Calorific Value Characteristics of Short Rotation Coppies Trees for Biomass Resourcification
- Based on Salix gracilistyla -

HighlightsArundo donax, Pennisetum purpureum, and P. purpureum × P. glaucum planted at 103 plants ha-1 were studied.Biomass production and energy characteristics were evaluated at 12, 18, 24, and 30 months.The production of dry biomass varied between 2.52 and 39.25 Mg ha-1.The biomass quality and production of Arundo donax were different from those of Pennisetum ssp.Abstract.The high global demand for fossil fuels has led to the search for alternative sources of renewable energy, such as the production of biomass from short-rotation crops (SRC). This study evaluated three grass species (, , and × ) in SRC systems planted at 103 plants ha-1 in humid tropical conditions in Costa Rica, considering biomass production, moisture content, and energy and chemical properties at four harvest ages (12, 18, 24, and 30 months). The results showed that the height of all species varied between 0.9 and 3.5 m at the different harvests, while the production of dry biomass varied between 2.52 and 39.25 Mg ha-1. As for their chemical properties, the ash content varied between 5.9% and 10.2%, volatile matter varied between 73.3% and 81.9%, and net calorific value varied between 15.86 and 18.94 MJ kg-1. In the three species, the production of biomass was greater at the 12-month and 18-month harvests; at later harvests, biomass production began to decrease, leading to increased moisture and ash contents, lower volatile matter, and lower calorific value. The biomass quality and production of were different from those of . Keywords: Bioenergy, Energetic potential, Forage, Pastures, Short-rotation plantations, Tropical species.

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BIOMASS AND ENERGY YIELD OF LEGUMINOUS TREES CULTIVATED IN AMAZONAS

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v45i4.36749 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 705 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Karen Cristina Pires da Costa ◽

Roberval Monteiro Bezerra de Lima ◽

Marciel José Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Basic Density ◽

Acacia Mangium ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Biomass Productivity ◽

Energy Performance ◽

Acacia Auriculiformis ◽

Energy Yield ◽

Short Rotation ◽

Em 12

AbstractEnergy forests emerge as an alternative to fossil fuels for energy production. The good performance of these forests should consider the selection of fast-growing species, high biomass productivity and energy yield. The aim was to investigate growth and energy yield of Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia mangium in a short-rotation plantation in the Amazonas. The energy yield was determined on 12 trees per species, from the results of biomass, calorific value and basic density. When 9 years-old, A. mangium had the highest growth rates in height (1.9 m yr-1) and DBH (2.5 cm yr-1). The greatest biomass productivity was observed in A. mangium (33.4 Mg ha-1 yr-1), which was 84% higher than A. auriculiformis (18.1 Mg ha-1 yr-1). Basic density (0.54 g cm-3) and calorific value (4,400 kcal kg-1) showed no significant differences between species. The energy yield of A. mangium (1,317 Gcal ha-1) was twice as of A. auriculiformis (684 Gcal ha-1). A. mangium has better energy performance, compared to the A. auriculiformis, and therefore could the most recommended for the formation of energy forests in disturbed areas in the state of Amazonas. ResumoBiomassa e produtividade energética de leguminosas arbóreas cultivadas no Amazonas. As florestas energéticas representam alternativa à dependência do uso de combustíveis fósseis para a produção de energia. O bom desempenho dessas florestas deve considerar a seleção de espécies de rápido crescimento, alta produtividade em biomassa e rendimento energético. O objetivo foi investigar o crescimento e a produtividade energética de Acacia auriculiformis e Acacia mangium em plantios florestais de curta rotação no Amazonas. A produtividade energética foi determinada em 12 árvores de cada espécie, a partir dos resultados de biomassa, poder calorífico e densidade básica. Aos 9 anos, A. mangium teve as maiores taxas de crescimento em altura (1,9 m ano-1) e DAP (2,5 cm ano-1). A maior produtividade de biomassa foi observada em A. mangium (33,4 Mg ha-1 ano-1), que foi 84% superior a de A. auriculiformis (18,1 Mg ha-1 ano-1). A densidade básica (0,54 g cm-3) e o poder calorífico (4.400 kcal kg-1) não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as espécies. A produtividade energética de A. mangium (1.317 Gcal ha-1) foi duas vezes maior que a de A. auriculiformis (684 Gcal ha-1). Acacia mangium tem melhor desempenho energético quando comparada à A. auriculiformis, sendo portanto mais recomendada para a formação de florestas energéticas em áreas alteradas no estado do Amazonas.Palavras-chave: Acacia mangium; Acacia auriculiformis; plantios de curta rotação.

