GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY AS A TOOL TO REVEAL SUBSURFACE STRATIFICATION AT A SMALL AGRICULTURAL HEADWATER CATCHMENT: A CASE STUDY

Catchment drainage area is a basic spatial unit in landscape hydrology within which the authorities estimate a water balance and manage water resources. The catchment drainage area is commonly delineated based on the surface topography, which is determined using a digital elevation model. Therefore, only a flow over the surface is implicitly considered. However, a substantial portion of the rainfall water infiltrates and percolates through the soil profile to the groundwater, where geological structures control the drainage area instead of the topography of the soil surface. The discrepancy between the surface topography-based and bedrock-based drainage area can cause large discrepancies in water balance calculation. It this paper we present an investigation of the subsurface media stratification in a headwater catchment in the central part of the Czech Republic using a geophysical survey method - electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Results indicate that the complexity of the subsurface geological layers cannot be estimated solely from the land surface topography. Although shallow layers copy the shape of the surface, the deeper layers do not. This finding has a strong implication on the water transport regime since it suggests that the deep drainage may follow different pathways and flow in other directions then the water in shallow soil profile or shallow subsurface structures.

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A qualitative description of shallow groundwater effect on surface temperature of bare soil

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-13-1749-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1749-1756 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

F. Alkhaier ◽

R. J. Schotting ◽

Z. Su

Keyword(s):

Numerical Model ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Land Surface ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Qualitative Description ◽

Groundwater Depth ◽

Daily Minimum Temperature

Abstract. Whether or not shallow groundwater affects skin temperature (the temperature of soil surface) is important to detect depth and extent of shallow groundwater by dint of remote sensing and important for land surface modelling studies. Although few studies have been conducted to investigate that effect, they have yielded contradicting conclusions and they stopped in 1982. To determine that shallow groundwater affects skin temperature, we measured soil temperature at two different depths (5 and 10 cm) in seven places with variable water table depths every ten minutes and for six days. After that, we correlated the minimum, maximum and average daily temperatures to average groundwater depth. We also built a simple numerical model using a differential equations solver, Flex PDE, to simulate heat transfer into soil profile and used it to simulate groundwater effect on skin temperature. We found quite high negative correlation between the maximum and average daily soil temperature and groundwater depth. Contrarily, we could hardly find any correlation between the daily minimum temperature and groundwater depth. Numerical simulations, though simple, were useful in showing that groundwater shifted skin temperature curves up in the winter and down in the summer without affecting the shape of the curve. We conclude that shallow groundwater affects skin temperature directly by its distinctive thermal properties in the soil profile and indirectly by affecting soil moisture which in turn has many different and contradictory effects on skin temperature. This study recommends building a comprehensive numerical model that simulates the effect of shallow groundwater on skin temperature and on the different energy fluxes at land surface.

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Comparison of CGMS-WOFOST and HYDRUS-1D Simulation Results for One Cell of CGMS-GRID50

Soil and Water Research ◽

10.17221/6504-swr ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 39-48

Author(s):

Brodský Radka Kodešová and Lukáš

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

Water Level ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Root Zone ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Water Storage ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Growth Monitoring ◽

Bottom Boundary ◽

Hydrus 1D

CGMS (Crop Growth Monitoring System) developed by JRC is an integrated system to monitor crop behaviour and quantitative crop yield forecast that operates on a European scale. To simulate water balance in the root zone the simulation model CGMS-WOFOST (SUPIT & VAN DER GOOT 2003) is used that is based on water storage routing. This study was performed to assess a possible impact of simplifications of the water storage routing based model on simulated water regime in the soil profile. Results of CGMS-WOFOST are compared with results of a more precise Richards’ equation based model HYDRUS-1D (&Scaron;IMŮNEK et al. 2005). 16 scenarios are simulated using HYDRUS-1D. Each scenario represents a single soil profile presented in the selected cell of GRID50 in the Czech Republic. Geometry of the soil profiles, material (texture) definition, root distributions, measured daily rainfall, calculated daily evaporation from the bare soil surface and transpiration of crop canopy were defined similarly to CGMS-WOFOST inputs according to the data stored in the SGDBE40 database. The soil hydraulic properties corresponding to each soil layer were defined using the class transfer rules (WÖSTEN et al. 1999). The bottom boundary conditions were defined either similarly to CGMS-WOFOST bottom boundary condition as a free drainage or as a constant water level 250 cm below the soil surface to demonstrate a ground water impact on the soil profile water balance. The relative soil moisture (RSM) in the root zone during the vegetation period was calculated to be compared with the similar output from CGMS. The RSM values obtained using HYDRUS-1D are higher than those obtained using CGMS-WOFOST mostly due to higher retention ability of HYDRUS-1D. The reasonably higher RSM values were obtained at the end of simulated period using the HYDRUS-1D for the constant water level 250 cm below the soil surface.

