scholarly journals Household-Level Effects of Energy Insecurity on Welfare in Southern Africa: A Malawian Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Fydess Khundi Mkomba ◽  
Akshay Kumar Saha ◽  
Umaru Garba Wali
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Household Welfare ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Unit Increase

The debate of energy security has, over the past decades, centered on supply factors within the energy policy framework in the public policy discourse. Much more empirical evidence is required to fully understand  the household-level effects of energy security on development outcomes. This paper explores the  characteristics of the households that face energy insecurity and also analyze the effects of energy insecurity on household welfare using the recent data from the Malawi Fourth Integrated Household Survey(IHS4) 2016-2017. Overall, 42.58% of Malawian households were found to be  energy insecure and the study findings show that the energy insecure were a heterogenous group compared to the energy secure. The heterogeneity exist because  of differences in demographics (likely to be advanced in age, likely to be females,  less likely to have a household head  with  formal education); socioeconomic status (likely to be poor,  had low wealth  levels); geography (likely to be rural dwellers in the central and southern parts of Malawi); housing and dwelling status (less likely to be renters, less likely to be found in permanent or semi-permanent buildings that have iron sheets and cement floor). Additional results from econometric analysis showed that energy insecure households reduced their food consumption by 2.3% for each 1% unit increase in the share of the energy costs in their total household budget. Similarly, on the education outcome, the energy insecure households reduced  their education expenditure by 3.6% for each 1% unit increase in the share of the energy costs over the total household expenditure. These findings show that energy security plays a key role towards improvement of household welfare in general as this might have short term and long-term negative implications on human capital development.

The nexus between poverty and socio-economic characteristics of the household and household head: Evidence from Sierra Leone

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-65
Author(s):  
Abu Bakarr Turay ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
Extreme Poverty

Household poverty is widespread in Sierra Leone, affecting about 6 out of every 10 persons, which calls for urgent policy action. This study used the 2018 Sierra Leone Integrated Household Survey (2018 SLIHS) and a logistic model to analyze the influence of socio-economic characteristics of the household and household head on poverty. The analysis has shown that living in rural areas, having no formal education, or being unemployed, significantly increases the probability of a household being in extreme poverty. Other factors contributing to household extreme poverty status were: have a large household size with many children below 10 years, being separated from a spouse (widowed or divorced), being disabled, and working in the agriculture sector. On the other hand, the characteristics that decrease the probability of a household being poor include being a female household head, having at least secondary school education (notably tertiary education), residing in urban areas or cities, working in the services sector, and being single or married. Therefore, enhancing service delivery through a viable decentralization process, and supporting easily accessible quality education programmes, especially tertiary education, are critical for meaningful poverty reduction across all sections of the population. Keywords: Poverty, household, socio-economic characteristics, logistics model.

scholarly journals FOREST RESOURCE INCOME VARIATION IN MID-HILLS OF NEPAL: A CASE STUDY FROM TWO CFUGS OF PARBAT DISTRICT, NEPAL

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesh Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Forest Resource ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Forest Income

 Inequality persists in Nepali society and various source of income including forest resource contributes to it. This study was conducted in two CFUGs of the Parbat district, Nepal and examines the variability in the forest resource income at the household level. Focus group discussion, Key informants survey and Household survey methods were employed to collect the primary data and random sample of 120 respondents were surveyed. Along with simple mathematical calculations statistical test ANOVA was performed for data analysis. Rich categories of users derive significantly more income from the CF than the middle and poor categories of users although being the larger share of CF income to the total forest income for poor users. The CF income also varies with the sex of the household head and caste of the users in absolute terms but not significant. The Gini coefficient of the income distribution is found 0.48, 0.34 and 0.31 for CF income, Private trees income and total forest income respectively. It is recommended to the CFUGs that the benefit sharing should be in the equitable basis for the sustainable use of the resources. International Journal of EnvironmentVolume-4, Issue-3, June-August 2015Page: 1-10

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Human Capital in Southern Punjab: An Empirical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-191
Author(s):  
Salyha Zulfiqar Ali Shah ◽  
Imran Sharif Chaudhry ◽  
Fatima Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
Per Capita

