scholarly journals Cytokines profile of mice infected by high and low virulences of Indonesian T. evansi isolates

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyah Haryuningtyas Sawitri ◽  
April Hari Wardhana ◽  
Heri Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Trypanosoma Evansi ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
High Virulence ◽  
Organ Failures ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cytokine Measurement

<p>Surra in livestock is caused by Trypanosoma evansi, a homoflagella blood protozoa that circulate in extracellular. This disease is widespread in Asia, Africa, South and Central America. According to the immunological aspect, the severity of surra in livestock and mice which infected by trypanosoma is associated with an inflammatory response. On the other hand, the survival time of mice depends on the regulation of Th1 synthesis and proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. The aim of this study was to observe the responses of proinflammatory cytokines IFN γ, TNF-α and anti-inflammatory IL-10 which result from interaction with parasites. This information is needed for improvements in the management of prevention of Surra in animals. A total of 30 mice were divided into 3 groups. The group was infected with a low virulency T. evansi (Pml287); high virulence (Bang87) respectively and one group was not infected as control. Mice sera were collected in every 4 days for cytokine measurement using an Enzyme Link-Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The result showed a difference response of proinflammatory and antiinflammation cytokine profile between the infected mice by isolates Bang 87 and Pml 287. Early deaths in mice infected by Bang 87 isolate were suspected as a result of the response of systemic inflammation syndromes characterized by elevated IFN-γ levels that were not adequately compensated by anti-inflammatory. Anemia contributes to the cause of death in mice that support multiple organ failures (multiple organ disfunction).</p>

Surfactant strengthens the inhibitory effect of C-reactive protein on human lung macrophage cytokine release

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (3) ◽  
pp. L466-L472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Casals ◽  
Javier Arias-Díaz ◽  
Fernando Valiño ◽  
Alejandra Sáenz ◽  
Cruz García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Pulmonary Surfactant ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Lung Macrophages ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ

In this study we investigated the effect of acute-phase levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) on cytokine production by pulmonary macrophages in the presence or absence of pulmonary surfactant. Both human alveolar and interstitial macrophages as well as human surfactant were obtained from multiple organ donor lungs. Precultured macrophages were stimulated with LPS alone or together with IFN-γ in the presence or absence of CRP, surfactant, and combinations. Releases of TNF-α and of IL-1β to the medium were determined. We found that CRP could modulate lung inflammation in humans by decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines by both alveolar and interstitial macrophages stimulated with LPS alone or together with IFN-γ. The potential interaction between CRP and surfactant phospholipids did not overcome the effect of either CRP or surfactant on TNF-α and IL-1β release by lung macrophages. On the contrary, CRP and pulmonary surfactant together had a greater inhibitory effect than either alone on the release of proinflammatory cytokines by lung macrophages.

Cucurbitacin: As a candidate against Cytokine Storm in Severe COVID-19 Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 928-930
Author(s):  
Alka Hande ◽  
Akhilesh Agrawal ◽  
Archana Sonone ◽  
Amol Gadbail ◽  
Madhuri Gawande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Cardiovascular Damage ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Chemotactic Protein ◽  
High Death ◽  
Organ Failures ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection is marked by elevated cytokines and chemokines levels like interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-2 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1. This hyperactive pro-inflammatory response identified as the Cytokine Storm (CS) complicates the disease leading to extensive damage of the host tissue, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which further result in multiple organ failures. CS is very critical for the disease progression and is responsible for high death rate in an infected patient. Accordingly, various therapeutic modalities are currently investigated for their effectiveness in subsiding the hyper-inflammatory syndrome either using immunomodulatory agents or anti-inflammatory therapies. Phytochemical (herbal) compounds are demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial or antioxidants properties. Various signalling pathways and molecules exacerbating the inflammation state complicate the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Cucurbitacins are tetracyclic bioactive phytochemical compounds found in cucurbitaceous plants. More than 100 species of cucurbitacins possess various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory. Cucurbitacin E and R have shown to be down-regulated the expression of TNF alpha and IL-1beta. Cucurbitacin II B also alleviates the expression of TNF-α as well as IFN-γ and IL-6. Cucurbitacin1 has the potential to reduce the oxidative stress-induced with the reactive oxygen species, and thus prevents cardiovascular damage. Thus cucurbitacins may be pharmacologically manipulated to establish its clinical efficacy in minimizing the disease state and improvising the prognosis of the patients.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Sosiho-Tang, a Traditional Herbal Formula, on Acute Lung Injury in LPS-Sensitized Mice and -Raw 264.7 Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
La Yoon Choi ◽  
Mi Hye Kim ◽  
Da-Hwa Jung ◽  
Woong Mo Yang
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Alveolar Wall ◽  
Herbal Formula ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a series of syndromes with persistent inflammation and abnormally increased vascular permeability. Sosiho-tang (SSHT), a traditional herbal formula consisting of a mixture of seven herbs, has been used to treat allergic reactions and chronic hepatitis disease in East Asia. In this study, we determined whether SSHT has an inhibitory effect against lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. 0.05, 0.55, and 5.55 mg/kg of SSHT were orally administered to C57BL/6J mice for 7 days prior to the administration of LPS. After 2 h of LPS sensitization, lung tissues were collected to confirm the lung histology and ALI-related inflammatory factors. SSHT ameliorated the LPS-induced alveolar hemorrhage, alveolar wall thickening, and the shrinkage of the alveolar spaces in the ALI mice model. Proinflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the lung tissue were significantly regulated in the SSHT-treated groups compared to the LPS only-treated group. Also, increases of IL-6 and TNF-α and decrease of IFN-γ expressions were dose-dependently modulated by SSHT treatment in LPS-induced raw 264.7 cells. Additionally, the translocation of NF-κB into nucleus and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase were significantly attenuated by the treatment of SSHT in LPS-sensitized ALI mice. SSHT showed anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and NF-κB signaling in LPS-induced ALI. This study demonstrates that SSHT has preventive effects on LPS-induced ALI by regulating inflammatory responses as an alternative for treating lung diseases.

