scholarly journals Liver Profile of Atazanavir/Ritonavir in Pregnant Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Elias Adikwu ◽  
James Kemelayefa ◽  
Winifred Ocheiga
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Control Serum ◽  
Dose Dependent Fashion ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Dose Dependent

Medication use during pregnancy is challenging due to the occurrence of maternal or fetal toxicities. Atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r) has hepatotoxic potential hence; use in pregnant patients living with human immunodeficiency virus may cause maternal hepatotoxicity. This study assessed the liver profile of ATV/r in pregnant albino rats. Thirty pregnant albino rats randomized into groups were orally treated daily with ATV/r (4.28/1.43 mg/kg-34.3/11.4 mg/kg) for 16 days. After treatment, the rats were weighed and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected and examined for serum biochemical parameters. Liver samples were weighed and assessed for biochemical and histological changes. Body and liver weights were normal (p>0.05) in ATV/r-treated pregnant rats when compared to control. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood glucose levels were significantly (p<0.01) elevated whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly (p<0.01) decreased in rats treated with ATV/r (34.3/11.4 mg/kg) when compared to control. Liver and serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin levels were significantly increased in a dose-dependent fashion in rats treated with ATV/r; 8.57/2.86 mg/kg (p<0.05), 17.1/5.72 mg/kg (p<0.01) and 34.3/11.4 mg/kg (p<0.001) when compared to control. Liver superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly decreased whereas malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased in a dose-dependent fashion in rats treated with ATV/r; 8.57/2.86 mg/kg (p<0.05), 17.1/5.72 mg/kg (p<0.01) and 34.3/11.4 mg/kg (p<0.001) when compared to control. Necrotic hepatocytes were observed at higher doses of ATV/r. ATV/r may not be hepatotoxic in pregnant women living with HIV at the clinical dose.

scholarly journals Attenuating Effect ofGinkgo bilobaLeaves Extract on Liver Fibrosis Induced by Thioacetamide in Mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atef M. Al-Attar
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Liver Parenchyma ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect ofGinkgo bilobaleaves extract on experimental liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA) in male albino mice. The experimental mice were divided into four groups. The mice of the first group were served as control. The experimental animals of the second group were given 150 mg/kg body weight of TAA by intraperitoneal injection, twice weekly, for 9 weeks. The mice of the third group were exposed to TAA and supplemented withG. bilobaleaves extract. The animals of the fourth group were supplemented withG. bilobaleaves extract. The levels of plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were statistically increased while the levels of plasma total protein, albumin, glucose, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly decreased. The levels of liver superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glycogen and total protein were notably declined, whereas the level of total lipid was increased in mice of the second group. Furthermore, microscopic examination of liver sections from mice treated with TAA showed an abnormal morphology characterized by nodular transformations in liver parenchyma which surrounded by fibrous septa. Administration ofG. bilobaleaves extract reduced extent and development of fibrous septa, liver cells change, and biochemical alterations in mice exposed to TAA. This study showed thatG. bilobaleaves extract has a potential activity against TAA-induced liver fibrosis and suggested that the chemical constituents ofG. bilobaare effective in modulation of oxidative stress induced by TAA.

scholarly journals Hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of cardamom against gentamicin induced hepatic damage in rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Aboubakr ◽  
Abdelazem Mohamed Abdelazem
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Aqueous Extracts

<p>The study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of cardamom in acute experimental liver injury induced by gentamicin. Twenty four male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (six rats in each). Animals of the first group served as control and orally (p.o.) received (1 ml/kg saline). The second experimental group was given gentamicin (80 mg/kg i.p.) for 7 days. Third and fourth groups were given aqueous extract of cardamom (100 and 200 mg/kg p.o.) + gentamicin for 7 days, respectively. The degree of hepatoprotection was measured using serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, albumin, and lipid profile levels. In the acute liver damage induced by gentamicin, cardamom aqueous extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of AST, ALT, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-chol) in gentamicin induced hepatotoxicity. Also cardamom aqueous extracts (100 &amp; 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased the lowered serum levels of albumin and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol) in gentamicin induced hepatotoxicity rats. Histopathological examination of the liver tissues supported the hepatoprotection. Our findings concluded that cardamom aqueous extracts possessed hepatoprotective activity against gentamicin induced hepatotoxicity in rats.</p>

