scholarly journals The Process of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep in the Qur'an: Neuroscience Perspective on the QS. Al-Kahfi 18.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Raden Kurnia Kholiska ◽  
Afrizal Nur ◽  
Ridhoul Wahidi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scientific Concept ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

This study aims to understand the scientific concept of sleep in the Qur'an by using data interpretation of QS. Al-Kahfi 18, which is collaborated with neuroscience. The phenomenon of sleep in the story of Ashabul Kahfi is found in QS Al-Kahfi 18. Classical scholars interpreted the verse especially in words aiqazhan wa hum ruqud, meaning that they slept even though many thought they were awake. This interpretation tends to be interpreted as a supernatural phenomenon, whereas in science, such events are paradoxical, which is a phenomenon of open eyes during sleep. This research is qualitative research by utilizing the interpretation of QS. Al-Kahfi 18 and has collaborated with neuroscience. The results of this study showed that the phenomenon of aiqazhan wa hum ruqud in QS Al-Kahfi 18 or between waking and sleeping in neuroscience perspective is a the process of REM (Rapid Eye Movement). Based on a neuroscience the word aiqazhan can be interpreted with the meaning of unsleeping in the phenomenon of rapid eye movement. That is loss of consciousness and control over the body so that it can move unnoticed. It is illustrated in the story of Ashabul Kahfi in QS. Al-Kahfi 18. They fall asleep hundreds of years in the cave, while their eyes open while asleep, and their bodies move to the right and the left. Anyone who sees it will think they are awake, whereas the phenomenon is the body's reaction to the rapid eye movement phase in the sleep cycle.

Effects of sleep-promoting factor from human urine on sleep cycle of cats

1981 ◽  
Vol 241 (4) ◽  
pp. E269-E274
Author(s):  
J. E. Garcia-Arraras
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Normal Sleep

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM) were recorded in cats for 32 h a) under control conditions, b) following intraventricular infusions of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and c) following infusions of sleep-promoting factor S prepared from human urine (SPU). During the first 12 h after receiving artificial CSF, the cats slept 4.9 +/- 0.2 h in slow-wave sleep (SWS) and 1.4 +/- 0.1 h in REM. Similar values were obtained from the same cats under control conditions. After infusions of SPU, the duration of SWS in the same cats increased to an average of 6.9 +/- 0.5 h with no significant change in REM averaged over 12 h; a transient decrease of REM in the first 4 h was fully compensated in subsequent hours. The increased SWS induced by the sleep-promoting factor from human urine subsided after 12 h, and there was no compensatory increase in wakefulness during the subsequent 20 h. The normal sleep cycle was not affected. In cats, therefore, the primary effect of SPU is to increase normal SWS, with little effect on REM.

The Regulation of Sleep

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Heller
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
State Changes ◽  
And Control

The words “regulation” and “control” have different meanings. A rich literature exists on the control mechanisms of sleep—the genomic, molecular, cellular, and circuit processes responsible for arousal state changes and characteristics. The regulation of sleep refers to functions and homeostatic maintenance of those functions. Much less is known about sleep regulation than sleep control, largely because functions of sleep are still unknown. Regulation requires information about the regulated variable that can be used as feedback information to achieve optimal levels. The circadian timing of sleep is regulated, and the feedback information is entraining stimuli such as the light–dark cycle. Sleep itself is homeostatically regulated, as evidenced by sleep deprivation experiments. Eletroenceophalography (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) is regulated, and it appears that adenosine is the major source of feedback information, and that fact indicates an energetic function for sleep. The last aspect of sleep regulation discussed in this short article is the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep cycling. Evidence is discussed that supports the argument that NREM sleep is in a homeostatic relationship with wake, and REM sleep is in a homeostatic relationship with NREM sleep.

