scholarly journals Urgensi Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Risiko Infeksi Leishmaniasis atas Kontingen Garuda di Lebanon

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
I Dewa Ketut Kerta Widana ◽  
Abimanyu Hilmawan
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Data Display ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Imported Case ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

Latar belakang: Suriah merupakan wilayah endemik Cutaneous Leishmaniasis dengan kasus infeksi yang terburuk di dunia. Akibat perang saudara dan  terorisme, infeksi penyakit Cutaneous Leishmaniasis atas rakyat Suriah menjadi tidak terkendali dengan kasus sebesar 58.156 di tahun 2011, 71.996 di tahun 2013, dan 50.972 kasus di tahun 2015. Konflik berkepanjangan mendorong dislokasi rakyat Suriah ke negara-negara di sekitarnya, salah satunya Lebanon. Catatan kasus Cutaneous Leishmaniasis di Lebanon selalu baik dalam jangka tahun 2006 hingga 2015 (selalu di bawah 7 kasus). Namun akibat dislokasi rakyat Suriah ke Lebanon, menimbulkan peningkatan imported case Cutaneous Leishmaniasis yang terus meningkat dari 1.033 kasus di tahun 2013 menjadi 1.393 di tahun 2015. Sejak tahun 2006, Indonesia mengirim Kontingen Garuda untuk misi perdamaian di perbatasan Lebanon-Israel. Dengan meningkatnya risiko infeksi Cutaneous Leishmaniasis di Lebanon, belum adanya gambaran berapa lama konflik di Suriah akan berakhir, dan belum jelasnya kapan misi perdamaian Indonesia di Lebanon akan selesai, risiko infeksi Leishmaniasis atas prajurit TNI semakin tinggi. Tujuan paper ini adalah memberikan masukan bagaimana Kontingen Garuda di Lebanon memperkecil risiko infeksi Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.Metode: Paper ini disusun dengan teknik studi literatur (literature review) mengenai praktik pencegahan dan pengendalian infeksi Leishmaniasis menggunakan teknik Miles, Huberman dan Saldana (2014) yaitu data condensation, data display, dan conclusion drawing.Hasil: Vaksin penyakit Leishmaniasis belum ditemukan dan obat-obatan untuk penyembuhannya yang tersedia saat ini masih memiliki  toksisitas tinggi. Mencegah gigitan lalat pasir dengan alat pelindung diri, rekayasa lingkungan untuk penurunan populasi lalat pasir dan hewan inang, serta mengkarantina dan memulihkan inang manusia adalah cara paling efektif untuk mengontrol risiko infeksi Leishmaniasis.Simpulan: Mencegah gigitan lalat pasir adalah cara terbaik dalam memperkecil risiko infeksi Leishmaniasis. Pemberantasan vektor dan inang, serta penggunaan alat pelindung diri adalah langkah yang perlu diambil Kontingen Garuda untuk memperkecil risiko infeksi Leishmaniasis. ABSTRACTTitle: The Urgency to Prevent and Control the Risk of Leishmaniasis Infection on the Garuda Contingent in LebanonBackground: Syria is an endemic region of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis with the worst infection case in the world. Fueled by civil war and terrorism, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis infection ravage the country with 58.156 cases in 2011, 71.996 cases in 2013, and 50.972 cases in 2015. The prolonged conflict force the dislocations of Syrians to neighbouring countries such as Lebanon. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis case in Lebanon is relatively low but as the refugee from Syria entering the border, the imported case of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis increases. As Indonesia keep sending Garuda Contingent to Lebanon for peacekeeping mission since 2006, this caused a worry that the troops may infected with Leishmaniasis. The aim of this paper is to give inputs about how to suppress the risk of infection between Garuda Contingent in Lebanon.Methods: literature review from journals about Leishmaniasis prevention and control using Miles, Huberman, and Saldana’s (2014) analytical technique of data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing.Results: Vaccine for Leishmaniasis is yet to be found and the medicines for the treatment is still have high toxicity. Preventing the sandfly bites by using self protective measures/equipment, environmental engineering to reduce Leishmaniasis reservoir and vector, quarantine the infected human and curing the victim are the most effective way to control the risk of Leishmaniasis infeections.Conclusion:  Preventing sandfly bite is the best way to suppress the risk of Leishmaniasis infection. Vector and reservoir control, and the use self protective measures and equipment is necessary to lower the Leishmaniasis infection risks to Garuda Contingent.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and its associated risk factors related to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Ilam province of Iran