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How Important Are Those Fracture Zones? Scale Dependent Characteristics Revealed Through Field Studies and an Integrated Hydrological Model of a Mountain Headwater Catchment

Frontiers in Water ◽

10.3389/frwa.2021.767399 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Author(s):

Diana M. Allen ◽

Alexandre H. Nott

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

Groundwater Flow ◽

Land Surface ◽

Isotope Composition ◽

Hydrologic Model ◽

Tree Cover ◽

Scale Model ◽

Fracture Zones ◽

Weathered Zone ◽

Headwater Catchment

Modeling groundwater flow in bedrock can be particularly challenging due to heterogeneities associated with fracture zones. However, fracture zones can be difficult to map, particularly in forested areas where tree cover obscures land surface features. This study presents the evidence of fracture zones in a small, snowmelt-dominated mountain headwater catchment and explores the significance of these fracture zones on groundwater flow in the catchment. A newly acquired bare earth image acquired using LiDAR identifies a previously undetected linear erosion zone that passes near a deep bedrock well at low elevation in the catchment. Borehole geophysical logs indicate more intense fracturing in this well compared to two wells at higher elevation. The well also exhibited a linear flow response during a pumping test, which is interpreted to reflect the influence of a nearby vertical fracture zone. The major ion chemistry and stable isotope composition reveal a slightly different chemical composition and a more depleted isotopic signature for this well compared to other groundwaters and surface waters sampled throughout the catchment. With this evidence of fracturing at the well scale, an integrated land surface – subsurface hydrologic model is used to explore four different model structures at the catchment scale. The model is refined in steps, beginning with a single homogeneous bedrock layer, and progressively adding 1) a network of large-scale fracture zones within the bedrock, 2) a weathered bedrock zone, and 3) an updated LiDAR-derived digital elevation model, to gain insight into how increasing subsurface geological complexity and land surface topography influence model fit to observed data and the various water balance components. Ultimately, all of the models are considered plausible, with similar overall fit to observed data (snow, streamflow, pressure heads in piezometers, and groundwater levels) and water balance results. However, the models with fracture zones and a weathered zone had better fits for the low elevation well. These models contributed slightly more baseflow (~14% of streamflow) compared to models without a weathered zone (~1%). Thus, in the watershed scale model, including a weathered bedrock zone appears to more strongly influence the hydrology than only including fracture zones.

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Evaluation of Evapotranspiration Estimates in the Yellow River Basin against the Water Balance Method

Water ◽

10.3390/w10121884 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1884 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Guojie Wang ◽