Sleep Disorders

2016 ◽  
pp. 275-296
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Gelb
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Cyclic Activity ◽  
Abnormal Behaviors ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Meaningful Stimuli

Sleep consists of a highly patterned sequence of cyclic activity in various regions of the brain; it is not simply a state of temporary unconsciousness. Although the brain is less responsive than normal during sleep, it is not totally unresponsive. In fact, during sleep the brain responds more readily to meaningful stimuli. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep can be characterized as a period when the brain is active and the body is paralyzed, whereas in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the brain is less active but the body can move. Sleep disorders are grouped into three general categories, based on whether patients have trouble staying awake, trouble sleeping, or abnormal behaviors during sleep.

Such stuff as REM and NREM dreams are made on? An elaboration

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 634-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Llewellyn
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Cortical Networks ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
Natural Groups

AbstractI argued that rapid eye movement (REM) dreaming is elaborative emotional encoding for episodic memories, sharing many features with the ancient art of memory (AAOM). In this framework, during non–rapid eye movement (NREM), dream scenes enable junctions between episodic networks in the cortex and are retained by the hippocampus as indices for retrieval. The commentaries, which varied in tone from patent enthusiasm to edgy scepticism, fall into seven natural groups: debate over the contribution of the illustrative dream and disputes over the nature of dreaming (discussed in sect. R1); how the framework extends to creativity, psychopathology, and sleep disturbances (sect. R2); the compatibility of the REM dream encoding function with emotional de-potentiation (sect. R3); scepticism over similarities between REM dreaming and the AAOM (sect. R4); the function of NREM dreams in the sleep cycle (sect. R5); the fit of the junction hypothesis with current knowledge of cortical networks (sect. R6); and whether the hypothesis is falsifiable (including methodological challenges and evidence against the hypothesis) (sect. R7). Although the groups in sections R1–R6 appear quite disparate, I argue they all follow from the associative nature of dreaming.

Ventilatory response to hypercapnia during sleep and wakefulness in cats

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Netick ◽  
W. J. Dugger ◽  
R. A. Symmons
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hypercapnic Response

Eucapnic breathing and ventilatory responses to hypercapnia were studied in seven cats during sleep and wakefulness. No significant differences were found in minute ventilation (VE), alveolar ventilation (VA), or alveolar PCO2 (PACO2) between wakefulness (W) and non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, but VA and VE were less during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep than W, and PACO2 declined during REM compared with NREM. To test the hypercapnic response, cats were required to rebreathe from a bag containing 6% CO2 and 94% O2 (to eliminate the hypoxic response). The response curve was displaced to the right during NREM and REM; the slope was reduced only during REM to a value about 75% of W and NREM. Eye movements, quantifying phasic REM, were only slightly correlated (negatively) with the deviation of ventilation from the response curve. The hypercapnic response was diminished, not eliminated, during REM, even during phasic REM. The reduced slope arose principally from the failure of the expiratory time to shorten with hypercapnia as during W and NREM. The cat's hypercapnic response compared with the dog's, measured by others with the same methodology, suggests that differences between species may be more crucial than methodology in explaining earlier contradictory results.

scholarly journals The Basolateral Amygdala Mediates the Role of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Integrating Fear Memory Responses

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Mayumi Machida ◽  
Brook L. W. Sweeten ◽  
Austin M. Adkins ◽  
Laurie L. Wellman ◽  
Larry D. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Fear Memory ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Behavioral Stress ◽  
Immediate Recovery ◽  
And Control

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) mediates the effects of stress and fear on rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and on REM-related theta (θ) oscillatory activity in the electroencephalograph (EEG), which is implicated in fear memory consolidation. We used optogenetics to assess the potential role of BLA glutamate neurons (BLAGlu) in regulating behavioral, stress and sleep indices of fear memory, and their relationship to altered θ. An excitatory optogenetic construct targeting glutamatergic cells (AAV-CaMKIIα-hChR2-eYFP) was injected into the BLA of mice. Telemetry was used for real-time monitoring of EEG, activity, and body temperature to determine sleep states and stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH). For 3 h following shock training (ST: 20 footshocks, 0.5 mA, 0.5 s, 1 min interval), BLA was optogenetically stimulated only during REM (REM + L) or NREM (NREM + L). Mice were then re-exposed to the fear context at 24 h, 48 h, and 1 week after ST and assessed for behavior, SIH, sleep and θ activity. Control mice were infected with a construct without ChR2 (eYFP) and studied under the same conditions. REM + L significantly reduced freezing and facilitated immediate recovery of REM tested at 24 h and 48 h post-ST during contextual re-exposures, whereas NREM + L had no significant effect. REM + L significantly reduced post-ST REM-θ, but attenuated REM-θ reductions at 24 h compared to those found in NREM + L and control mice. Fear-conditioned SIH persisted regardless of treatment. The results demonstrate that BLAGlu activity during post-ST REM mediates the integration of behavioral and sleep indices of fear memory by processes that are associated with θ oscillations within the amygdalo-hippocampal pathway. They also demonstrate that fear memories can remain stressful (as indicated by SIH) even when fear conditioned behavior (freezing) and changes in sleep are attenuated.

