STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WOODEN FIVE-STORIED BUDDHIST PAGODAS AND THE APPLICATION TO THE MODERN “TOKYO SKY TREE” ARCHITECTURE

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keimi Harada
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Structural Deformation ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Theoretical Principle ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Central Column ◽  
The One

Definition of Five Storied Pagoda: A five-storied pagoda is a symbolic tomb of Buddha. When Buddhism was introduced into Japan in 538, a five-storied pagoda became one of the important components of temple complexes. Present Situations of Wooden Five-storied Pagoda: There are 22 wooden five-storied pagodas in Japan. The oldest is the one in Horyuji Temple built in 710. The tallest is the one in Toji Temple with the height of 54.8 m. The shortest is the one in Murooji Temple with height of 16 m. Structural Characteristics: There is no historical record that five-storied pagoda was destroyed by an earthquake. A contributory factor is that no nail is used but carved holes or grooves in each of wooden pieces interdigitate precisely to form a structure. Another key factor is “A Central column (Shin-bashira)”, an important wooden structural component almost 30 m long. There was no theoretical principle. A Central column is effective against an earthquake and it has been regarded to absorb the earthquake energy. Thirdly, five-storied pagoda interior space is effective to control structural deformation and shake of pagoda. The first theoretical analysis was done by 1/5 scale model in 2006 that proved the role of “Central column”. Application to the Modern Technology: There are two cases presently. One is Marubiru Office building 178.5 m high built in 2002 and another is Tokyo Sky Tree, a telecommunication tower 634 m high built in 2012. Those structural design was influenced by a pagoda’s central column as a vibration damping tool.

scholarly journals Numerical Study of Pressure Attenuation Effect on Tunnel Structures Subjected to Blast Loads

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5646
Author(s):  
Cheng-Wei Hung ◽  
Ying-Kuan Tsai ◽  
Tai-An Chen ◽  
Hsin-Hung Lai ◽  
Pin-Wen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Orifice Plate ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Pressure Reduction ◽  
Expansion Chamber ◽  
Pressure Relief ◽  
Attenuation Effect ◽  
The One ◽  
Better Than

This study used experimental and numerical simulation methods to discuss the attenuation mechanism of a blast inside a tunnel for different forms of a tunnel pressure reduction module under the condition of a tunnel near-field explosion. In terms of the experiment, a small-scale model was used for the explosion experiments of a tunnel pressure reduction module (expansion chamber, one-pressure relief orifice plate, double-pressure relief orifice plate). In the numerical simulation, the pressure transfer effect was evaluated using the ALE fluid–solid coupling and mapping technique. The findings showed that the pressure attenuation model changed the tunnel section to diffuse, reduce, or detour the pressure transfer, indicating the blast attenuation effect. In terms of the effect of blast attenuation, the double-pressure relief orifice plate was better than the one-pressure relief orifice plate, and the single-pressure relief orifice plate was better than the expansion chamber. The expansion chamber attenuated the blast by 30%, the one-pressure relief orifice plate attenuated the blast by 51%, and the double-pressure relief orifice plate attenuated the blast by 82%. The blast attenuation trend of the numerical simulation result generally matched that of the experimental result. The results of this study can provide a reference for future protective designs and reinforce the U.S. Force regulations.

scholarly journals Research on Modern Marine Environmental Governance in China: Subject Identification, Structural Characteristics, and Operational Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4485
Author(s):  
Qi Chen ◽  
Huijuan Yu ◽  
Yezhi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Operational Mechanism ◽  
The One ◽  
Process Coordination ◽  
Marine Environmental

Under the guidance of modern environmental governance concepts, there have been profound changes in the subject, structure, and operational mechanism of the modern marine environmental governance in China. This paper first classifies the subjects of modern marine environmental governance in China, as well as their relationships; analyses the structural characteristics from the three levels of rights, society, and region; explores the operational mechanism; and builds the framework of the modern marine environmental governance system in China. Both the central and local governments act as the leaders of the modern marine environmental governance system in China, and there have been many new changes in their relationships. On the one hand, the interest and goals of the central and local governments have gradually converged under the pressure system. On the other hand, local governments follow the principles of comprehensive governance regarding the coastline and collaborative cooperation is gradually beginning to occur. Different governance subjects are interrelated and intertwined to form a complete modern marine environmental governance structure, which includes the following three levels: the governmental power structure; the social structure, which involves collaboration between multiple entities; and the regional structure, which involves land-sea coordination in environmental governance. These structures each play their parts in the overall process of the marine environmental governance’s institutional arrangements, process coordination, and feedback adjustments and ultimately constitute a dynamic and complete modern marine environmental governance operational system.

