scholarly journals The role of cytokines in the processes of adaptive integration of immune and neuroendocrine reactions of the human body

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
E. A. Troshina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Adaptive Integration ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Brain

The immune, endocrine and nervous systems are integrated due to the existence of reciprocal pathways for transmitting information about changes in their actual functional state. The main task of the brain is to receive, integrate and store information, and there is strong evidence that this also applies to information obtained through the body’s immune responses. It has been proven that the production of cytokines in the brain can be caused not only by peripheral immune stimulation, but also by the nerve cells themselves, stimulated by certain neurosensory signals. Evolutionarily preserved antihomeostatic mechanisms characteristic of specific diseases are the subject of further research, the results of which may be very important for the development of therapeutic strategies that would prevent the undesirable combined effects of immune and neuroendocrine mediators.

scholarly journals Peptides Derived from Growth Factors to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 6071
Author(s):  
Suzanne Gascon ◽  
Jessica Jann ◽  
Chloé Langlois-Blais ◽  
Mélanie Plourde ◽  
Christine Lavoie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Native Proteins ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive neuron losses in memory-related brain structures. The classical features of AD are a dysregulation of the cholinergic system, the accumulation of amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. Unfortunately, current treatments are unable to cure or even delay the progression of the disease. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies have emerged, such as the exogenous administration of neurotrophic factors (e.g., NGF and BDNF) that are deficient or dysregulated in AD. However, their low capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier and their exorbitant cost currently limit their use. To overcome these limitations, short peptides mimicking the binding receptor sites of these growth factors have been developed. Such peptides can target selective signaling pathways involved in neuron survival, differentiation, and/or maintenance. This review focuses on growth factors and their derived peptides as potential treatment for AD. It describes (1) the physiological functions of growth factors in the brain, their neuronal signaling pathways, and alteration in AD; (2) the strategies to develop peptides derived from growth factor and their capacity to mimic the role of native proteins; and (3) new advancements and potential in using these molecules as therapeutic treatments for AD, as well as their limitations.

scholarly journals Is There a Link between Oropharyngeal Microbiome and Schizophrenia? A Narrative Review

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 846
Author(s):  
Stanislas Martin ◽  
Audrey Foulon ◽  
Wissam El Hage ◽  
Diane Dufour-Rainfray ◽  
Frédéric Denis
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The study aimed to examine the impact of the oropharyngeal microbiome in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and to clarify whether there might be a bidirectional link between the oral microbiota and the brain in a context of dysbiosis-related neuroinflammation. We selected nine articles including three systemic reviews with several articles from the same research team. Different themes emerged, which we grouped into 5 distinct parts concerning the oropharyngeal phageome, the oropharyngeal microbiome, the salivary microbiome and periodontal disease potentially associated with schizophrenia, and the impact of drugs on the microbiome and schizophrenia. We pointed out the presence of phageoma in patients suffering from schizophrenia and that periodontal disease reinforces the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Moreover, saliva could be an interesting substrate to characterize the different stages of schizophrenia. However, the few studies we have on the subject are limited in scope, and some of them are the work of a single team. At this stage of knowledge, it is difficult to conclude on the existence of a bidirectional link between the brain and the oral microbiome. Future studies on the subject will clarify these questions that for the moment remain unresolved.

scholarly journals Implementasi Nilai-Nilai Dakwah Ekologis dalam Program Pengembangan Kampung Wisata Matras Kelurahan Sinar Baru Kabupaten Bangka

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Ichsan Habibi
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Sociocultural Characteristics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Receive