scholarly journals SISTEM PAKAR DIAGNOSA PENYAKIT IKAN GURAME DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN FIS MAMDANI

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Maria Yunita Nesi ◽  
Yampi R Kaesmetan ◽  
Meliana O. Meo
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Fuzzy Inference System ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Inference System ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System

The carp (Osphronemus Goramy) including fish that was seeded in cultivation. In addition to the price of carp that are relatively more expensive than other fish and it has been easy to carp also has a higher value compared to other freshwater fish. But in the cultivation of carp diseases is one of the serious problems encountered by the fish farmers because it could potentially cause harm. Diseases that attack the carp both are still in the larval or adult forms of which are caused by parasitic infections in the form of fungi, protozoa, worms as well as bacterial infection of Aeromonas hydrophylla, Flexybacter colomnaris, and Mycobacterium sp. The multiplicity of types of disease that can attack the carp and the difficult process of detection because of the similarity of the symptoms caused fish farmers making it difficult to determine the methods of prevention and control of the right to address the disease. Detection of disease of carp is seen on the surface of the body of the fish. Therefore, it takes expert system to detect disease carp by involving technology. One of the methods used in the expert system of fuzzy inference system Mamdani. Fuzzy inference system Mamdani reasoning used in this study because of the handling of the value and accuisition of knowledge representation experts can directly representation in the form of rules, which can be understood when placed on the machine inference. The result of this reasoning is to detect diseases of the carp while delivering the right solution to tackle the disease of carp.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Terapi Bekam Terhadap Penurunan Tekanan Darah Pada Klien Hipertensi

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Hengki Irawan ◽  
Setyo Ari
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Cupping Therapy ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Decrease Blood Pressure ◽  
Effect Of Therapy ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Right

Hypertension or high blood pressure is one of the major health problems that require special attention. Cupping therapy is a process to remove dirty blood from the body through the skin surface. Cupping is an alternative to lower blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of therapy bruise to the decrease of blood pressure in hypertensive clients. This research is taking pre-experimental one group pretest-post test design. The sample was selected based on inclusion criteria using accidental sampling with total respondent 14 people. Here is the independent variable and dependent variable bleed therapy is to decrease blood pressure. Collect data by observation. Collecting and using data pengolahahan T test with a significant α ≤ 0.05. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in blood pressure between pre-test and post-test for systolic blood pressure decreased by an average of 22.857 mmHg and pre-test and post-test diastolic blood pressure by an average of 21.429 mmHg and testing with the T test indicates p = 0001 and 0003 (α <0.05). It can be concluded that there are significant bruise therapy to decrease blood pressure in hypertension patients. Doing the right skin bruise location will be on the mast cell, which will produce substances such as serotonin, histamine, bradykinin, slow-reacting substance, Nitric Oxide (NO) and endorphins. These substances will make repairs and reduce the capillary pressure darah.Hasilnya relaxing effect on muscle and vasodilatation of blood vessels, and eventually the blood pressure decrease. Needs further research with more respondents and considers factors - confounding factor in research. With this result can bleed into one alternative way of treatment of hypertension

scholarly journals Changes in cross-frequency coupling following closed-loop auditory stimulation in non-rapid eye movement sleep