Nonlinear soil-structure behavior of a deployable and compliant anchor system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Sychterz ◽  
Isabella Bernardi ◽  
Joe G Tom ◽  
Ryan D. Beemer
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Flexible Structures ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Structural Deformation ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Anchor System ◽  
Material Usage ◽  
Space Saving

This paper presents a novel compliant geo-structural systems bio-inspired by awns on grass seeds for increasing anchor capacity while minimizing material usage. A compliant deployable structure is here defined as a system that reacts to global displacements by continued elastic shape change and awns are slender flexible structures rigidly connected to the exterior of an anchor. When the anchor is loaded in tension, the awns react off the soil mass and deploy outwards from the pile shaft, enabling space-saving measures for transportation. This paper creates a structural pushover model to establish awn deformations and stress values, a scale model of the compliant system fabricated using additive manufacturing, geo-plasticity numerical models of soil awn interaction, and a finite element model of an example application. This research elucidates the soil displacement mechanisms around the awns, the structural deformation of individual awns, and the enhancement of overall anchor capacity due to awn deployment.

A Validation of Servant Leadership Scale on Multinational Sample

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329412095724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Gocen ◽  
Sedat Sen
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Item Fit ◽  
Item Functioning ◽  
The One ◽  
Item Item

Servant leadership has been gaining attention from all types of organizations, whether it be business organizations or public schools. With the increase of studies on the servanthood characteristics of organizational leaders, various scales of servant leadership were used to examine servant leadership behaviors, perceptions, and attitudes in different organizations. In line with the increasing interest on servant leadership, the purpose of the study was aimed at characterizing the Servant Leadership (SL) scale psychometrically through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis. The related data were collected from 461 teachers across several countries. The one-factor structure of the SL was confirmed in CFA along with the Rasch Rating Scale model, with the analyses of rating scale diagnosis, item fit assessment, reliability, unidimensionality, local independence, and differential item functioning (DIF). High person separation and reliability statistics supported the consistency of the SL scores. Only one item (Item 7) did not fit the Rasch model, and another item (Item 1) showed DIF to be in favor of females. Overall CFA and the Rasch models provided enough evidence for the seven-item SL scale.

scholarly journals The Structural Characteristics of Chicken Fibrinogen

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pindyck ◽  
M. W. Mosesson ◽  
D. Bannerjee ◽  
D. Galanakis
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Factor Xiiia ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Polymer Formation ◽  
Sensitive Site ◽  
Schiff Reagent ◽  
The One ◽  
Fibrinogen Molecule

The structure and subunit composition of chicken fibrinogen(ϕ) have been investigated. Dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of unreduced specimens revealed a single ϕ band with a molecular weight of approximately 320,000. ϕ and fibrin specimens were also electrophoresed after reduction with dithiothreitol, and after crosslinking of unreduced specimens in the presence of Factor Xllla. Chromatographically separated S-sulfo chains were also studied after reptilase or thrombin treatment,and certain samples were stained with periodic acid Schiff reagent(PAS). Chicken Aα chains weresmaller than human Aα chains (54,500 vs.70,900, respectively) but, like mammalian Aα chains, they possessed a reptilase and thrombin sensitive site, were PAS negative,and undergo Factor XIIIa catalyzed α-polymer formation. The sizes of chicken Bβ and γ chains were nearly thesame as their mammalian counterparts, (i. e. 60,000 and 49,000 respectively) ; both types of chains were PAS positive. Chicken Bβ chains possessed a slowly reactive thrombin sensitive site apparently corresponding to the one in human ϕ; the chicken β chains, like mammalian β chains, did not undergo Factor XIIIa catalyzed cross-linking. Like mammalian γ chains, chicken γ chains could undergo Factor XIIIa catalyzed γ-γ dimerization and did not possess thrombin or reptilase sensitive sites. These findings indicate that the chicken fibrinogen molecule is composed of three pairs of disulfide-bridged chains corresponding in most respects to mammalian fibrinogen chains.

Postscript: In Fairness to Condemnation

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 581-594
Author(s):  
Michael Davis
Keyword(s):  
Historical Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Philosophy Of Punishment ◽  
The One ◽  
Criminal Desert

Von Hirsch has presented me with a dilemma. As he says, “Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment” is a “substantially revised” version of the paper originally prepared for the Jerusalem conference. Its predecessor, “Allocating Penalties”, was in part a response to my “Criminal Desert, Harm, and Fairness”, the paper I prepared for the conference. “Proportionality” is instead (if only in part) a response to what I said at the conference — the “Postscript” cited in its footnotes.Here is the dilemma. On the one hand: I could leave “Postscript” more or less as I gave it. That would preserve the historical record, but at some cost. I would have missed a chance to advance discussion of important issues. I would also have caused an anomaly in the order of papers printed here. On the other hand: I could rewrite “Postscript”, making it a response to “Proportionality” rather than to “Allocating Penalties”.