scholarly journals Lifetime duration of lactation and chronic inflammation among middle-aged women with a history of gestational diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e001229
Author(s):  
Sylvia H Ley ◽  
Jorge E Chavarro ◽  
Stefanie N Hinkle ◽  
Mengying Li ◽  
Michael Y Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
History Of ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

IntroductionLonger duration of lactation is associated with lower cardiometabolic disease risk, but pathogenic pathways involved in the disease progression are unclear, especially among high-risk women. We aimed to examine the associations of lifetime lactation duration with cardiometabolic biomarkers among middle-aged women with a history of gestational diabetes (GDM).Research design and methodsWomen with a history of GDM participating in the Nurses’ Health Study II, a prospective cohort study, were identified and followed through biennial questionnaires beginning in 1991. Lactation history was asked in three follow-up questionnaires to calculate lifetime duration. In 2012–2014, fasting blood samples were collected through the Diabetes & Women’s Health Study to measure inflammatory (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL) 6), liver enzyme (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase), and lipid biomarkers (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol).ResultsAt follow-up blood collection, women were at median age 58.2 (95% CI 51 to 65) years and 26.3 (95% CI 15.7 to 34.1) years since GDM index pregnancy. After multiple adjustment including prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), longer duration of lactation was significantly associated with lower CRP (least squares (LS) mean 1.90 mg/L (95% CI 1.47 to 2.45) for 0-month lactation, 1.98 mg/L (95% CI 1.68 to 2.32) for up to 12-month lactation, 1.67 mg/L (95% CI 1.42 to 1.97) for 12–24 month lactation, and 1.39 mg/L (95% CI 1.19 to 1.62) for >24-month lactation; p trend=0.003) and IL-6 (1.25 pg/L (95% CI 0.94 to 1.68), 1.19 pg/L (95% CI 0.99 to 1.42), 1.04 pg/L (95% CI 0.87 to 1.25), and 0.93 pg/L (95% CI 0.78 to 1.11); p trend=0.04). Longer duration of lactation was associated with lower risk for chronic inflammation using CRP 3 mg/L cut-off in middle-aged women (OR 0.81 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.940 per 1-year increase) with multiple adjustment.ConclusionsLonger lifetime duration of lactation was associated with favorable inflammatory biomarker concentrations in middle-aged women with a history of GDM. Chronic inflammatory pathways may be responsible for previously reported associations between lactation and long-term risk for cardiometabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Effect of Vitamins A, C, and E Supplementation in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome in Albino Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Bilbis ◽  
S. A. Muhammad ◽  
Y. Saidu ◽  
Y. Adamu
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Total Antioxidant Status ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Total Antioxidant

Obesity and metabolic syndrome increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress seems to be involved in the path physiology of cardiovascular complications of metabolic syndrome. In this study we investigated the effects of vitamins A, C, and E in the management of metabolic syndrome traits condition in albino rats fed with high salt diet. The rats were placed on 8% NaCl diet for 5 weeks and then supplemented with these vitamins for additional 4 weeks in the presence of salt diet. Supplementation with vitamins significantly (P<0.01) decreased blood pressure of the rats as compared with the control. Supplementation also significantly (P<0.05) reduced serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total antioxidant status as compared with untreated group. The percentage protection of the supplemented groups against atherogenesis indicated55.50±3.75%. Percentage weight gain indicated significant positive correlation with triglyceride, insulin resistance, and malondialdehyde while total antioxidant status and nitric oxide showed significant negative correlation. Salt diet significantly (P<0.05) induced features of metabolic syndrome. The result, therefore, indicated strong relationship between obesity and metabolic syndrome and underscores the role of these vitamins in the management of metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Hepatotoxic Assessment of Tramadol-Diclofenac Use: A Study in a Rat Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Elias Adikwu ◽  
Ebinyo Clemente Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Hepatotoxic Effect ◽  
Hepatocyte Necrosis ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

