scholarly journals Epigenetic Biomarkers in Head and Neck Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpi Gupta ◽  
Prabhat Kumar ◽  
Jayant Maini ◽  
Harsimrut Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Definite Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Epigenetic Biomarkers ◽  
Non Coding Rna

Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are the most prevalent and aggressive type of cancers. Genetic, epigenetic, environmental and viral risk-factors are associated with HNC carcinogenesis. Persistent infection of oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) represent distinct biological, molecular and epigenetic entities in HNCs. There are three main epigenetic mechanisms that regulate transcription, these are DNA methylation, histone modifications and alteration in non-coding RNA networks, which can dissected to identify innovative and accurate epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of HNC patients. Due to the lacunae of accurate distinctive biomarkers for the definite diagnosis of HNC, the identification of predictive epigenetic markers is necessary that might modify or increase HNC patient’s survival. In this mini review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge of different epigenetic biomarkers in HNC.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Disease

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
María Arechederra ◽  
Miriam Recalde ◽  
María Gárate-Rascón ◽  
Maite G. Fernández-Barrena ◽  
Matías A. Ávila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Epigenetic Marks ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Epigenetic Biomarkers ◽  
Non Coding Rna

Research in the last decades has demonstrated the relevance of epigenetics in controlling gene expression to maintain cell homeostasis, and the important role played by epigenome alterations in disease development. Moreover, the reversibility of epigenetic marks can be harnessed as a therapeutic strategy, and epigenetic marks can be used as diagnosis biomarkers. Epigenetic alterations in DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) expression have been associated with the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we summarize epigenetic alterations involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease (CLD), particularly focusing on DNA methylation. We also discuss their utility as epigenetic biomarkers in liquid biopsy for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Finally, we discuss the potential of epigenetic therapeutic strategies for HCC treatment.

scholarly journals Contribution of Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Regulation of Environmentally-Induced Polyphenism in Insects

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 649
Author(s):  
Gautier Richard ◽  
Julie Jaquiéry ◽  
Gaël Le Trionnaire
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Genome Expression ◽  
Alternative Phenotypes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Developmental Switches

Many insect species display a remarkable ability to produce discrete phenotypes in response to changes in environmental conditions. Such phenotypic plasticity is referred to as polyphenism. Seasonal, dispersal and caste polyphenisms correspond to the most-studied examples that are environmentally-induced in insects. Cues that induce such dramatic phenotypic changes are very diverse, ranging from seasonal cues, habitat quality changes or differential larval nutrition. Once these signals are perceived, they are transduced by the neuroendocrine system towards their target tissues where gene expression reprogramming underlying phenotypic changes occur. Epigenetic mechanisms are key regulators that allow for genome expression plasticity associated with such developmental switches. These mechanisms include DNA methylation, chromatin remodelling and histone post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) as well as non-coding RNAs and have been studied to various extents in insect polyphenism. Differential patterns of DNA methylation between phenotypes are usually correlated with changes in gene expression and alternative splicing events, especially in the cases of dispersal and caste polyphenism. Combinatorial patterns of histone PTMs provide phenotype-specific epigenomic landscape associated with the expression of specific transcriptional programs, as revealed during caste determination in honeybees and ants. Alternative phenotypes are also usually associated with specific non-coding RNA profiles. This review will provide a summary of the current knowledge of the epigenetic changes associated with polyphenism in insects and highlights the potential for these mechanisms to be key regulators of developmental transitions triggered by environmental cues.

scholarly journals Epigenetics and gestational diabetes: a review of epigenetic epidemiology studies and their use to explore epigenetic mediation and improve prediction

Diabetologia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2171-2178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah R. Elliott ◽  
Gemma C. Sharp ◽  
Caroline L. Relton ◽  
Deborah A. Lawlor
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Histone Modification ◽  
Diabetes Research ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Epidemiology ◽  
Epigenetic Biomarkers

