Histopathological effects of the nematode Amidostomum acutum on the small intestines of two aquatic birds: Fulica atra and Gallinula chloropus

The small intestine of two rallid aquatic birds (Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 and Gallinula chloropus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Bahr Al-Najaf depression, southwest of Al-Najaf city, mid-Iraq), were infected with the nematode Amidostomum acutum Seurat, 1918 with a prevalence of 25% and 50%, respectively, and a mean intensity of 24.5 and 30, respectively. The infected birds showed several gross pathological and microscopic lesions in their small intestine due to the infection with this nematode. The gross lesions included hypertrophy in the anterior part of the duodenum and small rough nodules on the small intestine wall. Microscopic lesions included necrosis and shortening of villi with their fullness with inflammatory cells, degeneration of villi, and an increased number of acini at the base of the intestinal villi.

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The First Record of Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) Tapeworms in Grey Wolf (Canis lupus)

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10070853 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 853

Author(s):

Jacek Karamon ◽

Małgorzata Samorek-Pieróg ◽

Jacek Sroka ◽

Ewa Bilska-Zając ◽

Joanna Dąbrowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Molecular Identification ◽

Canis Lupus ◽

Sequence Comparison ◽

First Record ◽

Grey Wolf ◽

South Eastern ◽

Counting Technique ◽

Small Intestines ◽

First Time

The aim of this study is to confirm the presence and molecular identification of Echinococcus tapeworms in wolves from south-eastern Poland. An investigation was carried out on the intestines of 13 wolves from south-eastern Poland. The small intestines were divided into three equal segments. Each segment was separately examined using the sedimentation and counting technique (SCT). The detected Echinococcus tapeworms were isolated and identified by PCRs and sequencing (nad1 and cox1 genes). Additionally, DNA isolated from the feces of wolves positive for Echinococcus tapeworms was examined with two diagnostic PCRs. The intestines of one wolf were positive for E. granulosus s.l. when assessed by SCT; the intestine was from a six-year-old male wolf killed in a communication accident. We detected 61 adult tapeworms: 42 in the anterior, 14 in the middle, and 5 in the posterior parts of the small intestine. The PCRs conducted for cox1 and nad1 produced specific products. A sequence comparison with the GenBank database showed similarity to the deposited E. ortleppi (G5) sequences. An analysis of the available phylogenetic sequences showed very little variation within the species of E. ortleppi (G5), and identity ranged from 99.10% to 100.00% in the case of cox1 and from 99.04 to 100.00% in the case of nad1. One of the two diagnostic PCRs used and performed on the feces of Echinococcus-positive animals showed product specific for E. granulosus. This study showed the presence of adult E. ortleppi tapeworms in wolves for the first time.

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THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIRCULATORY SHOCK ELICITED BY THE REPERFUSION INJURY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE.

Shock ◽

10.1097/00024382-199409001-00054 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 2 (Supplement) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

J. Hamar ◽

G. Illyés ◽

G. Gösi ◽

L. Vimláti ◽

I. B. Rácz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Reperfusion Injury ◽

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Circulatory Shock

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Comparison of the Small Intestine of 0-day-old Neonatal Piglets vs. 21-day-old Weaned Piglets

10.21203/rs.3.rs-26152/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chen Yuan ◽