Jian Pan ◽

Chengcheng Shen ◽

Shijie Li ◽

Jiao Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

River Basin ◽

Land Surface ◽

Yellow River ◽

Yellow River Basin ◽

Balance Method ◽

The Yellow River ◽

Water Balance Method ◽

Global Land ◽

The Yellow River Basin

Evapotranspiration (ET), a critical process in global climate change, is very difficult to estimate at regional and basin scales. In this study, we evaluated five ET products: the Global Land Surface Evaporation with the Amsterdam Methodology (GLEAM, the EartH2Observe ensemble (E2O)), the Global Land Data Assimilation System with Noah Land Surface Model-2 (GLDAS), a global ET product at 8 km resolution from Zhang (ZHANG) and a supplemental land surface product of the Modern-ERA Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA_land), using the water balance method in the Yellow River Basin, China, including twelve catchments, during the period of 1982–2000. The results showed that these ET products have obvious different performances, in terms of either their magnitude or temporal variations. From the viewpoint of multiple-year averages, the MERRA_land product shows a fairly similar magnitude to the ETw derived from the water balance method, while the E2O product shows significant underestimations. The GLEAM product shows the highest correlation coefficient. From the viewpoint of interannual variations, the ZHANG product performs best in terms of magnitude, while the E2O still shows significant underestimations. However, the E2O product best describes the interannual variations among the five ET products. Further study has indicated that the discrepancies between the ET products in the Yellow River Basin are mainly due to the quality of precipitation forcing data. In addition, most ET products seem to not be sensitive to the downward shortwave radiation.

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Evaluation of the effects of general circulation models' subgrid variability and patchiness of rainfall and soil moisture on land surface water balance fluxes

Hydrological Processes ◽

10.1002/hyp.3360090515 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 9 (5-6) ◽

pp. 697-717 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Murugesu Sivapalan ◽

Ross A. Woods

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Balance ◽

Land Surface ◽

General Circulation ◽

General Circulation Models ◽

Land Surface Water

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II. Industrial Metal Fallout Pattern From Lichen And Soil Assays

The Lichenologist ◽

10.1017/s0024282981000364 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 289-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

R. Goyal ◽

M. R. D. Seaward

Keyword(s):

Surface Topography ◽

Metal Content ◽

Inverse Relationship ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Pollution Source ◽

Air Samples ◽

Fe And Mn ◽

Terricolous Lichens ◽

Vegetation Samples

AbstractThe value of terricolous lichens as bioindicators of industrial metal fallout patterns is investigated; the widely-known inverse relationship between the metal content of lichens, as well as their associated soils, and the distance from the pollution source was found to be affected by microclimatic factors dependent upon soil surface topography and the local vegetation. Samples of lichen vegetation and their associated soils from Risby Warren, North Lincolnshire, were analysed for Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Enhanced concentrations of Fe and Mn in the lichen, soil and air samples were indicative of their emission from the nearby Scunthorpe steelworks. The highest concentrations of all metals analysed were found to be in the top layer (0-5 cm) of the soils.

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HydroPy (v1.0): A new global hydrology model written in Python

10.5194/gmd-2021-53 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tobias Stacke ◽

Stefan Hagemann

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Water Balance ◽

Land Surface ◽

Max Planck ◽

Water Balance Components ◽

Meteorological Model ◽

Land Surface Water ◽

Hydrology Model ◽

Flexible Infrastructure ◽

The Tropics

Abstract. Global hydrological models (GHMs) are a useful tool in the assessment of the land surface water balance. They are used to further the understanding of interactions between water balance components as well as their past evolution and potential future development under various scenarios. While GHMs are a part of the Hydrologist's toolbox since several decades, the models are continuously developed. In our study, we present the HydroPy model, a revised version of an established GHM, the Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology's Hydrology Model (MPI-HM). Being rewritten in Python, the new model requires much less effort in maintenance and due to its flexible infrastructure, new processes can be easily implemented. Besides providing a thorough documentation of the processes currently implemented in HydroPy, we demonstrate the skill of the model in simulating the land surface water balance. We find that evapotranspiration is reproduced realistically for the majority of the land surface but is underestimated in the tropics. The simulated river discharge correlates well with observations. Biases are evident for the annual accumulated discharge, however they can – at least to some part – be attributed to discrepancies between the meteorological model forcing data and the observations. Finally, we show that HydroPy performs very similar to MPI-HM and, thus, conclude the successful transition from MPI-HM to HydroPy.

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Spreading of chemical substance after its accidental spillage onto the soil surface under unsaturated conditions and variable porosity

Modeling, Control and Information Technologies ◽

10.31713/mcit.2019.27 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 41-44

Author(s):

Olena Kozhushko ◽

Petro Martyniuk

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Moisture Transport ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Chemical Substance ◽

High Concentration ◽

Solute Transfer ◽

Variable Porosity ◽

The One

In this paper we study a mathematical model of soil moisture transport with variable porosity. The problem is set for the case of highly concentrated solute spilled onto soil surface. We investigate the way solute transfer, adsorption of contaminant by soil particles and variable porosity influence infiltration of solute into the soil profile. For that purpose, two models are used: a classical one and the one with consideration of mentioned factors. By comparing the results of both models, we established that high concentration of solute causes moisture transport to transpire more slowly, and the pollutant to remain on the soil surface for longer time. Numerical results indicate that porosity can vary considerably under the conditions of intensive contamination with salts.

