scholarly journals Study of genetic diversity in different wheat species with various genomes based on morphological characteristics and zinc use efficiency under two zinc-deficient growing conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid ABDOLI ◽  
Ezatollah ESFANDIARI ◽  
Aliasghar ALILOO ◽  
Behzad SADEGHZADEH ◽  
Seyed-Bahman MOUSAVI
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Zn Efficiency ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Growing Conditions

Screening of cash crops to tolerate and grow under low levels of micronutrients is important issue in the plant breeding programs. Thus, the study screened the tolerance of 50 wheat genotypes to zinc (Zn) deficiency in the calcareous soil. The Zn treatment was carried out with application of 5 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> (+Zn) and without (-Zn) to the collected soils with initial Zn extractable of 0.5 mg Zn kg<sup>-1</sup> soil. The results revealed that the supplementary application significantly increased shoot dry matter, shoot Zn concentration and shoot Zn content compared to the without Zn application (control), but Zn utilization decreased under Zn application. There was considerable genetic variation in Zn efficiency (55 - 118 %), shoot Zn concentration (11.8 - 27.0 and 14.3 - 39.6 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> DM under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively), shoot Zn content (0.56 - 2.02 and 0.90 - 2.83 µg plant<sup>-1</sup>, under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively) and Zn utilization efficiency (39 - 87.2 and 31.2 - 71.5 mg DM µg<sup>-1</sup> Zn under deficient and sufficient Zn, respectively) within wheat genotypes. Cluster analysis based on Zn efficiency, and shoot dry matter at deficient and adequate Zn conditions classified the genotypes into four clusters. Over the two conditions, the most Zn-efficient and Zn-unefficient genotypes were ‘Ankara-98’ and ‘Altintoprak-98’ and ‘Pg"S’ and ‘Zarin’, respectively. Most durum genotypes had a greater Zn efficiency than modern bread wheat genotypes, therefore these genotypes could be effectively used to breed the new cultivars with high Zn efficiency for calcareous soils.

scholarly journals Wheat Rhizosphere Metagenome Reveals Newfound Potential Soil Zn-Mobilizing Bacteria Contributing to Cultivars’ Variation in Grain Zn Concentration

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Wang ◽  
Zikang Guo ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Fan Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Wheat Rhizosphere ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
The Status ◽  
Soil Zn ◽  
Interspecies Relations ◽  
Grain Zn Concentration

An effective solution to global human zinc (Zn) deficiency is Zn biofortification of staple food crops, which has been hindered by the low available Zn in calcareous soils worldwide. Many culturable soil microbes have been reported to increase Zn availability in the laboratory, while the status of these microbes in fields and whether there are unculturable Zn-mobilizing microbes remain unexplored. Here, we use the culture-independent metagenomic sequencing to investigate the rhizosphere microbiome of three high-Zn (HZn) and three low-Zn (LZn) wheat cultivars in a field experiment with calcareous soils. The average grain Zn concentration of HZn was higher than the Zn biofortification target 40 mg kg–1, while that of LZn was lower than 40 mg kg–1. Metagenomic sequencing and analysis showed large microbiome difference between wheat rhizosphere and bulk soil but small difference between HZn and LZn. Most of the rhizosphere-enriched microbes in HZn and LZn were in common, including many of the previously reported soil Zn-mobilizing microbes. Notably, 30 of the 32 rhizosphere-enriched species exhibiting different abundances between HZn and LZn possess the functional genes involved in soil Zn mobilization, especially the synthesis and exudation of organic acids and siderophores. Most of the abundant potential Zn-mobilizing species were positively correlated with grain Zn concentration and formed a module with strong interspecies relations in the co-occurrence network of abundant rhizosphere-enriched microbes. The potential Zn-mobilizing species, especially Massilia and Pseudomonas, may contribute to the cultivars’ variation in grain Zn concentration, and they deserve further investigation in future studies on Zn biofortification.

scholarly journals Soil-application of Zinc-EDTA Increases Leaf Photosynthesis of Immature ‘Wichita’ Pecan Trees

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Heerema ◽  
Dawn VanLeeuwen ◽  
Marisa Y. Thompson ◽  
Joshua D. Sherman ◽  
Mary J. Comeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soil Zn