scholarly journals Endogenous Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Differentially Regulate an In Vivo Humoral Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 749-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Q. Khan ◽  
Yi Shen ◽  
Zheng-Qi Wu ◽  
Thomas A. Wynn ◽  
Clifford M. Snapper
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

ABSTRACT Proinflammatory cytokines play a critical role in innate host defense against extracellular bacteria. However, little is known regarding the effects of these cytokines on the adaptive humoral response. Mice injected with a neutralizing anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) monoclonal antibody (MAb) at the time of primary immunization with intact Streptococcus pneumoniae (strain R36A) showed a substantial reduction in both the primary immunoglobulin G (IgG) response specific for the cell wall protein, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), as well as in the development of PspA-specific memory. In contrast, anti-TNF-α MAb injected only at the time of secondary immunization with R36A failed to alter the boosted anti-PspA response. TNF-α was required only within the first 48 to 72 h after primary immunization with R36A and was induced both by non-B and non-T cells and by lymphoid cells, within 2 to 6 h after immunization, with levels returning to normal by 24 h. Thus, the early innate release of TNF-α was critical for optimal stimulation of the subsequent adaptive humoral response to R36A. Additional proinflammatory (interleukin 1 [IL-1], IL-6, IL-12, and gamma interferon [IFN-γ]) as well as anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines were also transiently induced. Mice genetically deficient in IL-6, IFN-γ, or IL-12 also showed a reduced IgG anti-PspA response of all IgG isotypes. In contrast, IL-4−/− and IL-10−/− mice immunized with R36A showed a significant elevation in the IgG anti-PspA response, except that there was decreased IgG1 in IL-4−/− mice. In this regard, a marked enhancement in the induction of proinflammatory cytokines was observed in the absence of IL-10, relative to controls. Ig isotype titers specific for the phosphorycholine determinant of C-polysaccharide were similarly regulated, but to a much more modest degree. These data suggest that proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines differentially regulate an in vivo protein- and polysaccharide-specific Ig response to an extracellular bacteria.

scholarly journals Inflammatory cytokines-stimulated human muscle stem cells ameliorate ulcerative colitis via the IDO-TSG6 axis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengchao Zhang ◽  
Jiankai Fang ◽  
Zhanhong Liu ◽  
Pengbo Hou ◽  
Lijuan Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Muscle Stem Cells ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Background Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are absolutely required for the formation, repair, and regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue. Increasing evidence demonstrated that tissue stem cells, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), can exert therapeutic effects on various degenerative and inflammatory disorders based on their immunoregulatory properties. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) treated with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were reported to possess anti-inflammatory functions by producing TNF-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6). However, whether human muscle stem cells (hMuSCs) also possess TSG-6 mediated anti-inflammatory functions has not been explored. Methods The ulcerative colitis mouse model was established by subjecting mice to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 7 days. hMuSCs were pretreated with IFN-γ and TNF-α for 48 h and were then transplanted intravenously at day 2 of DSS administration. Body weights were monitored daily. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and TSG-6 in hMuSCs were knocked down with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA), respectively. Colon tissues were collected for length measurement and histopathological examination. The serum level of IL-6 in mice was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to evaluate gene expression. Results hMuSCs treated with inflammatory factors significantly ameliorated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) symptoms. IDO and TSG-6 were greatly upregulated and required for the beneficial effects of hMuSCs on IBD. Mechanistically, the tryptophan metabolites, kynurenine (KYN) or kynurenic acid (KYNA) produced by IDO, augmented the expression of TSG-6 through activating their common receptor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Conclusion Inflammatory cytokines-treated hMuSCs can alleviate DSS-induced colitis through IDO-mediated TSG-6 production.