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Effects of Shoot Size and Genotype on Energy Properties of Poplar Biomass in Short Rotation Crops

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12112051 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 2051 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cristina Eimil-Fraga ◽

Xurxo Proupín-Castiñeiras ◽

Jose Antonio Rodríguez-Añón ◽

Roque Rodríguez-Soalleiro

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Basic Density ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Basal Diameter ◽

Short Rotation ◽

Shoot Size ◽

Rotation Crops

Eight poplar genotypes grown in a short rotation forest plantation established in an acid soil in South Europe were sampled at the age of 7 years to determine the energy properties regarding thermochemical conversion. The goal was to address the effect of selection of genotypes or shoot size at harvest on the energy quality of biomass. Between 34 and 50 biomass samples were obtained for each genotype: three disks were systematically sampled along the stem and were pooled together with a subsample of leafless branches representative of the biomass share of this component. Several energy properties were determined: higher calorific value, net calorific value, fresh moisture content, basic density, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon content and elemental composition. Genotype had a significant effect on most of these properties, and the balsam genotypes displayed superior quality parameters and also higher biomass yield than the Euramerican genotypes. As a covariate, shoot basal diameter had a significant effect on the moisture content, basic density, ash content and on the concentrations of the elements N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na and C. It was concluded that genotypes with low nutrient requirements planted at low density (<8000 cuttings ha−1) and harvested at a long enough rotation (7 years) produce good yields and high chip quality. Poplar short rotation crops can be grown to produce chips of A2 quality for non-industrial heating use (according to UNE-EN ISO 17225-4), able to be combusted in domestic thermal facilities of <1 MWth power.

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EFFECT OF STOCKING DENSITY ON ENERGETIC PRODUCTIVITY OF AN EUCALYPTUS STANDS MANAGED UNDER A SHORT ROTATION SYSTEM

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v6i2.4767 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

Thelma Shirlen Soares ◽

Weder Vicente Gouveia Junior ◽

Renan Augusto Miranda Matias ◽

Edmilson Santos Cruz

Keyword(s):

Energy Density ◽

Stocking Density ◽

Basal Area ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Stand Density ◽

Wood Biomass ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Rotation System ◽