Zinc deficiency is common in pecan (Carya illinoinensis) grown in alkaline, calcareous soils. Zinc (Zn)-deficient pecan leaves exhibit interveinal chlorosis, decreased leaf thickness, and reduced photosynthetic capacity. Low photosynthesis (Pn) contributes to restricted vegetative growth, flowering, and fruiting of Zn-deficient pecan trees. Our objectives were to measure effects of soil-applied ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-chelated Zn fertilizer on gas exchange of immature ‘Wichita’ pecan and characterize the relationship between leaf Zn concentration and Pn. The study orchard had alkaline and calcareous soils and was planted in Spring 2011. Zinc was applied throughout each growing season as Zn EDTA through microsprinklers at rates of 0 (Control), 2.2, or 4.4 kg·ha−1 Zn. Leaf gas exchange and SPAD were measured on one occasion in the 2012 growing season, four in 2013, and five in 2014. Soil Zn-EDTA applications significantly increased the leaf tissue Zn concentration throughout the study. On all measurement occasions, net Pn was significantly increased by soil-applied Zn EDTA compared with the control, but Pn was not different between the two soil-applied Zn-EDTA treatments. Leaf Pn in midseason did not increase at leaf tissue Zn concentrations above 14–22 mg·kg−1. Leaf SPAD consistently followed a similar pattern to Pn. Soil Zn-EDTA application increased leaf stomatal conductance (gS) compared with the Control early through midseason but not after August. Intercellular CO2 concentration was significantly lower for Zn-EDTA-treated trees than the Control even on dates when there was no significant difference in gs, which suggests that soil application of Zn-EDTA alleviated nonstomatal limitations to Pn caused by Zn deficiency.

scholarly journals Quantify the Requirements to Achieve Grain Zn Biofortification of High-yield Wheat on Calcareous Soils

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Wang ◽  
Zhaohui Wang ◽  
Shasha Li ◽  
Chaopeng Diao ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Established Method ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Zn Distribution ◽  
Grain Zn Concentration

AbstractThe solution to address global human Zn deficiency is Zn biofortification of staple food crops, aimed at high grain Zn concentration as well as high yield. However, the desired high grain Zn concentration above 40 mg kg-1 is rarely observed for high-yield wheat on worldwide calcareous soils, due to inadequate Zn uptake or Zn distribution to grain. The present study aims to investigate how much Zn uptake or distribution is adequate to achieve the Zn.t of high-yield wheat on calcareous soils with low available Zn (∼ 0.5 mg kg-1). Of the 123 cultivars tested in a three-year field experiment, 19 high-yield cultivars were identified with similar yields around 7.0 t ha-1 and various grain Zn concentrations from 9.3 to 26.7 mg kg-1. The adequate Zn distribution to grain was defined from the view of Zn biofortification, as the situation where the Zn distribution to grain (Zn harvest index) increased to the observed maximum of ∼ 91.0% and the Zn concentration of vegetative parts (straw Zn concentration) decreased to the observed minimum of ∼ 1.5 mg kg-1 (Zn.m). Under the assumed condition of adequate Zn distribution to grain (∼ 91.0%), all the extra Zn above Zn.m was remobilized from straw to grain and the grain Zn concentration would be increased to its highest attainable level, which was 14.5 ∼ 31.3 mg kg-1 for the 19 high-yield cultivars but still lower than 40 mg kg-1. Thus, even with the adequate Zn distribution to grain, the current Zn uptake is still not adequate and needs to be increased to 308 g ha-1 or higher to achieve Zn.t for high-yield wheat (7.0 t ha-1) on low-Zn calcareous soils. Besides, the established method here can also provide the priority measures and quantitative guidelines to achieve Zn biofortification in other wheat production regions.