Some Latin poems as evidence for the reign of Athelstan

1980 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 61-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lapidge
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Successful Career ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Latin Verse ◽  
The One ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
William Of Malmesbury

Like his illustrious grandfather, Alfred, King Athelstan (924–39) combined a distinguished and successful career as soldier and statesman with more overtly intellectual pursuits. He restored monasteries, established new bishoprics and was an extremely generous benefactor of churches throughout England. William of Malmesbury reports a view allegedly shared by his twelfth-century contemporaries, that ‘no one more just or more learned ever governed the kingdom’. William's assessment has been endorsed by modern historians. Stenton, for example, wrote of Athelstan that ‘in character and cast of mind he is the one West Saxon king who will bear comparison with Alfred’. As in the case of Alfred, we are moderately well informed concerning Athelstan's military exploits and political achievements from early chronicles. But whereas we also have sound evidence for the literary enterprise of Alfred's reign both in the pages of Asser and in the surviving Old English translations which were executed under Alfred's sponsorship, we have no comparable evidence for the reign of Athelstan. Here the contemporary evidence is limited to a couple of Latin letters addressed to the king, a series of royal diplomas issued in his name and a miscellany of (largely incomprehensible) Latin verse. In face of this pitiful collection of contemporary evidence scholars have seized upon a poem quoted at some length by William of Malmesbury, have declared it a near-contemporary document and have used it to fill the void in the historical record – without ever having examined the poem's credentials to authenticity and antiquity with care. I propose to examine the miscellaneous Latin verse contemporary with Athelstan's reign presently; but since the poem quoted by William of Malmesbury has loomed so large in previous discussions of the reign, it may serve as an appropriate point of departure.

Robot-Asssisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy (Ralp). Oncological and Functional Findings after 90 Cases

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Giberti ◽  
M. Schenone ◽  
P. Cortese ◽  
F. Gallo ◽  
E Gastaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Functional Results ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Nerve Sparing ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Disease Free Survival Rate ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

The RALP is the most modern technology available for the treatment of intracapsular prostate cancer (CaP), which can produce a shorter learning curve and better results than the traditional techniques. Methods Between March 2005 and March 2008, 90 patients (64.3 ys, range 52–71) with intracapsular CaP underwent RALP at our institute. Before surgery the patients underwent routine examinations and filled in IIEF, IPSS and EORTC-QLQC30/PR 25 questionnaires. Patients were followed up with PSA assay, physical examination and compilation of the questionnaires. Median follow-up was 12.5 months (range 1–35 months). Results Mean operative time was 230 min. Discharge and catheter removal were at day 7.4 and 8.2, respectively, after surgery. Pathological staging reported pT2 and pT3 in 57 (63%) and 33 patients (37%), respectively. Positive surgical margins were assessed in 30 patients (33%), particularly 8.7% in pT2 tumors. The one-year biochemical disease-free survival rate was 90%. Regarding the functional results, 81 patients (90%) were perfectly continent while a mild and a moderate incontinence were reported in 7 (8%) and 2 (2%) patients, respectively. Mean IPSS score decreased from 8 to 4; among the patients who underwent bilateral nerve sparing RALP and no adjuvant therapy, 31 (70.4%) reported satisfactory sexual intercourses. Concerning postoperative quality of life, mean EORTC-QLQC30/PR 25 questionnaires scores were very similar before and after RALP. Conclusions After 90 cases of RALP the oncological and functional results are definitely promising. However, a wider number of patients and a greater follow-up are needed to confirm these data particularly as regards the functional results.

A Computational Study of Perfusion During the ExtraCorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-52
Author(s):  
Maria Vittoria Caruso ◽  
Vera Gramigna ◽  
Attilio Renzulli ◽  
Gionata Fragomeni
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
The One

The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a common procedure of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) used in case of cardiopulmonary diseases. The major clinical complications are related to hemodynamic changes and to the mechanical shear stress. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the modality of perfusion during ECMO, comparing the hemodynamic behavior generated by constant flow (normal modality) with the one obtained by pulsed perfusion induced by the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). To carry out the study, the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) approach was chosen, realizing a multi-scale model. The numerical results have highlighted that the IABP-induced pulsed perfusion increases both flow and pressure in the supraaortic vessels, even if the balloon makes the wall shear stress (WSS) pattern and the hemolysis index worse.

scholarly journals Analysis of Sealing and Leakage Performance of the Subsea Collet Connector with Lens-Type Sealing Structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Feihong Yun ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Zheping Yan ◽  
Peng Jia ◽  
Xiujun Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Gain Coefficient ◽  
Leakage Rate ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Mechanics Model ◽  
Sealing Performance ◽  
Width Measurement ◽  
Pressure Experiment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The contact mechanics model of the metal lens-type sealing gasket is established on the basis of Hertz theory on the macroscopical scale in this paper. The relationship among sealing width, contact pressure, and preload is solved. Based on the structural characteristics of the subsea collet connector, the self-locking characteristics are analyzed to determine the gain coefficient of the sealing structure for the loading thrust. On the microscopic scale, the contact characteristics of the turning lens-type sealing gasket and the hub structure are analyzed by the equivalent replacement of the peak cut coefficient of the one-dimensional sinusoidal wave. The influence of different leakage forms on sealing performance is discussed from both radial and circumferential leakage, and the leakage rate of the lens-type sealing structure is calculated. The hydrostatic pressure experiment of the subsea collet connector with lens-type sealing gasket is carried out, and the correctness of the theoretical analysis is verified from the results of the pressure maintaining, sealing width measurement, and preload conversion.

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