Analyzing the factors affecting human capital at household level increases the productivity of people living in developing countries. A primary data was collected through a household survey to study the factors affecting human capital in Southern Punjab using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression technique. The findings show that the location of the household in rural areas, occupation of the household head in the primary sector, household size, household poverty and female/male ratio shows significant and negatively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. Moreover, per capita income, number of earners in the household, remittances are significant and positively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. The annual budget allocation for education in Pakistan is very low, so Government should allocate a significant amount of funds to the education sector.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Human Capital in Southern Punjab: An Empirical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Salyha Zulfiqar Ali Shah ◽  
Imran Sharif Chaudhry ◽  
Fatima Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
Per Capita

Analyzing the factors affecting human capital at household level increases the productivity of people living in developing countries. A primary data was collected through a household survey to study the factors affecting human capital in Southern Punjab using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression technique. The findings show that the location of the household in rural areas, occupation of the household head in the primary sector, household size, household poverty and female/male ratio shows significant and negatively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. Moreover, per capita income, number of earners in the household, remittances are significant and positively affecting the human capital of the households in Southern Punjab. The annual budget allocation for education in Pakistan is very low, so Government should allocate a significant amount of funds to the education sector.

scholarly journals Measuring Household Resilience to Cyclone Disasters in Coastal Bangladesh

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Abdullah Al-Maruf ◽  
J. Craig Jenkins ◽  
Amelie Bernzen ◽  
Boris Braun
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Coastal Bangladesh ◽  
Indicator Approach ◽  
Island Communities ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring ◽  
Social Safety Nets

The main objective of this paper is to measure the level of household resilience to cyclone and storm surges in the coastal area of Bangladesh. We draw on four general disaster frameworks in terms of addressing household-level resilience to cyclones and storm surges. We use a composite indicator approach organized around four components: (1) household infrastructure (HI); (2) household economic capacity (HEC); (3) household self-organization and learning (HSoL), and; (4) social safety nets (SSN). Drawing on a household survey (N = 1188) in nine coastal union parishads in coastal Bangladesh purposively selected as among the most vulnerable places in the world, we use principal components analysis applied to a standardized form of the survey data that identifies key household resilience features. These household index scores can be used for the assessment and monitoring of household capacities, training, and other efforts to improve household cyclone resilience. Our innovative methodological approach allows us to (a) identify patterns and reveal the underlying factors that accurately describe the variation in the data; (b) reduce a large number of variables to a much smaller number of core dimensions of household resilience, and (c) to detect spatial variations in resilience among communities. Aggregated to the community level, our new index reveals significant differences in community cyclone resilience in different areas of the coastal region. In this way, we can show that shoreline and island communities, in particular, have significant deficits in terms of household resilience, which seem to be mutually reinforcing one another and making for lower resilience.

Vulnerability to Natural Disaster and Welfare Effect: A Case Study of Flood Risk in Vietnam’s North Central Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 002190962199349
Author(s):  
Manh-Hung Nguyen ◽  
Dung P Le ◽  
Thang T Vo
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
North Central ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Central Vietnam ◽  
Housing Costs ◽  
Household Vulnerability ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the impact of flood risk on vulnerability and welfare at the household level in Vietnam. The analytical sample is taken from a household survey conducted in a north central Vietnam community through a three-stage stratified random sampling method. The propensity score matching approach is employed to compare various welfare indicators between flooded and non-flooded households. This study finds that flooding results in significant income losses and imposes higher costs of living, especially housing costs. The two types of households are vulnerable, implying that other natural disasters or socio-economic disadvantages may have adverse effects on households’ livelihoods. The insignificant effect of floods on vulnerability indicates that the flooded households can cope with floods to some extent. However, contrary to family support, formal coping strategies are insufficient or ineffective at reducing household vulnerability to floods.

scholarly journals Adaptive Capacity to Extreme Heat: Results from a Household Survey in Houston, Texas

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary H. Hayden ◽  
Olga V. Wilhelmi ◽  
Deborah Banerjee ◽  
Tamara Greasby ◽  
Jamie L. Cavanaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Extreme Heat ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Population Vulnerability ◽  
Heat Risk ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Extreme heat is the leading cause of weather-related mortality in the United States, suggesting the necessity for better understanding population vulnerability to extreme heat. The work presented here is part of a larger study examining vulnerability to extreme heat in current and future climates [System for Integrated Modeling of Metropolitan Extreme Heat Risk (SIMMER)] and was undertaken to assess Houston, Texas, residents’ adaptive capacity to extreme heat. A comprehensive, semistructured survey was conducted by telephone at 901 households in Houston in 2011. Frequency and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results show that 20% of the survey respondents reported heat-related symptoms in the summer of 2011 despite widespread air conditioning availability throughout Houston. Of those reporting heat-related symptoms experienced in the home (n = 56), the majority could not afford to use air conditioning because of the high cost of electricity. This research highlights the efficacy of community-based surveys to better understand adaptive capacity at the household level; this survey contextualizes population vulnerability and identifies more targeted intervention strategies and adaptation actions.