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-14
Author(s):  
Fatima Ibrahim ABDULSALAM ◽  
◽  
Tabarak Malik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Kap Survey ◽  
Border Town ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
And Control

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) surveys precede an awareness or intervention program, it addresses a felt need in a population in which that need exists. In an endemic region of cutaneous leishmaniasis disease occurrence, public enlightenment on its preventive and control measures is highly important. Ilam province of Iran is a provincial border town transited annually by pilgrims was reported to have the most cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis ranking highest since 2010 yet no report on KAP survey has been previously conducted.

scholarly journals Environmental Conditions and COVID-19 Incident

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Yura Witsqa Firmansyah ◽  
Mirza Fathan Fuadi ◽  
Farida Sugiester S ◽  
Wahyu Widyantoro ◽  
Muhammad Fadli Ramadhansyah
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

COVID-19 merupakan penyakit menular baru yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2. Ditetapkan sebagai pandemi pada 12 Maret 2020 karena memiliki sebaran kasus yang tinggi dan cepat dibeberapa negara. Pada 1 Februari 2021 total kasus COVID-19 mencapai 103 juta di dunia, sedangkan di indonesia mencaoai 1,09 juta. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi terhadap penularan dan kematian COVID-19, seperti kondisi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran kondisi lingkungan yang dapat menjadi faktor penularan dan kematian akibat COVID-19. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah literature review, merupakan kajian pustaka dengan kajian data sekunder diperoleh melalui jurnal penelitian yang kemudihan disintesis sehingga didapatkan 23 jurnal sebagai acuan penyusunan kajian pustaka. Hasil kajian pustaka, COVID-19 dan degradasi lingkungan memiliki penurunan pencemaran udara, air, kebisingan, dan pencemaran laut akibat lockdown. Namun, terjadi peningkatan volumen limbah B3 dari pasien COVID-19. Kemudihan COVID-19 dan pencemaran udara didapatkan hasil, karbon monoksida (CO), NO2, dan materi partikulat berdiameter kecil atau sama dengan 10 ?m' (PM10) mengalami penurunan signifikan selama lockdown global. Sedangkan untuk COVID-19 dan Klimatologi-Meteorologi didapatkan hasil, Setiap kenaikan suhu 1oC dari suhu rata-rata dapat menurunkan kasus harian COVID-19 sebesar 36% dan 57% ketika rata-rata kelembaban pada 67% dan 85,5% (%).  Demikian juga kelembaban, setiap kenaikan 1oC relatif menurunkan kasus harian COVID-19 sebesar 11% hingga 22% dengan rentang suhu 5,04oC hingga 8,2oC. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah, kondisi lingkungan pada saat pandemi COVID-19 memiliki polemik tersendiri. Kerusakan lingkungan seperti pencemaran udara, laut mulai berkurang dengan adanya kebijakan lockdown sebagai upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian COVID-19. Namun beberapa polutan seperti PM2,5 , PM10, CO, NO2  dan O3 memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan transmisi COVID-19. Selain itu, faktor klimatologi dan meteorologi seperti suhu dan kelembaban memiliki nilai asosiasi yang kuat terhadap kasus harian COVID-19COVID-19 is a new infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and was designated a pandemic on March 12, 2020, because it has spread cases in several countries. On February 1, 2021, the total number of COVID-19 cases reached 103 million in the world, and in Indonesia it reached 1.09 million. Many factors influence the transmission and death of COVID-19, for example environmental conditions. This study aims to provide an overview of environmental conditions that can be a factor for transmission and death due to COVID-19. The method in this research is literature review, which is a literature review with secondary data obtained through research journals which are then synthesized and obtained 23 articles as a reference for preparing literature reviews. COVID-19 and environmental degradation have decreased air, water, noise and marine pollution due to the lockdown, but there has been an increase in the volume of hazardous and toxic waste from COVID-19 patients. Then from air pollution, the results of decreases in CO, NO2, and PM10 during lockdown. Meanwhile, for climatology and meteorology, the result is that every 1oC increase in temperature from the average temperature can reduce daily cases of COVID-19 by 36% and 57% when the average humidity is at 67% and 85.5%. Likewis,e humidity each 1oC increase relatively reduces daily cases of COVID-19 by 11% to 22% with a temperature range of 5.04oC to 8.2oC. The conclusion of this research is that the environmental conditions at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic had their own polemic. However, several pollutants such as PM2,5, PM10, CO, NO2 and O3 have a significant relationship with the transmission of COVID-19. This literature review can provide recommendations regarding a holistic model policy for governments globally in efforts to prevent and control environmental pollution, and recycle medical waste.COVID-19 is a new infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and was designated as a pandemic since March 12, 2020, because there are a lot of case in several countries. On February 1, 2021, the total number of COVID-19 cases reached 103 million in the world, and in Indonesia it reached 1.09 million. Many factors influence the transmission and death of COVID-19, for example environmental conditions. This study aims to provide an overview of environmental conditions that can be a factor for transmission and death due to COVID-19. The method in this research is literature review, which is a literature review with secondary data obtained through research journals which are then synthesized and obtained 23 articles as a reference for preparing literature reviews. COVID-19 and environmental degradation have decreased air, water, noise and marine pollution due to the lockdown, but there has been an increase in the volume of hazardous and toxic waste from COVID-19 patients. Then from air pollution, the results of decreases in CO, NO2, and PM10 during lockdown. Meanwhile, for climatology and meteorology, the result is that every 1oC increase in temperature from the average temperature can reduce daily cases of COVID-19 by 36% and 57% when the average humidity is at 67% and 85.5%. Likewis,e humidity each 1oC increase relatively reduces daily cases of COVID-19 by 11% to 22% with a temperature range of 5.04oC to 8.2oC. The conclusion of this research is that the environmental conditions during a pandemic had their own polemic. However, several pollutants such as CO, NO2, O3, PM2,5, and PM10  is closely related to the spread of COVID-19. This literature review can provide recommendations for an overall global government demonstration policy in the prevention and control of environmental pollution and recycling of medical waste.