Effect of seed zinc content on early growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under low and adequate soil zinc supply

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Genc ◽  
Glenn K. McDonald ◽  
Robin D. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Zn Efficiency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Soil Zn

Worldwide, barley is often grown on zinc (Zn) deficient soils. Screening for varieties tolerant of low soil Zn (Zn-efficient varieties) generally involves assessing growth or yield of plants grown at different levels of Zn supply. Seed nutrient reserves can influence the growth of the plant; however, there have been no reports on the effect of seed Zn content on the growth of barley. In 2 experiments, we studied the effect of seed Zn content on early growth of barley in 2 genotypes, Amagi Nijo and Tantangara. In Expt 1, the amounts of Zn in the seed ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 µg/seed, whereas in Expt 2, seed Zn ranged from 0.7 to 5.0 µg/seed. The plants were grown in a Zn-deficient siliceous sand with Zn added at 0, 0.04, 0.2, 0.8, and 3.2 mg Zn/kg soil in Expt 1 and at 0, 0.04, and 0.8 mg Zn/kg soil in Expt 2, and harvested at tillering. Growth and expression of visual symptoms were measured. Plants grown from seed with low Zn content developed symptoms of Zn deficiency by the 2-leaf stage in soil with no soil-applied Zn. Symptoms were reduced markedly as seed Zn content increased. Shoot and root growth increased as the amount of Zn in seed increased, but the effect was most evident when soil Zn supply was limiting plant growth (≤0.04 mg Zn/kg soil). For instance, when no Zn was added to the soil, shoot dry weight of plants grown from high-Zn seed was 108% greater than that of plants grown from low-Zn seed, whereas at 0.04 and 0.8 mg Zn/kg soil, the increases were only 52% and 18%, respectively. Soil Zn application significantly increased tissue Zn concentrations. However, the effect of seed Zn content on tissue Zn concentrations was significant only at very high levels of seed Zn. The results presented showed that seed Zn improves vegetative growth in barley, especially when Zn supply is deficient for plant growth. Seed Zn content also affected the determination of Zn efficiency of genotypes, and comparisons of dry matter production of seedlings grown from seed with a wide range in Zn content may alter their rankings for Zn efficiency as determined in this pot assay. The results indicate that seed of similar Zn content needs to be used when comparing genotypes for determination of Zn efficiency.

scholarly journals Effects of Foliar Application of Various Zinc Fertilizers with Organosilicone on Correcting Citrus Zinc Deficiency

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-Zheng Fu ◽  
Fei Xing ◽  
Li Cao ◽  
Chang-Pin Chun ◽  
Li-Li Ling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Nitrate Hexahydrate ◽  
Sulfate Heptahydrate ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Necrotic Spots ◽  
Citrus Leaves ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions ◽  
Better Than

To compare the effects of various zinc (Zn) foliar fertilizers on correcting citrus Zn deficiency and to explore an effective correcting method, three common Zn fertilizers, Zn sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4.7H2O), Zn chloride (ZnCl2), and Zn nitrate hexahydrate [Zn(NO3)2.6H2O], were selected to spray the Zn-deficient citrus leaves, tested at different concentrations, with or without organosilicone surfactant. Zn content, chlorophyll levels, and photosynthesis characteristics of leaves were analyzed. Leaf Zn content was significantly increased with increase of the sprayed Zn concentration of the three Zn fertilizers. However, when the sprayed Zn concentration of ZnSO4.7H2O exceeded 200 mg·L−1, and Zn concentration of ZnCl2 or Zn(NO3)2.6H2O exceeded 100 mg·L−1, obvious necrotic spots formed on leaves. This necrosis disappeared when 0.025% organosilicone was added to the three Zn fertilizer solutions, even at a Zn concentration of 250 mg·L−1. Meanwhile, the Zn contents of leaves increased one to four times for these treatments. Furthermore, foliar application of the three Zn fertilizers significantly improved chlorophyll levels and photosynthetic capacity of Zn-deficient leaves. The data of chlorophyll and photosynthesis characteristics indicate that the correcting effect of ZnCl2 and Zn(NO3)2.6H2O is better than that of ZnSO4.7H2O, and could be further improved via supplement of organosilicone. In conclusion, ZnCl2 or Zn(NO3)2.6H2O containing 250 mg·L−1 of Zn and supplemented with 0.025% organosilicone is a safe and effective formulation of Zn foliar fertilizer for correcting citrus Zn deficiency.

scholarly journals Farklı Tahıl Türlerinin Çinko Noksanlığına Karşı Duyarlılığının Belirlenmesi

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 1571
Author(s):  
Ayfer Alkan Torun ◽  
Halil Erdem ◽  
İnci Tolay ◽  
Mustafa Bülent Torun
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
The Subject