Abstract Epigenetics encapsulates a group of molecular mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNAs (miRNAs). Gestational diabetes (GDM) increases the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes and is associated with future offspring risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. It has been hypothesised that epigenetic mechanisms mediate an effect of GDM on offspring adiposity and type 2 diabetes and this could provide a modifiable mechanism to reduce type 2 diabetes in the next generation. Evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. Epigenetic epidemiology could also contribute to reducing type 2 diabetes by identifying biomarkers that accurately predict risk of GDM and its associated future adverse outcomes. We reviewed published human studies that explored associations between any of maternal GDM, type 2 diabetes, gestational fasting or post-load glucose and any epigenetic marker (DNA methylation, histone modification or miRNA). Of the 81 relevant studies we identified, most focused on the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in mediating intrauterine effects of GDM on offspring outcomes. Studies were small (median total number of participants 58; median number of GDM cases 27) and most did not attempt replication. The most common epigenetic measure analysed was DNA methylation. Most studies that aimed to explore epigenetic mediation examined associations of in utero exposure to GDM with offspring cord or infant blood/placenta DNA methylation. Exploration of any causal effect, or effect on downstream offspring outcomes, was lacking. There is a need for more robust methods to explore the role of epigenetic mechanisms as possible mediators of effects of exposure to GDM on future risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Research to identify epigenetic biomarkers to improve identification of women at risk of GDM and its associated adverse (maternal and offspring) outcomes is currently rare but could contribute to future tools for accurate risk stratification.

scholarly journals Mutual Correlation between Non-Coding RNA and S-Adenosylmethionine in Human Cancer: Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3264
Author(s):  
Laura Mosca ◽  
Francesca Vitiello ◽  
Luigi Borzacchiello ◽  
Alessandra Coppola ◽  
Roberta Veglia Tranchese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Mutual Correlation ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Epigenetic Methylation ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Epigenetics includes modifications in DNA methylation, histone and chromatin structure, and expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Knowledge of the relationships between S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet or SAM), the universal methyl donor for all epigenetic methylation reactions and miRNAs or lncRNAs in human cancer may provide helpful insights for the development of new end more effective anticancer therapeutic approaches. In recent literature, a complex network of mutual interconnections between AdoMet and miRNAs or lncRNAs has been reported and discussed. Indeed, ncRNAs expression may be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA and RNA methylation and histone modifications. On the other hand, miRNAs or lncRNAs may influence the epigenetic apparatus by modulating the expression of its enzymatic components at the post-transcriptional level. Understanding epigenetic mechanisms, such as dysregulation of miRNAs/lncRNAs and DNA methylation, has become of central importance in modern research. This review summarizes the recent findings on the mechanisms by which AdoMet and miRNA/lncRNA exert their bioactivity, providing new insights to develop innovative and more efficient anticancer strategies based on the interactions between these epigenetic modulators.

scholarly journals Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Epigenetic Landscape

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Kamila Romanowska ◽  
Agnieszka Sobecka ◽  
Agnieszka A. Rawłuszko-Wieczorek ◽  
Wiktoria M. Suchorska ◽  
Wojciech Golusiński
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Squamous Carcinoma ◽  
Genetic Mutations ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
Epigenetic Landscape ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Clinical Surveillance

Head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) constitutes the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide. The molecular pathogenesis of HNSCC includes disorders in cell cycle, intercellular signaling, proliferation, squamous cell differentiation and apoptosis. In addition to the genetic mutations, changes in HNSCC are also characterized by the accumulation of epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA activity and RNA methylation. In fact, some of them may promote cancer formation and progression by controlling the gene expression machinery, hence, they could be used as biomarkers in the clinical surveillance of HNSCC or as targets for therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge regarding epigenetic modifications observed in HNSCC and its predictive value for cancer development.