scholarly journals Plasma levels of melatonin, certain cytokines and placental growth factor at non-pharmacological correction of pineal function in pregnant women with intrauterine growth restriction

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Berbets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Placental Growth Factor ◽  
Placental Insufficiency ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The pineal gland produces the important hormone melatonin, the level of which in the blood of pregnant women decreases in case of placental insufficiency. The effect of dysfunction of the pineal gland on the immune system of pregnant women and on the angiogenic activity of the placenta during pregnancy remains insufficiently studied. Objective: to establish the effect of our method of non-drug correction of function of pineal gland on the state of the cytokine part of the immune system and on the synthesis of placental growth factor (PlGF) in pregnant women with placental insufficiency manifesting as fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Material and methods. 46 pregnant women with IUGR at 30-36 weeks of gestation were examined. The group was divided into two subgroups: with non-drug correction of the pineal gland function (n = 25) and without correction (n = 21). The method of correction included a set of measures of following of lighting regimen, activity and sleep for 14 days. The control group consisted of 20 women with uncomplicated pregnancy. Levels of melatonin, PlGF, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10 were determined in the venous blood by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. It was established that the concentration of melatonin in the blood of pregnant women with IUGR was significantly reduced, as well as the concentration of PlGF (p < 0.01). Significant changes were also found in pregnant women with placental insufficiency, namely, increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α (p < 0.05), IL-1-β (p < 0.001) and IL-6 (p < 0.05), comparing to healthy pregnant women. Also, in the group of pregnant women with IUGR the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 (p <0.001) and IL-10 (p < 0.001) were elevated in comparison to the control group. After application of the developed complex of non-drug correction of pineal gland function, the concentration of melatonin in the blood of pregnant women in the subgroup of correction increased significantly, comparing to the subgroup without correction (p < 0.001), as well as the level of PlGF (p < 0.05). Also, significantly lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1-β and IL-6 were observed in pregnant women in the subgroup of correction (p < 0.01). Regarding anti-inflammatory cytokines, under the influence of the developed complex of measures there was a decrease in the level of IL-4 and an increase in the level of IL-10 (p < 0.01). Conclusions. When the measures, aimed at non-drug correction of function of pineal gland, are applied in pregnant women with placental insufficiency, manifested as IUGR, the following changes are observed: increased of plasma levels of melatonin and placental growth factor, decreased of levels of proinflammatory cytokines. We suggest that the pineal gland exerts its effect on the immune system through melatonin, which moderates the activity of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing the influence of inflammation on placental tissue, what results in increasing of concentrations of placental growth factor in the blood of pregnant women.

Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ alter laminin expression under an apoptosis-independent mechanism in human intestinal epithelial cells

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (3) ◽  
pp. G592-G598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Francoeur ◽  
Fabrice Escaffit ◽  
Pierre H. Vachon ◽  
Jean-François Beaulieu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Laminin 5 ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Independent Mechanism ◽  
Ifn Γ

Laminins are basement membrane molecules that mediate cell functions such as adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In the normal small intestine, laminin-5 and -10 are mainly expressed at the base of villus cells. However, in Crohn's disease (CD), a major redistribution of these laminins to the crypt region of the inflamed ileal mucosa has been observed, suggesting a possible relationship between laminin expression and cytokine and/or growth factor production, which is also altered in CD. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines can modulate laminin expression by intestinal epithelial cells. The effect of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β was analyzed on the expression of laminins in the normal human intestinal epithelial crypt (HIEC) cell line. When treated with a single cytokine, HIEC cells secreted small amounts of laminin-5 and -10. Only TNF-α and TGF-β induced a slight increase in the secretion of these laminins. However, in combination, TNF-α and IFN-γ synergistically stimulated the secretion of both laminin-5 and -10 in HIEC cells. Transcript analyses suggested that the upregulation of the two laminins might depend on distinct mechanisms. Interestingly, the TNF-α and IFN-γ combination was also found to significantly promote apoptosis. However, the effect of cytokines on the secretion of laminins was maintained even after completely blocking apoptosis by inhibiting caspase activities. These results demonstrate that laminin production is specifically modulated by the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ in intestinal epithelial cells under an apoptosis-independent mechanism.