Yuxin Jin ◽

Abid Ullah Shah ◽

En Zhang ◽

penghao Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Secretory Iga ◽

Secretory Cells ◽

Weaned Piglets ◽

Neonatal Piglets ◽

Weaned Piglet ◽

Small Intestines ◽

Mechanistic Basis

Abstract Background: Neonatal piglets are susceptible to intestinal infections . Gut is the body’s major immune structure and the intestinal mucosa, which is composed of intestinal epithelial cells (IELs) and subepithelial natural immune cells, is considered as the primary site for eliciting local immune responses to foreign antigens. This study compared the intestinal immune cells of neonatal and weaned piglets to provide a theoretical and mechanistic basis for preventing intestinal infectious diseases. Results: Histological analyses of weaned piglet intestines showed increased crypt depth, high IEL count, and increased areas of ileal Peyer’s patches. Additionally, the duodenal and ileal villi of weaned piglets were longer than those of neonatal piglets. Expression of claudin-3 protein in weaned piglets was remarkably high as compared with neonatal piglets. The number of CD3 + T cells, goblet cells, and secretory cells was high in the small intestines of weaned piglets in vivo. Contrarily, secretory IgA-positive cell numbers in the jejunum remained unchanged between neonatal and weaned piglets. Gene expression of 12 pattern recognition receptor (PRR) (TLR1–10, MDA5, and RIG-I) was examined in neonatal and weaned piglet small intestine (duodenum, jejunum , and ileum). The pattern of mRNA expression level of most PRR genes in the duodenum and jejunum was inverse of that in the ileum. Compared with weaned piglets, there were significantly fewer intestinal lymphocytes at birth in neonatal pigs. Conclusions: The physical, biochemical, and immune-related components of neonatal and weaned piglet small intestines were investigated to provide preliminary data on the pathogenetic mechanism for future studies.

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Ultrastructural Changes in the Small Intestine of Neonatal Calves with Enteric Colibacillosis

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/030098588201900210 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 190-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. R. Pearson ◽

E. F. Logan

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Small Groups ◽

Ultrastructural Changes ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽

Distal Small Intestine ◽

Enteropathogenic Strain ◽

Neonatal Calves ◽

Small Intestines

The small intestines of calves inoculated orally with the enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli 0101:K'B41′, K99 were examined by electron microscopy at 3, 6, 12, 16, 21, 36, 69, 70 and 72 hours after inoculation. The challenge organism adhered to the mucosa of the distal small intestine from six hours post-inoculation. Bacteria were separated from the microvillous brush border by a gap of 200 to 300 nm in which bacterial fimbriae and the microvillous glycocalyx were seen. Bacteria never were found in epithelial cells but were present in macrophages in the lamina propria from 12 hours. At three and six hours, cytopathic changes were not seen in the small intestine, but from 12 hours epithelial cells on affected villi had blunt and thick microvilli and contained cytoplasmic inclusions. Epithelial cells were seen frequently in the process of extrusion from the villi, either singly, in small groups, or as ribbons of cells. Intervillous bridges, characteristic of villous fusion, were seen frequently from 69 hours.

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On the life cycle of Hymenolepis evaginata Barker and Andrews, 1915 (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea), a parasite of muskrats, Ondatra zibethica (L., 1766)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z89-072b ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 502-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. A. Greaves ◽

L. Jarecka ◽

M. D. B. Burt

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Life Cycle ◽

New Brunswick ◽

Intermediate Host ◽

Aquatic Birds ◽

Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽

Terrestrial Mammals ◽

Full Development

Between October 2, 1985, and November 16, 1986, 129 muskrats, Ondatra zibethica were collected in New Brunswick and examined for parasites. Forty-one of the muskrats harboured the the cestode Hymenolepis evaginata in the small intestine, with infections ranging from 1-10 worms per host. To determine the intermediate host of H. evaginata, a number of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates were exposed to oncospheres in the laboratory. Full development of a tailed cysticercoid only occurred in the ostracod Cyclocypris laevis. The cysticercoid undergoes typical protocepyhalic development in this micro-crustacean. This characteristic, regarded as primitive, occurs in hymenolepidids found in aquatic birds. It appears that although this cestode is commonly found in mammals, it is more closely related to aquatic avian hymenolepidids than to those found in terrestrial mammals.