The concurrent use of tramadol and diclofenac may increase hepatotoxic risk due to their individual hepatotoxic effects. This study assessed the hepatotoxic effect of tramadol-diclofenac administration in albino rats. Twenty-four adult male albino rats (200-220g) randomized into four groups were orally administered with tramadol (12mg/kg/day), diclofenac (6mg/kg/day) and tramadol-diclofenac for 14 days respectively. The rats were anesthetized, blood samples were collected and evaluated for serum liver function and lipid parameters. Liver samples were weighed and evaluated for biochemical parameters and histology. The effects of tramadol-diclofenac on the body and liver weights did not differ significantly (p>0.05) when compared to control. Also, effects were not significant (p>0.05) on blood glucose, and serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels when compared to control. Liver and serum levels of aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma–glutamyl transferase, conjugated bilirubin and total bilirubin increased significantly in rats treated with tramadol (p<0.05), diclofenac (p<0.01) and tramadol-diclofenac (p<0.001) when compared to control. Furthermore, significant decreases in liver catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase levels with significant increases in malondialdehyde levels occurred in rats treated with tramadol (p<0.05), diclofenac (p<0.01) and tramadol-diclofenac (p<0.001) when compared to control. Hepatocyte necrosis was observed in rats treated with tramadol-diclofenac. Tramadol-diclofenac may increase hepatotoxic risk at doses used for this study.

scholarly journals Effects of Propofol, a Sedative-Hypnotic Drug, on the Lipid Profile, Antioxidant Indices, and Cardiovascular Marker Enzymes in Wistar Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatosin A. Adaramoye ◽  
Olugbenga Akinwonmi ◽  
Olubukola Akanni
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

In recent years, the activity of anaesthetic propofol on biological processes has been attracting attention. The effect of propofol on biochemical indices in animals is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of propofol on lipid profile, antioxidant indices, and cardiovascular marker (CVM) enzymes in rats. The study consists of three groups of seven rats each. Group one received corn oil (Control) while groups two and three received propofol (doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg body weight, resp.). Results showed that administration of propofol caused a significant (P<0.05) and dose-dependent increase in the levels of total bilirubin. Propofol at 2 and 4 mg/kg increased the levels of serum total cholesterol by 74% and 55%, triglycerides by 97% and 115%, and LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) by 45% and 73%, respectively, while HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) decreased by 41% and 54%, respectively. Propofol significantly (P<0.05) increased the levels of the hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of GSH-dependent enzymes. Propofol at 2 and 4 mg/kg increased the activities of CVM enzymes: lactate dehydrogenase by 1.7 and 1.8 folds and creatinine phosphokinase by 2.0 and 2.1 folds, respectively. Taken together, propofol increased the levels of GSH and GSH-dependent enzymes but adversely affected the lipid profile of the rats.

scholarly journals Modulation of Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Plasmodium berghei Malarial Infection by Crude Aqueous Extract of Ganoderma lucidum

Cholesterol ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olarewaju M. Oluba ◽  
Augustine O. Olusola ◽  
George O. Eidangbe ◽  
Leye J. Babatola ◽  
E. Chukwu Onyeneke
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Malarial Infection ◽  
Dose Dependent

In this study, attempt is made to establish changes in serum and liver lipoprotein cholesterols accompanying Plasmodium berghei malarial infection in mice treated with aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum at 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight in comparison with 15 mg/kg chloroquine (CQ). Significant increases in all the lipoprotein fractions were observed in infected untreated mice compared with normal control mice. Treatment with 100 and 250 mg/kg G. lucidum extract produced significant reduction in serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) contents compared with 500 mg/kg G. lucidum and CQ. Treatment with CQ, however, produced significant reduction in hepatic TC and LDL-C compared with the extract. A dose-dependent significant increase in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was observed in the G. lucidum treated mice compared with normal control but significantly lower compared with CQ-treated mice. Liver HDL-C level was significantly higher in CQ-treated mice compared with normal control and significantly lower compared with G. lucidum-treated and infected untreated mice. A dose-dependent effect of the extract was observed in both serum and liver very-low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). The implication of these results is discussed with respect to the parasite survival and proliferation in the serum and liver.