scholarly journals Credit’s use performance and its determinants on farm household: A case of Chitwan district of Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-149
Author(s):  
Namdev Upadhyay ◽  
Samaya Gairhe ◽  
Yogendra Acharya ◽  
Yuga Nath Ghimire ◽  
Krishna Prasad Timsina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Food Sufficiency ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
On Farm

Credit has been considered to play a pivotal role in the agricultural development of Nepal. A large number of institutions are involved in the disbursement of credit to agriculture. In this backdrop, the present study has examined the performance of agricultural credit and has identified the determinants of increased use of credit at the farm household level in Nepal. The study was based on survey data consisting of 107 samples collected randomly from the Chitwan district. The study has revealed that the quantum of credit availed by the farming households is affected by several socio-demographic factors which include caste, economically active population, food sufficiency, and membership in an organization. The research revealed that if the household is Brahmin/ Chettri, the probability of borrowing loans decreased by 32% as compared to other castes. Similarly, if the household’s economically active population increased by one unit, the probability of taking a loan increased by 16%. The results also show that, if household food sufficiency increased by one month the probability of taking loans decreased by 4 % but if the household head is a member of an organization, the probability of taking a loan increased by 28%. The congenial environment to increase the involvement of the household head to an organization like cooperative and farmers group, increasing the food self-sufficiency through productivity enhancement program and creating awareness on credit utilization helps to increase credit use performance in Agriculture.

scholarly journals Why Goat Farming in Northern Communal Areas of Namibia Is not Commercialised: The Case of Ogongo Constituency

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Cecil Togarepi ◽  
Benisiu Thomas ◽  
Namutenya Hilka Mika
Keyword(s):  
Household Head ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
North Central ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
Communal Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
Goat Farming

In Namibia, goat products are not found in the formal markets include retail shops. This is despite several attempts by the government of Namibia to promote goat products in the formal sector. At household level however, goat meat is a delicacy. This study therefore seeks to provide possible reasons for the unavailability of goat products in Northern Namibia focussing on the supply side of the goat market. A structured survey questionnaire was employed among 75 goat farmers in Ogongo Constituency, Omusati Region in North Central Namibia. The data sought included production, offtake and marketing of goats as well as challenges faced. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data and multiple linear regression was employed to determine the factors influencing offtake rate. The offtake rate (percent of goats sold) was estimated as 2.8% from the data, which is very low. The offtake rate was significantly influenced by age of the head of household (p<0.01), education level of the household head (p<0.01) and marital status (p<0.01). On the other hand, goat production was affected by other challenges such as unavailability of marketing infrastructure, diseases, grazing shortages, and frequent droughts. The implications of these findings on policy include provision of incentives to farmers to sale as well as providing marketing infrastructure. Thus the study recommends the sensitization of communal farmers on economic potential of selling goats to alleviate poverty and to improve livelihoods through income generation.

scholarly journals Correlates of human capital expenditure among rural households in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (335) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwakemi Adeola Obayelu ◽  
Ayodeji Ojo ◽  
Olamide Oladoyin
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Heckman Selection Model ◽  
Rural Nigeria

Abstract Human capital development is increasingly gaining policy relevance especially with the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study examined the correlates of human capital expenditure in rural Nigeria. General Household Survey dataset collected by the National Bureau of Statistics was used for this study. Descriptive statistical tools, principal components analysis and the Heckman selection model were used to analyse relevant data. The study found majority of the households were male-headed, with an average size of 7 people. In terms of access to education, 62.1% of the surveyed households had access to education and spent an average of NGN 12,570.56 on education. The age of household head, access to loans, marital status and household size were the correlates of human capital expenditure in rural Nigeria. Also, school fees and registration accounted for 41.2% of households’ expenditure on education. The study found paucity of funds, low priority placed on education and low interest were the main constraints to human capital expenditure. The study recommended the design and implementation of pro-poor educational interventions especially for children from rural households. Also, there is the need for government, multilateral organisations and financial institutions to position rural households for financial inclusion.

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