scholarly journals Analisis Konsentrasi PM2,5, CO, dan CO2, serta Laju Konsumsi Bahan Bakar Biopelet Sekam Padi dan Jerami pada Kompor Biomassa

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-210
Author(s):  
Fadjar Goembira ◽  
Debby Maurine Aristi ◽  
Defri Nofriadi ◽  
Nilda Tri Putri
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Water Boiling Test ◽  
Air Sampler ◽  
Hot Start ◽  
Micron Size ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Three Phases

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis konsentrasi PM2.5, CO dan CO2 dalam ruangan ketika dilakukan penggunaan bahan bakar biopelet pada sebuah kompor biomassa, serta menghitung laju konsumsi bahan bakar tesebut. Pengujian menggunakan metode water boiling test (WBT) untuk mensimulasikan proses memasak yang terbagi ke dalam 3 fase, yaitu cold start (CS)/fase dingin, hot start (HS)/fase panas, dan simmering (SM)/fase mendidih. Biopelet dibuat dari limbah sekam dan jerami padi. Pengukuran PM2,5 dilakukan menggunakan low volume air sampler (LVS) yang dilengkapi dengan elutriator untuk memisahkan partikel berukuran di atas 2,5 mikron dan filter fiberglass untuk menangkap partikel berukuran kurang dari 2,5 mikron pada kecepatan aliran udara 3,5 liter per menit. Sedangkan pengukuran CO dan CO2 menggunakan Portable Air Quality Monitor. Didapatkan konsentrasi PM2,5 biopelet sekam padi pada fase CS, HS, dan SM berturut-turut 33,13,30,81, dan 24,76 μg/Nm3, sedangkan untuk biopelet jerami padi diperoleh 23,29, 29,98, dan 30,42 μg/Nm3.Terkait konsentrasi CO, pada ketiga fase berturut-turut untuk biopelet sekam padi yaitu 5,29, 5,14, dan 6,09 ppm, sedangkan untuk biopelet jerami padi didapatkan 6,13, 5,86, dan 5,67 ppm. Terakhir, pengukuran konsentrasi CO2 biopelet sekam padi yaitu 436,74, 451,71, dan 472,82 ppm, sedangkan pada biopelet jerami padi terukur 419,87, 417,93, dan 453,43 ppm, pada ketiga fase berturut-turut. Konsentrasi PM2,5, gas CO dan CO2 biopelet masih memenuhi baku mutu udara indoor sesuai dengan PERMENKES/1077/2011. Rasio CO/CO2 berada di bawah nilai 0,02 yang menunjukkan pembakaran bahan bakar biopelet menghasilkan karbon monoksida yang kecil sehingga terjadi pembakaran sempurna. Laju konsumsi bahan bakar biopelet lebih kecil dibandingkan jika digunakan biomassa yang belum diolah menjadi biopelet. ABSTRACTThis research was conducted to analyse indoor PM2.5, CO dan CO2 concentrations during the use of biopellet fuel in a biomass stove, and to calculate the fuel consumption rate. Water boiling test (WBT) was used to simulate cooking activities, which comprises of three phases, i.e., cold start (CS), hot start (HS), and simmering (SM). The biopellet was made from rice husk and straw wastes. PM2.5 were measured by using a low volume air sampler (LVAS) that was equipped with an elutriator to separate particulates with more than 2.5-micron size and a fiberglass filter to trap particulates with less than 2.5-micron size at air flow rate of 3.5 liter per minute. Meanwhile, a portable air quality monitor was used to measure CO dan CO2. It was found that PM2.5 concentrations for rice husk biopellet during CS, HS, and SM were, respectively, 33.13,30.81, and 24.76 μg/Nm3. While those for rice straw biopellet were 23.29, 29.98, and 30.42 μg/Nm3. Regarding CO concentrations during the three phases for rice husk biopellet were, respectively, 5.29, 5.14, and 6.09 ppm, whilst for the rice straw biopellet the concentrations were 6.13, 5.86, and 5.67 ppm. Lastly, the CO2 measurements for rice husk biopellet were 436.74, 451.71, and 472.82 ppm, while those for rice husk biopellet were 419.87, 417.93, and 453.43 ppm, during the three phases correspondingly. All PM2.5, CO and CO2 gas concentrations still met indoor air quality standard, in accordance with Minister of Health Regulation Number 1077/2011. Moreover, the CO/CO2 ratios were below 0.02, which indicates that the combustion of the biopellet fuels emited small amount of carbon monoxide, thus, perfect combustion were achieved. The biopellet fuel consumption rates were smaller than those of virgin biomasses that had not been converted into biopellet

scholarly journals Effect of pyrolysis temperature on Si release of alkali-enhanced Si-rich biochar and plant response