Short Rotation ◽

Significant Difference

EFEITO DO ESPAÇAMENTO NA PRODUTIVIDADE ENERGÉTICA DE UM POVOAMENTO DE EUCALIPTO MANEJADO EM REGIME DE CURTA ROTAÇÃO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de seis densidades de plantio no crescimento, produção e potencial energético de um povoamento clonal de eucalipto implantado em Jataí-GO em regime de curta rotação. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis densidades de plantio (3.0 m x 0.5 m, 3.0 m x 1.0 m; 3.0 m x 1.5 m; 3.0 m x 2.0 m; 3.0 m x 2.5 m and 3.0 m x 3.0 m) distribuídos em parcelas de área variável (15 m², 30 m², 45 m², 60 m², 75 m² e 90 m², respectivamente) e três repetições. A produção e o potencial energético do povoamento foram avaliadas pela área basal, volume, biomassa de madeira, carbono fixado, poder calorífico superior e densidade energética da madeira. A partir dos dados de produção em biomassa por hectare foi estimada a área necessária para atender uma termelétrica com capacidade instalada de 1 MW. Para os valores de área basal, volume, biomassa de madeira e carbono fixo houve diferença significativa (p <0,05), sendo os maiores valores obtidos no espaçamento mais adensado. O poder calorífico superior e a densidade energética da madeira não foram afetados pelos espaçamentos estudados. Verificou-se que a área necessária para atender à demanda de uma unidade de geração energética apresenta relação direta com o aumento do espaçamento. Para as características edafoclimáticas de Jataí-GO, recomenda-se a utilização do espaçamento 3,0 x 0,5 m em curta rotação visando a produção de energia.Keywords: densidades de plantio, bioenergia, floresta energética. ABSTRACT:This study aimed to evaluate the effect of six stocking densities on growth, yield and energetic potential of an eucalyptus clonal stand established under a short rotation system in Jataí, Goiás State, Brazil. A randomized block design was used with six stocking densities (3 x 0.5 m, 3 x 1 m; 3 x 1.5 m; 3 x 2 m; 3 x 2.5 m and 3 x 3 m), distributed in a various size of plots (15 m², 30 m², 45 m², 60 m², 75 m² and 90 m², respectively) using three replications each. The yield and energetic potential of the stand were evaluated by basal area, volume, wood biomass, fixed carbon, higher calorific value and energy density of wood. From the yield biomass data per hectare it was estimated the area required to meet the demand of a thermal power plant with an installed capacity of 1 MW. For the values of basal area, volume, wood biomass and fixed carbon there was significant difference (p < 0.05), with the highest values obtained in the most dense stands. Higher calorific value and energy density of wood has no significant effect by the stand density. The area required to meet the demand of an energy generation unit is directly related with stand density. For the environmental conditions of Jataí, Goiás, Brazil, it is recommended to use the stocking density of 3.0 m x 0.5 m in short rotation, aimed at energy production.Palavra-chave: Planting densities, bioenergy, energy forest. DOI:

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CHANGES IN YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THREE-YEAR-OLD SHORT-ROTATION PLANTATIONS OF Dipteryx panamensis IN COSTA RICA

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/1806-908820200000014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

Author(s):

Johana Gaitán-Alvarez ◽

Lidier Tencio ◽

Roger Moya ◽

Dagoberto Arias-Aguilar

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Woody Species ◽

Tropical Species ◽

Short Rotation ◽

Dipteryx Panamensis ◽

Production And Distribution ◽

Annual Biomass ◽

Main Factors ◽

Total Tree

ABSTRACT Research and implementation of energy crops using short-rotation woody species (SRWC) are increasing in Latin America, especially for biomass production and use in bioenergy. For this purpose, one of the main factors to consider is species assessment. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the growth characteristics, the production and distribution of biomass, and the chemical, physical, and energetic properties of the biomass of three-year-old Dipteryx panamensis plantations in SRWC in three different spacings (1.0x2.0 m, 1.0x0.5 m and 1.0x1.0 m) and establish the best spacing condition for this tropical species. The results showed that the production of biomass varies between 1.1 and 42.36 t.ha-1, and that 33-44% of the production are concentrated in the leaves. At three years, the SRWC presented 50% mortality, with a diameter of 4.8 cm at 30 cm-height from the ground, with total tree heights ranging from 5.17 to 6.98 meters. The evaluation of the biomass showed a calorific value between 18.9 and 19.4 MJ/kg, less than 1.81% of ash content and 86% of volatile content. As for the effect of the spacing, the green density of the wood and the moisture content increased with increasing spacing, while spacings of 1.0x1.0 m and 1.0x0.5 m showed the best behaviour regarding annual biomass production.