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Stenurus minor (Metastrongyloidea: Pseudaliidae) infections of the cranial sinuses of the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z98-057 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 76 (7) ◽

pp. 1209-1216 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jacqueline Faulkner ◽

Lena N Measures ◽

Fred G Whoriskey

Keyword(s):

Parasite Load ◽

Phocoena Phocoena ◽

Mean Intensity ◽

Gross Lesions ◽

Left And Right ◽

Frontal Sinuses ◽

Young Of The Year ◽

By Catch ◽

The Right ◽

Minor Infection

Seventy-eight harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena (33 females, 45 males), were obtained in summer (June-September) as incidental by-catch from the cod fishery in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and examined for the presence of cranial sinus nematodes. Stenurus minor (Kühn, 1829) Baylis and Daubney, 1925 were present in the cranial sinuses of all adult porpoises (>1 year old, N = 66, mean intensity = 2362, range = 87-8920) and absent in all young of the year (<1 year old, N = 12). Only fifth-stage worms were observed and these were equally distributed between the right and left sides of the skull (mean intensity = 1158 and 1213 in the left and right side, respectively). However, S. minor were approximately twice as numerous in the frontal sinuses as in the ear sinuses. Mean intensities of S. minor were similar among all infected porpoises. Parasite load had no apparent effect on porpoise body condition (measured as percent blubber mass of the carcass). No gross lesions associated with the presence of numerous S. minor in the cranial sinuses were observed. There was an inverse relationship between the intensity of S. minor infection and mean worm length, which is suggestive of a "crowding effect." Mean worm length was 17.8 ± 0.2 mm in lightly infected porpoises and 16.1 ± 0.2 mm in heavily infected animals.

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Generalized Amyloidosis in Rhesus Monkeys

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/030098588602300412 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 425-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

J. L. Blanchard ◽

G. B. Baskin ◽

E. A. Watson

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Adrenal Gland ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Large Intestine ◽

Muscle Atrophy ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Muscle Wasting ◽

Histologic Examination ◽

Active Colitis ◽

Gross Lesions

Necropsy materials from 57 cases of generalized amyloidosis in rhesus monkeys were reviewed. Clinically, animals with the disease were characterized by cachexia with muscle wasting, recurrent diarrhea, and arthritis. Gross lesions included hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, chronic/active colitis, fibrous strictures of the cecocolic junction, osteoarthritis, and generalized muscle atrophy. Histologic examination revealed minimal to severe deposits of amyloid in the small intestine (100%), spleen (93%), large intestine (67%), liver (40%), lymph nodes (71%), stomach and/or adrenal gland (32%). More amyloid was deposited in the spleen, liver, and small intestine than in other organs. Shigella sp. were isolated from feces in 23% of the cases and 84% had histologic evidence of colitis. Other findings indicated that 100% of the animals had lung mites, 25% had strictures of the cecocolic junction, and 40% had osteoarthritis. Thirty percent of the cases occurred in animals 10 months to 5 years of age, 10% in ages 6 to 10 years, and 60% in animals greater than 10 years old.

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Development of the sheep–canid cycle of Sarcocystis tenella

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z82-315 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (10) ◽

pp. 2464-2477 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

J. P. Dubey ◽

C. A. Speer ◽

G. Callis ◽

J. A. Blixt

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

First Generation ◽

Second Generation ◽

Mesenteric Arteries ◽

Infected Meat ◽

Small Intestines ◽

Sarcocystis Tenella

Thirty-seven sheep were inoculated orally with 104 to 66 × 106Sarcocystis tenella sporocysts from dogs or coyotes and necropsied between 1 and 276 days postinoculation (DPI). Two single zoites were found in submucosal arteries of small intestines of lambs 3 and 6 DPI. At 9 to 21 DPI, numerous first-generation meronts were found in mesenteric arteries, intestinal blood vessels, and occasionally in other organs. First-generation meronts were 37.0 × 27.3 μm in sections and 54.4 × 46.6 μm in smears. At 16 to 40 DPI, second-generation meronts were found in capillaries of several organs; renal meronts were 20.6 × 12.0 μm in sections. Merozoites were found in peripheral blood at 14 to 16 DPI and at 25 to 32 DPI. Earliest sarcocysts were found at 35 DPI and contained one to three metrocytes. At 40 DPI, sarcocysts were up to 97 × 10 μm and contained 1 to 13 metrocytes. Bradyzoites formed between 52 and 66 DPI. At 75 DPI, sarcocysts had cross-striated walls and were infective for coyotes. Dogs and coyotes fed infected meat shed sporocysts in feces 9 to 10 days later. Gamonts were found in the small intestine between 8 and 21 h postinoculation and sporulation was completed within 8 days.