Biochar ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Wang ◽  
Negar D. Tafti ◽  
Jim J. Wang ◽  
Xudong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Plant Disease Control ◽  
Si Content ◽  
Lower Temperature

AbstractRecent studies have shown that silicon (Si) dissolution from biochar may be influenced by the pyrolysis temperature. In addition, the enhancement of biochar by treatment with alkali has been proposed to produce a Si source that can be used for environmentally friendly plant disease control. In this study, biochars from rice straw and rice husk pretreated with KOH, CaO and K2CO3 and then pyrolyzed at 350, 450 and 550 °C were prepared to evaluate the effects of pyrolysis temperature on Si release and plant uptake from alkali-enhanced Si-rich biochar. Extractable Si and dissolution Si from the prepared biochars were assessed by different short-term chemical methods and long-term (30-day) release in dilute acid and neutral salt solutions, respectively, along with a rice potting experiment in greenhouse. For both rice straw- and husk-derived alkali-enhanced biochars (RS-10KB and HS-10K2B, respectively), increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 350 to 550 °C generally had the highest extractable Si and increased Si content extracted by 5-day sodium carbonate and ammonium nitrate (5dSCAN) designated for fertilizer Si by 61–142%, whereas non-enhanced biochars had more extractable Si at 350 °C. The alkali-enhanced biochars produced at 550 °C pyrolysis temperature also released 82–172% and 27–79% more Si than that of 350 °C produced biochar in unbuffered weak acid and neutral salt solutions, respectively, over 30 days. In addition, alkali-enhanced biochars, especially that derived from rice husk at 550 °C facilitated 6–21% greater Si uptake by rice and 44–101% higher rice grain yields than lower temperature biochars, non-enhanced biochars, or conventional Si fertilizers (wollastonite and silicate calcium slag). Overall, this study demonstrated that 550 °C is more efficient than lower pyrolysis temperature for preparing alkali-enhanced biochar to improve Si release for plant growth.

scholarly journals Cleaning up the air: Effectiveness of air quality policy for SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> emissions in China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. van der A ◽  
Bas Mijling ◽  
Jieying Ding ◽  
Maria Elissavet Koukouli ◽  
Fei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
Fossil Fuel Consumption ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Quality Policy

Abstract. Air quality observations by satellite instruments are spatially consistent, and have a regular temporal resolution, which make them very useful in studying long-term trends in atmospheric species. To monitor air quality trends in China for the period 2005–2015 we derive SO2 columns and NOx emissions on a provincial level with an unprecedented accuracy. To put these trends into perspective they are compared with public data on energy consumption and the environmental policies of China. We distinguish the effect of air quality regulations from economic growth by comparing them relatively to fossil fuel consumption. Pollutant levels, per unit of fossil fuel, are used to assess the effectiveness of air quality regulations. We note that the desulphurisation regulations enforced in 2005–2006 only had a significant effect in the years 2008–2009 when a much stricter control of the actual use of the installations began. For national NOx emissions a distinct decreasing trend is only visible since 2012, but the emission peak year differs from province to province. Unlike SO2, emissions of NOx are highly related to traffic. Furthermore, regulations for NOx emissions are partly decided on a provincial level. The last three years show both a reduction in SO2 and NOx emissions per fossil fuel unit, since the authorities have implemented several new environmental regulations. Despite an increasing fossil fuel consumption and a growing transport sector, the effects of air quality policy in China are clearly visible. Without the air quality regulations the concentration of SO2 would be almost 3 times higher and the NO2 concentrations would be at least 30 % higher than they are today in China.

scholarly journals Equipments to manage soil and irrigated rice straw for the sequential sowing of soybean in tropical floodplains1

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Geraldo da Silva ◽  
Adriano Stephan Nascente ◽  
Pedro Marques da Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Operating Speed ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Consequent Reduction ◽  
Soil Surface Roughness ◽  
Energetic Performance