scholarly journals Immunosenescence and the Susceptibility of the Elderly to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-191
Author(s):  
Widya Wasityastuti ◽  
Andika Dhamarjati ◽  
Siswanto Siswanto
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Health Organization

A new disease caused by a newly-found coronavirus, known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). This new disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak started in late December of 2019 and it did not take a long time until it spread to more than 200 countries in the world with over 4 million confirmed cases to date. The number keeps skyrocketing as day passes, followed by the increasing number of fatalities. Among all of the infected patients, elderly is one of the vulnerable populations. Studies reported that the risk of infection is doubled in older people. This infection-susceptible characteristic may be due to the weak immune system, therefore they lack the capabilities to fight the infection. The deterioration of immune system in elderly is known as immunosenescence. The aim of this literature review is to understand the effect of immunosenescence in the immunopathogenesis and susceptibility of elderly who are exposed to COVID-19 infection. (J Respir Indo. 2020; 40(3): 182-91)

scholarly journals Study on protective measures against diseases of almonds caused by fungi: A case study in Tashkent region of Uzbekistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 939 (1) ◽  
pp. 012088
Author(s):  
D Yuldosheva ◽  
O Khujaev ◽  
R Gulmurodov ◽  
Sh Gulmurodova
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Almond Tree ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

Abstract Among the fruit trees, almond has a special place and is an ancient and traditional type of fruit crop for many countries of the world. Leading research centers around the world have conducted research to study the prevalence, development, damage, and control measures of the almond tree fungi Stigmina carpophila and Monilinia cinerea, which cause widespread perforated spot and moniliosis burns. As a result, it was possible to preserve the almond crop lost under the influence of these diseases. Even today, research aimed at developing effective measures to control the fungal diseases of the almond tree remains relevant.

scholarly journals A case report of visceral leishmaniasis and malaria co-infection with pancytopenia and splenomegaly - a diagnostic challenge

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragya Gautam Ghimire ◽  
Prasanna Ghimire ◽  
Jyoti Adhikari ◽  
Anurag Chapagain
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
World Population ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion

Abstract Background Leishmaniasis and malaria are tropical diseases with more than half of the world population at risk of infection resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Co-infection of Leishmaniasis and malaria pose a great challenge in the diagnosis as well as overall management. Case presentation In this case report, we present a rare case of a 5 years old child hailing from non-endemic region of Nepal with history of fever for a period of 3 months who was diagnosed as co-infection of malaria due to Plasmodium vivax and visceral Leishmaniasis with pancytopenia that subsequently improved after a course of treatment. Conclusions A high index of suspicion for a possibility of co-infection with Leishmaniasis and malaria should be borne in mind when an individual hailing from or having history of travel to endemic countries presents with prolonged fever.

scholarly journals Leishmania spp. seropositivity in Austrian soldiers returning from the Kosovo

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 47-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Kniha ◽  
Julia Walochnik ◽  
Wolfgang Poeppl ◽  
Gerhard Mooseder ◽  
Adelheid G. Obwaller
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Clinical Forms ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
Vector Borne

SummaryLeishmaniasis is a severe vector-borne disease with two main clinical forms, visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Both forms of leishmaniasis are also endemic in Mediterranean countries including the Balkan region from where mainly visceral leishmaniasis is reported. Austrian soldiers returning from Kosovo were screened for anti-Leishmania antibodies to assess the risk of infection during operations. Anti-Leishmania antibodies were detected in more than 20% of the soldiers investigated, which indicates a considerable risk of infection during missions in this area and thus suggests the application of protective measures.

scholarly journals Rethinking territoriality concept on public space after pandemic COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 856
Author(s):  
Sherly De Yong ◽  
Murni Rachmawati ◽  
Ima Defiana
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Build Environment ◽  
And Control

The spread and pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that is currently happening in the world, has led to new policy steps in the security of public spaces to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 and protect public health. There is new adaptation in the policies while using space like limiting the use of public spaces, increasing social distancing between people or creating territory. Territory means specific area where are claimed or maintained (can be physically, through ruler or symbols). Territory can give a sense of security to the users. Therefore, this paper give insight and rethinking the territory concept as sense of security in interior public space and built environment where people expect to see strangers in this space. The methods in this paper are literature review method by collecting and synthesizing previous research using integrative approach. For the result is territory concept achieved as part of protection to the users in the build environment with mechanisms that should be applied in each type: the boundary between areas; limitation to the symbolic; supervision and control of space.

Leadership Theories and the Desired Competencies of the 21st Century Organization Leader

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-35
Author(s):  
Florence Adhiambo Adero ◽  
Wilson Osito Odiyo
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Leadership Theories ◽  
Global Sustainability ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
The World ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Global Terrorism ◽  
And Control

The purpose of this paper was to review existing literature on leadership theories and the desired competencies of the 21st Century Organization Leader, collect and summarize empirical evidence that fits within the context of this study. The modern organization is operating in a context of complex problems that are non-predictable, dynamic and do not have definite solutions.  This is coupled with the global sustainability issues of pandemics, global terrorism and environmental pollution, among others. The 21st Century leader needs to have competencies that are sustainable for the present, the future and have capabilities for survival in this digital era.  The world is not static and as it evolves, so has leadership evolved and leaders require competencies that will help run the 21st century organization successfully.  There are constant changes in the speed of communication, expansive networks that are needed to run organizations and the upsurge in trade volumes.  All these have altered the ways that a leader can achieve organizational efficiency and effectiveness.  From the literature review findings, leaders need to be intelligent, manage change, lead teams, manage performance and communicate effectively.  These competencies enable them to understand and adapt relevant leadership theories that have practical value and can help them to better understand, predict and control the highly dynamic contemporary organization. 

Invasive Shot Hole Borers Euwallacea fornicatus, E. kuroshio, and E. perbrevis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

EDIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Demian F. Gomez ◽  
Jiri Hulcr ◽  
Daniel Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Invasive Insects ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

Invasive species, those that are nonnative and cause economic damage, are one of the main threats to ecosystems around the world. Ambrosia beetles are some of the most common invasive insects. Currently, severe economic impacts have been increasingly reported for all the invasive shot hole borers in South Africa, California, Israel, and throughout Asia. This 7-page fact sheet written by Demian F. Gomez, Jiri Hulcr, and Daniel Carrillo and published by the School of Forest Resources and Conservation describes shot hole borers and their biology and hosts and lists some strategies for prevention and control of these pests. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr422

Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
J. Magelin Mary
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

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