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Observations on the feeding behaviour of parasitic third-stage hookworm larvae

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000074953 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 106 (2) ◽

pp. 163-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J. M. Hawdon ◽

S. W. Volk ◽

R. Rose ◽

D. I. Pritchard ◽

J. M. Behnke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Post Infection ◽

Feeding Behaviour ◽

The Other ◽

Ancylostoma Caninum ◽

Necator Americanus ◽

Other Hand ◽

Third Stage ◽

Small Intestines

SUMMARYThe feeding behaviour of parasitic 3rd-stage larvae (L3) of the hookworms Ancylostoma caninum, A. ceylanicum and Necator americanus was examined. Less than 11% of A. caninum L3 recovered from the small intestines of dogs infected orally were feeding at 4–48 h post-infection (p.i.). and none of the A. ceylanicum L3 recovered from the intestines of orally infected hamsters had resumed feeding. All L4 of both species recovered at 36 and 48 h p.i. had resumed feeding. On the other hand, approximately 16% of the A. ceylanicum L3 recovered from the skin of percutaneously infected hamsters at 18 h were feeding, and the percentage feeding increased to nearly 58% at 44 h p.i. Necator americanus L3 recovered from the skin of percutaneously infected neonatal hamsters resumed feeding at 6–12 h p.i. and reached 90–94% by 18 h. Feeding began to decline at 66 h, and reached 29% at 120 h p.i. This decrease was associated with the migration of larvae from the skin to the lungs. By 192 h p.i. over 95% of the larvae had reached the small intestine, and all had moulted to the L4. The results indicate that parasitic L3 resume feeding in the skin during percutaneous infections, and suggest that feeding by hookworm L3 correlates with the resumption of development.

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The degradation of nucleic acids in, and the removal of breakdown products from the small intestines of steers

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19800014 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 99-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

A. B. McAllan

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

Small Intestine ◽

Polyethylene Glycol ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

Nucleic Acids ◽

Terminal Ileum ◽

Pyrimidine Nucleosides ◽

Small Intestines ◽

Rna And Dna ◽

Serum And Urine

1. Nucleic acids and breakdown products were estimated in digesta taken from different sites in the small intestines of slaughtered steers given different diets. Amounts passing different sites were compared using cellulose as a non-digestible marker. The validity of this marker was checked with chromic oxide in some experiments. In other experiments, nucleic acids or derivatives were infused into the proximal duodenum of steers receiving diets of approximately equal proportions of flaked maize and hay. The amounts disappearing during passage through the small intestine were estimated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a non- absorbable marker.2. In the slaughter experiments the amounts of nucleic acids entering the small intestine varied with the type of diet. RNA and DNA disappeared on average, to extents of 89% and 80% respectively between the abomasum and the terminal ileum, irrespective of the diet. RNA disappearance occurred almost entirely in the proximal quarter of the small intestine, whereas that of DNA extended further along the tract.3. Nucleic acid degradation in the upper small intestine was accompanied by the transient appearance of adenosine, guanosine and pyrimidine nucleosides. These products were in greatest concentration in digesta from the first quarter of the small intestine and had generally completely disappeared by the terminal ileum.4. Of the different substances infused into the small intestine, free nucleic acids were removed to extents greater than 97%, adenine, guanine and uracil had completely disappeared, thymine and xanthine to approximately 80% and 95% and hypoxanthine and cytosine to only 51% and 48% respectively. The nucleosides adenosine and cytidine were also completely removed in the small intestine but were replaced, in part, by the catabolic products inosine plus hypoxanthine or cytosine respectively. Other nucleosides were removed to approximately half the extent of the corresponding bases.5. Serum and urine allantoin and uric acid levels were related to the amounts of purines entering the small intestines in free or bound form.

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