ABSTRACT The presence of straw hinders the sowing of soybean cultivated in succession to rice, in areas irrigated by flooding. This study aimed to evaluate the combination of different configurations of a rice harvester and subsequent activities in the operational and energetic demand of rice straw management and in the soil surface roughness, in order to cultivate soybean in succession. Three independent experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, as well as evaluated the fuel consumption, effective operating speed, working capacity and final surface roughness of the ground. The energy costs of harvesting rice do not increase when the automated harvester operates with a spreader to distribute the straw on the ground and to avoid the formation of furrows. The presence of rice plant residues in the field increases the skidding of the tractor when pulling the knife-roller, with a consequent reduction of the operating speed, but this does not affect the operational capacity and the fuel consumption. The increase in the number of light harrowings, from one to two operations, in areas worked with knife-roller or intermediate harrow, requires more time and fuel in the management of the soil and rice straw, but leaves the ground with less surface roughness. The management system with knife-roller operation and two light harrowings is the most appropriate method to prepare the soil for soybean cultivation after rice, because it provides the best combination of technical and energetic performance.

scholarly journals Karakterisasi Bionanofiller Dari Limbah Padi Sebagai Alternatif Penguatan Pada Polimer Komposit

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eryani . ◽  
Sri Aprilia ◽  
Farid Mulana
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Silica Content ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Mechanical Properties Characterization

<p>Agricultural waste such as rice straw, rice husk and rice husk ash have not been utilized properly. This waste of agricultural produce can actually be used as an alternative to bionanofiller because it contains an excellent source of silica. The silica content contained in the rice waste when combined with the polymer matrix can produce composites having high thermal and mechanical properties. Characterization of bionanofiller from this rice waste is done by SEM, XRF, FTIR, XRD and particle density. The result of SEM analysis from this rice waste is feasible to be used as filler because it has size 1 μm. Likewise with the results of XRF analysis that rice waste contains a high enough silica component that is 80.6255% - 89.83%. FTIR test results also show that bionanoparticles from rice waste have the same content of silica. In the XRD analysis the best selective gain of rice waste is found in rice husk ash which is characteristic of amorp silica at a range of 2ϴ = 22<br />. The largest density analysis of paddy waste was found in rice husk 0.0419 gr / cm , followed by rice straw by of 0.0417 gr / cm 3 and rice hulk ash 0.0407 g / cm 3</p>

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Studies in Four Specific Location of Tamilnadu, India

2019 ◽  
pp. 677-683
Author(s):  
Mageshkumar P ◽  
Ramesh S ◽  
Angu Senthil K
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Air Quality Index ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Air Sampler

A comprehensive study on the air quality was carried out in four locations namely, Tiruchengode Bus Stand, K.S.R College Campus, Pallipalayam Bus Stop and Erode Government Hospital to assess the prevailing quality of air. Ambient air sampling was carried out in four locations using a high volume air sampler and the mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX and CO were measured. The analyzed quality parameters were compared with the values suggested by National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Air quality index was also calculated for the gaseous pollutants and for Particulate Matters. It was found that PM10 concentration exceeds the threshold limits in all the measured locations. The higher vehicular density is one of the main reasons for the higher concentrations of these gaseous pollutants. The air quality index results show that the selected locations come under moderate air pollution.

scholarly journals Estimating Fuel Consumption for the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Goodrick ◽  
Dan Shea ◽  
John Blake
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Continued Use

Abstract Recent changes in air quality regulations present a potential obstacle to continued use of prescribed fire as a land management tool. Lowering of the acceptable daily concentration of particulate matter from 65 to 35 μg/m3 will bring much closer scrutiny of prescribed burning practices from the air quality community. To work within this narrow window, land managers need simple tools to allow them to estimate their potential emissions and examine trade-offs between continued use of prescribed fire and other means of fuels management. A critical part of the emissions estimation process is determining the amount of fuel consumed during the burn. This study combines results from a number of studies along the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina to arrive at a simple means of estimating total fuel consumption on prescribed fires. The result is a simple linear relationship that determines the total fuel consumed as a function of the product of the preburn fuel load and the burning index of the National Fire Danger Rating System.

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