scholarly journals The Role of Epigenetics in Arterial Calcification

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan-Shan Wu ◽  
Xiao Lin ◽  
Ling-Qing Yuan ◽  
Er-Yuan Liao
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Arterial Calcification ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Arterial calcification is highly prevalent and correlated with cardiovascular mortality, especially in patients with ESRD or diabetes. The pathogenesis of arterial calcification is multifactorial, with both genetic and environmental factors being implicated. In recent years, several mechanisms contributing to arterial calcification have been proposed. However, these can only explain a small proportion of the variability in arterial calcification, which is a major obstacle for its prevention and management. Epigenetics has emerged as one of the most promising areas that may fill in some of the gaps in our current knowledge of the interaction between the environmental insults with gene regulation in the development of diseases. Epigenetics refers to heritable and acquired changes in gene transcription that occur independently of the DNA sequence. Well-known components of epigenetic regulation include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs. Epigenetics research in the regulation of arterial calcification has only recently been elucidated. In this review, we will summarise recent progress in epigenetic pathways involved in arterial calcification and discuss potential therapeutic interventions based on epigenetic mechanisms.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Biomarkers: Potential Applications in Gastrointestinal Cancers

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqiu Li ◽  
Hongchuan Jin ◽  
Xian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Gastrointestinal Cancers ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Epigenetic Biomarkers ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Potential Applications

Genetics and epigenetics coregulate the cancer initiation and progression. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and noncoding RNAs. Aberrant epigenetic modifications play a fundamental role in the formation of gastrointestinal cancers. Advances in epigenetics offer a better understanding of the carcinogenesis and provide new insights into the discovery of biomarkers for diagnosis, and prognosis prediction of human cancers. This review aims to overview the epigenetic aberrance and the clinical applications as biomarkers in gastrointestinal cancers mainly gastric cancer and colorectal cancer.

DNA methylation in stress and depression: from biomarker to therapeutics

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-67
Author(s):  
Amanda J. Sales ◽  
Francisco S. Guimarães ◽  
Sâmia R. L. Joca
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation (DNAm) have been associated with stress responses and increased vulnerability to depression. Abnormal DNAm is observed in stressed animals and depressed individuals. Antidepressant treatment modulates DNAm levels and regulates gene expression in diverse tissues, including the brain and the blood. Therefore, DNAm could be a potential therapeutic target in depression. Here, we reviewed the current knowledge about the involvement of DNAm in the behavioral and molecular changes associated with stress exposure and depression. We also evaluated the possible use of DNAm changes as biomarkers of depression. Finally, we discussed our current knowledge limitations and future perspectives.

scholarly journals Interplay of early-life nutritional programming on obesity, inflammation and epigenetic outcomes

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alfredo Martínez ◽  
Paúl Cordero ◽  
Javier Campión ◽  
Fermín I. Milagro
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Nutritional Programming ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Epigenetic Biomarkers ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Covalent Modifications ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Methylation Patterns

The huge health burden accompanying obesity is not only attributable to inadequate dietary and sedentary lifestyle habits, since a predisposing genetic make-up and other putative determinants concerning easier weight gain and fat deposition have been reported. Thus, several investigations aiming to understand energy metabolism and body composition maintenance have been performed considering the participation of perinatal nutritional programming and epigenetic processes as well as inflammation phenomena. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis and inheritance-oriented investigations concerning gene–nutrient interactions on energy homoeostasis and metabolic functions have suggested that inflammation could be not only a comorbidity of obesity but also a cause. There are several examples about the role of nutritional interventions in pregnancy and lactation, such as energetic deprivation, protein restriction and excess fat, which determine a cluster of disorders affecting energy efficiency in the offspring as well as different metabolic pathways, which are mediated by epigenetics encompassing the chromatin information encrypted by DNA methylation patterns, histone covalent modifications and non-coding RNA or microRNA. Epigenetic mechanisms may be boosted or impaired by dietary and environmental factors in the mother, intergenerationally or transiently transmitted, and could be involved in the obesity and inflammation susceptibility in the offspring. The aims currently pursued are the early identification of epigenetic biomarkers concerned in individual's disease susceptibility and the description of protocols for tailored dietary treatments/advice to counterbalance adverse epigenomic events. These approaches will allow diagnosis and prognosis implementation and facilitate therapeutic strategies in a personalised ‘epigenomically modelled’ manner to combat obesity and inflammation.

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