scholarly journals Sundarban Honey Confers Protection against Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Wistar Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizwana Afroz ◽  
E. M. Tanvir ◽  
Nurul Karim ◽  
Md. Sabir Hossain ◽  
Nadia Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipid Peroxide ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Marker Enzyme ◽  
Creatine Kinase Mb

The present study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of Sundarban honey (SH) in rats with isoproterenol- (ISO-) induced myocardial infarction. Adult male Wistar Albino rats were pretreated with Sundarban honey (5 g/kg) daily for a period of 6 weeks. After the treatment period, ISO (85 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected into the rats at 24 h intervals for 2 days. ISO-induced myocardial damage was indicated by increased serum cardiac specific troponin I levels and cardiac marker enzyme activities including creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. Significant increases in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were also observed, along with a reduction in the serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. In addition to these diagnostic markers, the levels of lipid peroxide products were significantly increased. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were significantly decreased in the hearts after ISO-induced myocardial infarction. However, pretreatment of ischemic rats with Sundarban honey brought the biochemical parameters to near normalcy, indicating the protective effect of Sundarban honey against ISO-induced ischemia in rats. Histopathological findings of the heart tissues further confirmed the biochemical findings, indicating that Sundarban honey confers protection against ISO-induced oxidative stress in the myocardium.

scholarly journals Aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica leaves favorably alters the course of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: A comparative prospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 3877-3889
Author(s):  
Obiajulu C. Ezeigwe ◽  
Francis C. Ezeonu ◽  
Chukwudi O. Okani ◽  
Daniel N. Onwusulu ◽  
Maryclare E. Onuegbu
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Organ System ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Low Density ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Azadirachta indica (neem) is one of the plants commonly used in African traditional medicine for the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of A. indica leaves on hematology, lipid profile and organ-system function of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Methods: Thirty albino rats of Wistar strain, weighing between 120 and 150 g, were randomly divided into 6 groups (A-F) and used for the study. Group A was used as a healthy normal control. Groups B-F were induced with diabetes using 50 mg/kg bodyweight (bw.) of streptozotocin. Group B was diabetic untreated; Group C was treated with 100 mg/kg bw. metformin; Groups D to F were treated with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg bw. of the aqueous extract, respectively. The treatment was carried out daily for a period of 28 days. At the end of the experimental period, the hematological parameters were analyzed using auto haematology analyser. Lipid profiles and histopathological investigations were performed using standard methods. Results: The results obtained showed that aqueous extract of A. indica significantly (p < 0.05) increased the hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, red blood cell count, and platelet count of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats compared with those of the diabetic-untreated rats. The mean hemoglobin concentrations for groups A, B, C, D, E and F were 11.78, 8.200, 15.18, 13.88, 14.03 and 14.93, respectively. Treatment with the graded doses of the aqueous extract of A. indica significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and very-low-density lipoprotein, compared with those of the diabetic-untreated control. Treatment also significantly (p < 0.05) increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), compared with that of the control. The mean HDL-c concentration for groups A, B, C, D, E and F were 49.58, 29.79, 40.89, 38.53, 40.40 and 46.54, respectively. The histopathological studies showed regeneration of the pancreas, liver, kidney, heart, brain and lungs for the groups treated with the extract, compared with the diabetic-untreated animals that revealed severe damage to the organ-system functions. Conclusion: These results suggest that the aqueous extract of A. indica can be considered as an excellent remedy for diabetes and a substitute for drugs to reduce complications associated with diabetic conditions.

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