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SEM Study of Tension Wood Fiber Morphology and its Effect on Paper Properties

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100079061 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 308-309

Author(s):

K. W. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Tension Wood ◽

Wood Fiber ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Fiber Morphology ◽

Paper Properties ◽

Pure Cellulose ◽

Short Rotation ◽

Hardwood Trees ◽

Sem Study

Tension wood (TW) is an abnormal tissue of hardwood trees; although it has been isolated from most parts of the tree, it is frequently found on the upper side of branches and leaning stems. TW has been classically associated with geotropic alignment, but more recently it has been associated with fast growth. Paper made from TW is generally lower in strength properties. Consequently, the paper industries' growing dependence on fast growing, short- rotation trees will result in higher amounts of TW in the final product and a corresponding reduction in strength.Relatively few studies have dealt with the role of TW in the structure of paper. It was suggested that the lower strength properties of TW were due to a combination of factors, namely, its unique morphology, compression failures in the cell wall, and lower hemicellulose content. Central to the unique morphology of the TW fiber is the thick gelatinous layer (G-layer) composed almost entirely of pure cellulose.

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Changing the face of short fiber –a review of the eucalyptus revolution

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj14.6.353 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 353-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

PETER W. HART ◽

RICARDO B. SANTOS

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Short Fiber ◽

Fiber Volume ◽

Private Industry ◽

High Productivity ◽

Paper Manufacturing ◽

Short Rotation ◽

Eucalypt Plantations ◽

Eucalyptus Plantations

Eucalyptus plantations have been used as a source of short fiber for papermaking for more than 40 years. The development in genetic improvement and clonal programs has produced improved density plantations that have resulted in fast growing, increased fiber volume eucalypts becoming the most widely used source of short fibers in the world. High productivity and short rotation times, along with the uniformity and improved wood quality of clonal plantations have attracted private industry investment in eucalypt plantations. Currently, only a handful of species or hybrids are used in plantation efforts. Many more species are being evaluated to either enhance fiber properties or expand the range of eucalypt plantations. Eucalyptus plantations are frequently planted on nonforested land and may be used, in part, as a means of conserving native forests while allowing the production of high quality fiber for economic uses. Finally, eucalypt plantations can provide significant carbon sinks, which may be used to help offset the carbon released from burning fossil fuels. The development and expansion of eucalypt plantations represents a substantial revolution in pulp and paper manufacturing.

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Study of the Kinetics of Thermal Destruction of Crossed Polyethylene

Bulletin of Science and Practice ◽

10.33619/2414-2948/49/04 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

pp. 37-46

Author(s):

K. Chalov ◽

Yu. Lugovoy ◽

Yu. Kosivtsov ◽

E. Sulman

Keyword(s):

Total Yield ◽

Calorific Value ◽

High Heat ◽

Process Temperature ◽

Optimum Process ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Gaseous Products ◽

Liquid Products ◽

Kinetics Of

This paper presents a study of the process of thermal degradation of crosslinked polyethylene. The kinetics of polymer decomposition was studied by thermogravimetry. Crosslinked polyethylene showed high heat resistance to temperatures of 400 °C. The temperature range of 430–500 °C was determined for the loss of the bulk of the sample. According to thermogravimetric data, the decomposition process proceeds in a single stage and includes a large number of fracture, cyclization, dehydrogenation, and other reactions. The process of pyrolysis of a crosslinked polymer in a stationary-bed metal reactor was investigated. The influence of the process temperature on the yield of solid, liquid, and gaseous pyrolysis products was investigated. The optimum process temperature was 500 °C. At this temperature, the yield of liquid and gaseous products was 85.0 and 12.5% (mass.), Respectively. Samples of crosslinked polyester decomposed almost completely. The amount of carbon–containing residue was 3.5% by weight of the feedstock. With increasing temperature, the yield of liquid products decreased slightly and the yield of gaseous products increased, but their total yield did not increase. For gaseous products, a qualitative and quantitative composition was determined. The main components of the pyrolysis gas were hydrocarbons C1–C4. The calorific value of pyrolysis gas obtained at a temperature of 500 °C was 17 MJ/m3. Thus, the pyrolysis process can be used to process crosslinked polyethylene wastes to produce liquid hydrocarbons and combustible gases.