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Study Of Rubber Growth Under Constraint of Pyrite In Tidal Swampy Area

Journal of Wetlands Environmental Management ◽

10.20527/jwem.v5i2.108 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Charlos Togi Stevanus ◽

Umi Hidayati ◽

Thomas Wijaya ◽

Andi Nur Cahyo

Keyword(s):

Soil Analysis ◽

Shallow Groundwater ◽

Aerobic Condition ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Low Ph ◽

Survey Method ◽

Water Drainage ◽

Dry Land ◽

Nutrient Analysis ◽

Tidal Swamp

Muara Sugihan is one of the tidal swamp areas for rubber plant cultivation in South Sumatera. A preliminary survey of the land suitability in 2012 described that there are two main problems, the shallow groundwater problem and low pH (2,87-3,05) between 40-100 depth that indicates the presence of pyrite layers. In the prior of planting, the water drainage has been done to maintain the water table. However, the water drainage was excessive so that water table reach 66 cm from soil surface hence aerobic condition resulted in oxidation of pyrite layer. The method used in this study was survey method consist of measuring the girth of 2 years old rubber plants and sampling of soil, leaves, and water on the trench and the river which indicated the presence of pyrite layers on tidal swamp area, Muara Sugihan. The result showed that the growth of the rubber plants was inhibited, where the girth was 10 cm, while on optimal dry land they normally reached 18 cm. Leaf nutrient analysis showed there was deficient of P, K, and Zn, while on soil analysis showed a low P content. The pyrite was leach from the soil and accumulate into water drainage will lead to low pH of water. This problem can be solved by water management improvement.

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Estimation of Rainfall-Runoff Relationship and Correlation of Runoff with Infiltration Capacity and Temperature Over East Singhbhum District of Jharkhand

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.b3216.129219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 461-466

Keyword(s):

Land Surface ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Meteorological Parameter ◽

Research Work ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Graphical Analysis ◽

Annual Runoff ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Rainfall Runoff ◽

Infiltration Capacity

In meteorology, Precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under the gravity, the rainfall being the principal form of precipitation in India. Rainfall is the most important meteorological parameter for hydrology, as it controls the other processes such as infiltration, runoff, detention storage, and evapotranspiration. When precipitation falls over a catchment area, these processes have to be satisfied before precipitation water becomes runoff. Infiltration is the vertically downward flow of rainfall into ground/underground through percolation inside the soil surface and depends on soil-type, porosity, and permeability. Runoff is the flow of rainwater over the land surface that happens when there is an excess of precipitation over an area. Runoff is produced when the rainwater exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil. The most important relationships for any watershed are the relationship between rainfall and runoff. This relationship depends on some factors such as characteristics of rainfall, runoff, and infiltration. Though the abovementioned factors have a major impact on the volume of runoff, a consistent correlation between rainfall-runoff enables us to increase more confidence in sufficient time for the formulation of appropriate decision making for the local authority. The present research work was undertaken to analyze the correlation between annual rainfall and annual runoff for the years 1901-2018 over Jamshedpur of East Singhbhum district, Jharkhand. Further in this study, the correlation between infiltration and annual runoff was analyzed over the same area and the same data period. Correlation between temperature and annual runoff was also found. Through the graphical analysis, it was found that the value of annual rainfall and runoff are strongly correlated.As the value of the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) is almost equal to +1 which is a nearly perfect positive correlation, signifies that both variables move in the same direction. It also signifies that the two variables being compared have a perfect positive relationship; that means these two are strongly related. Through the study, it was also found that the infiltration and runoff are largely correlated. There was practically no correlation found between the values of temperature and runoff over the years.

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