Positive contributions and trends in the tourism sector on Bangka Island, especially in the Matras Tourism Village, need to receive appreciation and support from all stakeholders through the management of environmentally friendly and sustainable tourist objects / attractions. To realize this mission, it is necessary to do ecological propaganda (religious values ​​originating from the Qur'an and Hadith) that are in accordance with the sociocultural characteristics of society. This issue is the subject of discussion in this study, especially regarding the values ​​of ecological preaching implemented in the development program of the Mattress Tourism Village. For this reason, a descriptive-qualitative study was conducted by collecting purposive-snowball data from the sample. Furthermore, the collected data was analyzed descriptively-qualitatively so that the values ​​of ecological preaching that had been implemented were identified and the form and process of implementation by the Matras Tourism Village community. The findings show that there are five types of ecological preaching values ​​that have been implemented, namely al-Is (justice), al-Tawazun (balance), al-Intifa 'wa laa al-Fasad (taking benefits without damage), ar-Riayah wa laa al -Israf (nurturing without exaggeration), and al-Tahdits wa al-Istikhlaf (renewal). Unfortunately, the value of al-Tahdits wa al-Istikhlaf is still not optimal due to the quality of science and technology. However, the local community has become more aware and intelligent about the importance of ecological preaching values ​​in the development of Mattress Tourism Village. In the future, besides needing to intensify and harmonize the role of ulama and Umara, it must also be carried out to increase the capacity of religious institutions, knowledge and appropriate technology for program implementers, and to involve community participation in planning, implementing and evaluating the Matras Tourism Village development program.

scholarly journals Syk and Hrs Regulate TLR3-Mediated Antiviral Response in Murine Astrocytes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matylda B. Mielcarska ◽  
Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka ◽  
Karolina P. Gregorczyk-Zboroch ◽  
Zbigniew Wyżewski ◽  
Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Antiviral Response ◽  
Proteolytic Processing ◽  
Viral Dsrna ◽  
Kinase Substrate ◽  
Tlr3 Signaling ◽  
The Brain

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Nevertheless, the mechanisms modulating TLR-triggered innate immune responses are not yet fully understood. Complex regulatory systems exist to appropriately direct immune responses against foreign or self-nucleic acids, and a critical role of hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (HRS), endosomal sorting complex required for transportation-0 (ESCRT-0) subunit, has recently been implicated in the endolysosomal transportation of TLR7 and TLR9. We investigated the involvement of Syk, Hrs, and STAM in the regulation of the TLR3 signaling pathway in a murine astrocyte cell line C8-D1A following cell stimulation with a viral dsRNA mimetic. Our data uncover a relationship between TLR3 and ESCRT-0, point out Syk as dsRNA-activated kinase, and suggest the role for Syk in mediating TLR3 signaling in murine astrocytes. We show molecular events that occur shortly after dsRNA stimulation of astrocytes and result in Syk Tyr-342 phosphorylation. Further, TLR3 undergoes proteolytic processing; the resulting TLR3 N-terminal form interacts with Hrs. The knockdown of Syk and Hrs enhances TLR3-mediated antiviral response in the form of IFN-β, IL-6, and CXCL8 secretion. Understanding the role of Syk and Hrs in TLR3 immune responses is of high importance since activation and precise execution of the TLR3 signaling pathway in the brain seem to be particularly significant in mounting an effective antiviral defense. Infection of the brain with herpes simplex type 1 virus may increase the secretion of amyloid-β by neurons and astrocytes and be a causal factor in degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Errors in TLR3 signaling, especially related to the precise regulation of the receptor transportation and degradation, need careful observation as they may disclose foundations to identify novel or sustain known therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODELS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S835-S835
Author(s):  
Charnae A Henry-Smith ◽  
Xianlin Han
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Myelin Sheath ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Drug Dosage ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills. Alzheimer’s is characterized by an increase in Aβ plaques , and tau tangles. Neurons in the brain have axons covered in myelin sheath that connect microglia and astrocytes. The myelin sheath is composed of about 70% lipid composition; Sulfatide contributing to 30% overall. Sulfatide changes the morphology of primary microglia to their activated form. To study the role of microglia activation and sulfatide levels, three different mouse models were created: APP KI mice, CST Whole Body Ko mice, and cCST (conditional) KO. In order to create the genotype of the APP KI mice, a breeding mouse line was created. The APP KI gene had to be introduced in Plp1-Cre and cCST KO crossed mice to receive a working mouse model. During the duration of breeding for the APP KI mice, a preliminary experiment was performed on the CST KO mice. These mice were given the PLX3397 diet with the aim to remove the microglia and to see the effect of Aβ plaques. The PLX3397 will reduce the microglia targeting the CSF1R. After consuming the diet, the mice were harvested to collect tissues from the brain and spinal cord. Lipidomics and immunohistology were performed. In conclusion, we will continue the breeding of the CST flox/flox / Plp1-Cre / APP KI mice, and the drug dosage and treatment to be used in our APP KI mice will be based on preliminary data from our CST mice.