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PROSPECTS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE FUEL FROM VARIOUS BIOMASS AND WASTE SPECIES IN AZERBAIJAN

Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE) ◽

10.15518/isjaee.2019.01-03.025-041 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 25-41

Author(s):

O. M. Salamov ◽

F. F. Aliyev

Keyword(s):

Power Plants ◽

Energy Intensity ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Calorific Value ◽

High Energy ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Gaseous Fuels

The paper discusses the possibility of obtaining liquid and gaseous fuels from different types of biomass (BM) and combustible solid waste (CSW) of various origins. The available world reserves of traditional types of fuel are analyzed and a number of environmental shortcomings that created during their use are indicated. The tables present the data on the conditional calorific value (CCV) of the main traditional and alternative types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels which compared with CCV of various types of BM and CSW. Possible methods for utilization of BM and CSW are analyzed, as well as the methods for converting them into alternative types of fuel, especially into combustible gases.Reliable information is given on the available oil and gas reserves in Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the currently available oil reserves of Azerbaijan can completely dry out after 33.5 years, and gas reserves–after 117 years, without taking into account the growth rates of the exported part of these fuels to European countries. In order to fix this situation, first of all it is necessary to use as much as possible alternative and renewable energy sources, especially wind power plants (WPP) and solar photovoltaic energy sources (SFES) in the energy sector of the republic. Azerbaijan has large reserves of solar and wind energy. In addition, all regions of the country have large reserves of BM, and in the big cities, especially in industrial ones, there are CSW from which through pyrolysis and gasification is possible to obtain a high-quality combustible gas mixture, comprising: H2 + CO + CH4, with the least amount of harmful waste. The remains of the reaction of thermochemical decomposition of BM and CSW to combustible gases can also be used as mineral fertilizers in agriculture. The available and projected resources of Azerbaijan for the BM and the CSW are given, as well as their assumed energy intensity in the energy sector of the republic.Given the high energy intensity of the pyrolysis and gasification of the BM and CSW, at the present time for carrying out these reactions, the high-temperature solar installations with limited power are used as energy sources, and further preference is given to the use of WPP and SFES on industrial scale.

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Energetic properties of peat saturated with petroleum products

Safety and Reliability of Power Industry ◽

10.24223/1999-5555-2020-13-2-105-109 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 105-109

Author(s):

E. S. Dremicheva

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Energy Use ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Petroleum Products ◽

Ash Content ◽

Motor Oil ◽

Initial Sample

This paper presents a method of sorption using peat for elimination of emergency spills of crude oil and petroleum products and the possibility of energy use of oil-saturated peat. The results of assessment of the sorbent capacity of peat are presented, with waste motor oil and diesel fuel chosen as petroleum products. Natural peat has been found to possess sorption properties in relation to petroleum products. The sorbent capacity of peat can be observed from the first minutes of contact with motor oil and diesel fuel, and significantly depends on their viscosity. For the evaluation of thermal properties of peat saturated with petroleum products, experimental studies have been conducted on determination of moisture and ash content of as-fired fuel. It is shown that adsorbed oil increases the moisture and ash content of peat in comparison with the initial sample. Therefore, when intended for energy use, peat saturated with petroleum products is to be subjected to additional drying. Simulation of net calorific value has been performed based on the calorific values of peat and petroleum products with different ratios of petroleum product content in peat and for a saturated peat sample. The obtained results are compared with those of experiments conducted in a calorimetric bomb and recalculated for net calorific value. A satisfactory discrepancy is obtained, which amounts to about 12%. Options have been considered providing for combustion of saturated peat as fuel (burnt per se and combined with a solid fuel) and processing it to produce liquid, gaseous and solid fuels. Peat can be used to solve environmental problems of elimination of emergency spills of crude oil and petroleum products and as an additional resource in solving the problem of finding affordable energy.

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