade metamorphic rocks.Celadonite, having end-member composition KMgFe3+Si4O10(OH)2, and with minor substitution of Fe2+ for Mg and Al for Fe3+ on octahedral sites, is a fine-grained mica widespread in volcanic rocks and volcaniclastic sediments which have undergone low-temperature alteration in the oceanic crust and in burial metamorphic sequences.

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