Drugs and Drug Policy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A.R. Kleiman ◽  
Jonathan P. Caulkins ◽  
Angela Hawken
Keyword(s):  
Drug Policy ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Control Drug ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Drugs And Crime ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Drug Free ◽  
The Brain

While there have always been norms and customs around the use of drugs, explicit public policies--regulations, taxes, and prohibitions--designed to control drug abuse are a more recent phenomenon. Those policies sometimes have terrible side-effects: most prominently the development of criminal enterprises dealing in forbidden (or untaxed) drugs and the use of the profits of drug-dealing to finance insurgency and terrorism. Neither a drug-free world nor a world of free drugs seems to be on offer, leaving citizens and officials to face the age-old problem: What are we going to do about drugs? In Drugs and Drug Policy, three noted authorities survey the subject with exceptional clarity, in this addition to the acclaimed series, What Everyone Needs to Know. They begin by, defining "drugs, " examining how they work in the brain, discussing the nature of addiction, and exploring the damage they do to users. The book moves on to policy, answering questions about legalization, the role of criminal prohibitions, and the relative legal tolerance for alcohol and tobacco. The authors then dissect the illicit trade, from street dealers to the flow of money to the effect of catching kingpins, and show the precise nature of the relationship between drugs and crime. They examine treatment, both its effectiveness and the role of public policy, and discuss the beneficial effects of some abusable substances. Finally they move outward to look at the role of drugs in our foreign policy, their relationship to terrorism, and the ugly politics that surround the issue. Crisp, clear, and comprehensive, this is a handy and up-to-date overview of one of the most pressing topics in today's world.

LA RELATION CHEZ AVICENNE

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
HATEM ZGHAL
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Determining Factor

This study consists in a commentary on some passages from Avicenna, which deal with the category of the relative. The commentary points out the promotion of the relative to the role of an exclusive determining factor. An attempt is made here to show how Avicenna tries to detach the relative accident from its subject, in order to transform it into the exclusive determining factor of a pure thingness. The relative determination of this thingness must be able to receive specifications, which may extend as far as the infimae species. These specifications are obtained by the consideration of the other attributes of the subject of the relative attribution, which are henceforth no more than the “modes of advent” of the relation.

scholarly journals Value Representations in the Rodent Orbitofrontal Cortex Drive Learning, not Choice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Miller ◽  
Matthew M. Botvinick ◽  
Carlos D. Brody
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Reward Information ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Brain

AbstractHumans and animals make predictions about the rewards they expect to receive in different situations. In formal models of behavior, these predictions are known as value representations, and they play two very different roles. Firstly, they drive choice: the expected values of available options are compared to one another, and the best option is selected. Secondly, they support learning: expected values are compared to rewards actually received, and future expectations are updated accordingly. Whether these different functions are mediated by different neural representations remains an open question. Here we employ a recently-developed multi-step task for rats that computationally separates learning from choosing. We investigate the role of value representations in the rodent orbitofrontal cortex, a key structure for value-based cognition. Electrophysiological recordings and optogenetic perturbations indicate that these representations do not directly drive choice. Instead, they signal expected reward information to a learning process elsewhere in the brain that updates choice mechanisms.

Immune and Inflammatory Responses to Stroke: Good Or Bad?

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. McCombe ◽  
S. J. Read
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Regulatory Lymphocytes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Inflammatory and immune responses play important roles following ischaemic stroke. Inflammatory responses contribute to damage and also contribute to repair. Injury to tissue triggers an immune response. This is initiated through activation of the innate immune system. In stroke there is microglial activation. This is followed by an influx of lymphocytes and macrophages into the brain, triggered by production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This inflammatory response contributes to further tissue injury. There is also a systemic immune response to stroke, and there is a degree of immunosuppression that may contribute to the stroke patient's risk of infection. This immunosuppressive response may also be protective, with regulatory lymphocytes producing cytokines and growth factors that are neuroprotective. The specific targets of the immune response after stroke are not known, and the details of the immune and inflammatory responses are only partly understood. The role of inflammation and immune responses after stroke is twofold. The immune system may contribute to damage after stroke, but may also contribute to repair processes. The possibility that some of the immune response after stroke may be neuroprotective is exciting and suggests that deliberate enhancement of these responses may be a therapeutic option.

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