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krugliakova Elena ◽  
Volk Carina ◽  
Jaramillo Valeria ◽  
Sousouri Georgia ◽  
Huber Reto
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Slow Waves ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Frequency Coupling ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cross Frequency Coupling

AbstractThe activity of different brain networks in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is regulated locally in an experience-dependent manner, reflecting the extent of the network load during wakefulness. In particular, improved task performance after sleep correlates with the local post-learning power increase of neocortical slow waves and faster oscillations such as sleep spindles and their temporal coupling. Recently, it was demonstrated that by targeting slow waves in a particular region at a particular phase with closed-loop auditory stimulation it is possible to locally manipulate slow-wave activity and interact with training-induced neuroplastic changes. Based on this finding, we tested whether closed-loop auditory stimulation targeting the up-phase of slow-waves over the right sensorimotor area might affect power in delta, theta and sigma bands and coupling between these oscillations within the circumscribed region. We demonstrate that while closed-loop auditory stimulation globally enhances power in delta, theta and sigma bands, changes in cross-frequency coupling of these oscillations were more spatially restricted. In particular, stimulation induced a significant decrease of delta-theta coupling in frontal channels, within the area of the strongest baseline coupling between these frequency bands. In contrast, a significant increase in delta-sigma coupling was observed over the right parietal area, located directly posterior to the target electrode. These findings suggest that closed-loop auditory stimulation locally modulates coupling between delta phase and sigma power in a targeted region, which could be used to manipulate sleep-dependent memory formation within the brain network of interest.

Polysomnographic measures of sleep moderate the relationship between depression and pain

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 8526-8526 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Parker ◽  
D. L. Bliwise ◽  
J. Dalton ◽  
W. Harris ◽  
S. Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Latency ◽  
Sleep Cycle ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Nocturnal Sleep ◽  
Tumor Stages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

8526 Background: We explored the effects of polysomnographic measures of nocturnal sleep on depression and pain in advanced cancer patients taking opioids. Methods: The sample included 72 subjects (solid tumor, Stages III/IV) with a mean age of 55.9 (9.1); 39 were male. All were taking opioids. Subjects underwent ambulatory polysomnography for 48 hours in their homes. Nocturnal sleep parameters included total sleep time (minutes); sleep efficiency (SE; %); sleep latency (SL; minutes); rapid-eye-movement sleep latency (REML; minutes); the percentages (%) of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) Stages 1, 2, and slow wave sleep (SWS, 3 & 4), and REM sleep; and the number of awakenings > 60 seconds. Subjects kept an opioid diary, data from which were converted into a mean hourly morphine equivalent dose (HMED). Subjects also completed the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Descriptive, correlation, and regression procedures were used for data analysis. Results: Subjects had a mean nocturnal sleep period of 400.1 ± 97.4 minutes. The SL was normal at 26.5 ± 42.6 minutes but the SE was low (77.5 ± 13.2%). Most sleep was light NREM Stages 1 and 2 with decreased amounts of deep SWS (0.3 ± 2.7%) and REM sleep (14.4 ± 8.5%). The REML was prolonged at 149.1 ± 105.1 minutes. The mean BPI scores for pain intensity and interference were 4.4 ± 1.4 and 5.0 ± 2.1, respectively. The mean BDI score was 13.7 ± 7.9. The average HMED was .59 ± .1. Controlling for age and gender, regression analyses revealed that SWS and REM sleep moderated the relationship between depression and pain. Those with more SWS had lower depression levels in spite of higher pain intensity (t = -2.8, p = .007) while those with more REM sleep had lower depression levels despite higher pain interference (t = -2.0, p = .045). Controlling for pain intensity and interference, HMED was positively associated with Stage 1 % (r = .36, p = .001) and the number of nocturnal awakenings > 60 seconds (r = .28, p = .019). Conclusions: Opioids may lighten and disrupt sleep altering sleep cycle progression. The resulting decrements in SWS and REM sleep may lead to increased depression and enhanced pain. Consideration of the timing and dosing of opioids in relationship to nocturnal sleep may decrease depression and subsequently optimize pain management. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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