596 Although teen pregnancy, defined by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as pregnancies between the ages of 15 and 19, has declined in the US over recent years to 16.7 births per 1000 girls, it continues to represent an enormous risk factor for poorer economic, educational, and health outcomes, both for the teen and the baby.1 Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) also continue to be a concern among this age group, with nearly half of the 26 million new STIs reported each year occurring in young people aged 15 to 24.2 To mitigate this problem, the US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) provides funding to organizations and communities to prevent teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Unfortunately, reviews of the evaluations of these programs show limited positive impacts on pregnancy, sexual delay, and STI prevention methods or contraceptive use.3,4 Juras et al4 conducted a meta-analysis of 34 of the 43 adolescent pregnancy prevention program evaluations funded by the USDHHS between 2010 and 2016. On average, the programs showed small, statistically non-significant improvements in sexual risk behaviors and in pregnancy and STI Kayla Knopp, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States. Galena K. Rhoades, Research Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States. Lisa A. Rue, Senior Advisor for Adolescent and Behavioral Health at cliexa, Denver, CO, United States. Michael A. Floren, Assistant Professor of Data Analytics, Department of Finance, Economics and Data Analytics, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, United States. Kiley M. Floren, Director of Evaluation Services at Practical Statistics, Florence, AL, United States. Correspondence Dr Knopp; [email protected] Messaging Considerations in Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention
Objective: Teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention are top public health goals. Despite decades of research, programs to prevent adverse sexual health outcomes among adolescents show limited effectiveness in broad dissemination. In the current study, we aimed to identify understudied factors that may impact effectiveness of teen pregnancy and STI prevention (TPP) programs, with goals of informing innovation in program development and outlining future research priorities. Methods: A panel of experts in TPP programs generated a list of understudied constructs in evaluation research, distilled to 3 considerations regarding messaging: single versus multiple messages, adverse effects of safety messages, and sociocultural context. We conducted an exploratory search of published literature in health promotion fields targeted toward messaging strategies, and we synthesized information from relevant empirical and review papers. Results: Limited evidence was found suggesting multiple messages or adverse message impacts are likely to impair TPP program effectiveness overall, although both may emerge in certain contexts and populations. In contrast, considerable evidence highlighted the importance of cultural context and individual differences. Conclusions: Effective TPP program messaging should be consistent, tailored, and systemic. Future research should evaluate these messaging strategies to determine whether they may enhance program impacts.