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is an important mineral nutrient problem that restricts the crop yield especially that of the cereals grown in calcareous soils. This study was carried out with the aim of testing the sensitivity of various cereal species consisting of bread (BDME-10, Bezostaja), durum (Kızıltan Ç-1252) and rye (Aslım) to Zn deficiency. In experiments carried out under greenhouse conditions plants were grown at two different Zn doses (Zn 0 and Zn 5 mg kg-1). When the plants were 44 days old, Zn deficiency symptoms were observed and scored for the severity of Zn deficiency according to 1-5 scale and the plants were harvested. With respect to the severity of Zn deficiency symptoms, the most severe symptoms were observed in the C-1252 (1.0) and Bezostaja (2.0) varieties while the least mild symptoms were observed in varieties of Aslım (4.0) and Kızıltan (3.0). A distinctive increase in shoot dry matter yield has been realized with Zn application which was highest in Ç-1252 (78.8%) and BDME-10 (52.5%) varieties. Greatly differential responses have been seen to Zn deficiency among cereal species and varieties within the same species. Symptomatically and with respect to dry matter yield while durum wheat was affected severely from Zn deficiency, bread wheat was affected moderately and rye has been seen to be affected least. According to the severity of Zn deficiency symptoms and plant growth cereals which are the subject of experiment have shown a rank as as Ç1252> BDME-10> Kızıltan> Bezostaya> Aslım.

Zinc application enhances grain zinc density in genetically-zinc-biofortified wheat grown on a low-zinc calcareous soil

2018 ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Target Level ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Grain Zinc ◽  
Zn Availability ◽  
Zinc Application ◽  
Grain Zn Concentration

Human zinc (Zn) deficiency is a worldwide problem, especially in developing countries due to the prevalence of cereals in the diet. Among different alleviation strategies, genetic Zn biofortification is considered a sustainable approach. However, it may depend on Zn availability from soils. We grew Zincol-16 (genetically-Zn-biofortified wheat) and Faisalabad-08 (widely grown standard wheat) in pots with (8 mg kg−1) or without Zn application. The cultivars were grown in a low-Zn calcareous soil. The grain yield of both cultivars was significantly (P≤0.05) increased with that without Zn application. As compared to Faisalabad-08, Zincol-16 had 23 and 41% more grain Zn concentration respectively at control and applied rate of Zn. Faisalabad-08 accumulated about 18% more grain Zn concentration with Zn than Zincol-16 without Zn application. A near target level of grain Zn concentration (36 mg kg−1) was achieved in Zincol-16 only with Zn fertilisation. Over all, the findings clearly signify the importance of agronomic Zn biofortification of genetically Zn-biofortified wheat grown on a low-Zn calcareous soil.

Response of durum wheat to different levels of zinc and Fusarium pseudograminearum

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsin S. Al-Fahdawi ◽  
Jason A. Able ◽  
Margaret Evans ◽  
Amanda J. Able
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Zinc Efficiency ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum ◽  
Zn Concentration

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) is susceptible to Fusarium pseudograminearum and sensitive to zinc (Zn) deficiency in Australian soils. However, little is known about the interaction between these two potentially yield-limiting factors, especially for Australian durum varieties. The critical Zn concentration (concentration of Zn in the plant when there is a 10% reduction in yield) and degree of susceptibility to F. pseudograminearum was therefore determined for five Australian durum varieties (Yawa, Hyperno, Tjilkuri, WID802, UAD1153303). Critical Zn concentration averaged 24.6 mg kg–1 for all durum varieties but differed for the individual varieties (mg kg–1: Yawa, 21.7; Hyperno, 22.7; Tjilkuri, 24.1; WID802, 24.8; UAD1153303, 28.7). Zinc efficiency also varied amongst genotypes (39–52%). However, Zn utilisation was similar amongst genotypes under Zn-deficient or Zn-sufficient conditions (0.51–0.59 and 0.017–0.022 g DM μg–1 Zn, respectively). All varieties were susceptible to F. pseudograminearum but the development of symptoms and detrimental effect on shoot biomass and grain yield were significantly greater in Tjilkuri. Even though crown rot symptoms may still be present, the supply of adequate Zn in the soil helped to maintain biomass and grain yield in all durum varieties. However, the extent to which durum varieties were protected from plant growth penalties due to crown rot by Zn treatment was genotype-dependent.

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