scholarly journals 1,25(OH)2D3 Differently Affects Immunomodulatory Activities of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Depending on the Presence of TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 2211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Behm ◽  
Alice Blufstein ◽  
Johannes Gahn ◽  
Barbara Kubin ◽  
Michael Nemec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
T Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Anti Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPDLSCs) possess immunomodulatory abilities which are strongly enhanced by various inflammatory cytokines. Vitamin D3 has anti-inflammatory effects on hPDLSCs and immune cells. However, no study to date has directly compared the influence of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the immunomodulatory activities of hPDLSCs in the presence of different cytokines. In the present study, the effects of hPDLSCs treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, or interferon (IFN)-γ in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the proliferation of allogenic CD4+ T lymphocyte or on the functional status of primary CD68+ macrophages were analyzed in coculture models. Additionally, the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on TNF-α-, IL-1β-, and IFN-γ-induced gene expression of some immunomodulatory factors in hPDLSCs were compared. Under coculture conditions, 1,25(OH)2D3 increased or decreased CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation via hPDLSCs, depending on the cytokine. hPDLSCs primed with 1,25(OH)2D3 and different cytokines affected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages variably, depending on the priming cytokine. With one exception, 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly reduced TNF-α-, IL-1β-, and IFN-γ-induced expression of all the investigated immunomediators in hPDLSCs, albeit to different extents. These results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 influences the immunomodulatory activities of hPDLSCs depending qualitatively and quantitatively on the presence of certain inflammatory cytokines.

scholarly journals Dehydrocorydaline Accounts the Majority of Anti-Inflammatory Property of Corydalis Rhizoma in Cultured Macrophage

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Xiangpeng Kong ◽  
Zhicong Chen ◽  
Yingjie Xia ◽  
Etta Y. L. Liu ◽  
Haiqin Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Chromatographic Peaks

Corydalis Rhizoma (CR) is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for its potency in activating blood circulation and analgesia. In clinic, CR extracts or components are commonly used in the treatment of myocardial ischemia, rheumatism, and dysmenorrhea with different types of inflammation. However, due to different mechanism of pain and inflammation, the anti-inflammatory property of CR has not been fully revealed. Here, the major chromatographic peaks of CR extracts in different extracting solvents were identified, and the anti-inflammatory activities of CR extracts and its major alkaloids were evaluated in LPS-treated macrophages by determining expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, IκBα and NF-κB. The most abundant alkaloid in CR extract was dehydrocorydaline, having >50% of total alkaloids. Besides, the anti-inflammatory activities of dehydrocorydaline and its related analogues were demonstrated. The anti-inflammatory roles were revealed in LPS-treated cultured macrophages, including (i) inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines release, for example, TNF-α, IL-6; (ii) suppressing mRNA expressions of proinflammatory cytokines; (iii) promoting IκBα expression and suppressing activation of NF-κB transcriptional element; and (iv) reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The results supported that dehydrocorydaline was the major alkaloid in CR extract, which, together with its analogous, accounted the anti-inflammatory property of CR.

scholarly journals Constitutive pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine and growth factor response to exercise in leukocytes

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 1124-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Zaldivar ◽  
Jessica Wang-Rodriguez ◽  
Dan Nemet ◽  
Christina Schwindt ◽  
Pietro Galassetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Fluorescence Intensity ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Intracellular Cytokines ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Leukocytosis following exercise is a well-described phenomenon of stress/inflammatory activation in healthy humans. We hypothesized that, despite this increase in circulating inflammatory cells, exercise would paradoxically induce expression of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors within these cells. To test this hypothesis, 11 healthy adult men, 18–30 yr old, performed a 30-min bout of heavy cycling exercise; blood sampling was at baseline, end-exercise, and 60 min into recovery. The percentage of leukocytes positive for intracellular cytokines and growth factors and mean fluorescence intensity was obtained by flow cytometry. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α), a pleiotropic cytokine (IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors [IL-4, IL-10, growth hormone (GH), and IGF-I] were examined. Median fluorescence intensity was not affected by exercise; however, we found a number of significant changes ( P < 0.05 by mixed linear model and modified t-test) in the numbers of circulating cells positive for particular mediators. The pattern of expression reflected both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. In T-helper lymphocytes, TNF-α, but also IL-6, and IL-4 were significantly increased. In monocytes, both IFN-γ and IL-4 increased. B-lymphocytes positive for GH and IGF-I increased significantly. GH-positive granulocytes also significantly increased. Collectively, these observations indicate that exercise primes an array of pro- and anti-inflammatory and growth factor expression within circulating leukocytes, perhaps preparing the organism to effectively respond to a variety of stressors imposed by exercise.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document