scholarly journals Sweet corn crop response to different dripline spacings in the dry Mediterranean area

2020 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Ibrahim MUBARAK ◽  
Mussaddak JANAT
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Loam Soil

<p class="Equation">Increasing the spacing between driplines is the most significant factor in reducing the high initial costs of drip irrigation system. A two-year field study (2017 and 2018) was conducted on a clay loam soil to evaluate the effects of different dripline spacings (75, 150, 225, and 300 cm) on sweet corn yields, soil water status, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) in the dry Mediterranean area. Results showed that the average husked cob yield (HCY) and IWUE were significantly decreased as the dripline spacing increased. HCY was 13.93, 12.30, 9.18, and 6.86 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, for dripline spacing of 75, 150, 225, and 300 cm, respectively, for an average irrigation water depth of 725 mm. Both soil water storages and yields decreased with distance from the dripline. The 150-, 225- and 300 cm dripline spacings yielded 11.7, 34.0 and 50.8 % less than the 75 cm dripline spacing, but these wider dripline spacings provided 50, 67 and 75 % less unit-area cost, respectively. However, these reductions in crop yield did not justify the extra cost of the closer dripline spacing, at low crop prices and high dripline costs. Finally, further studies are needed to benefit from the higher initial unit-area cost savings obtained under the wider dripline spacings.</p>

scholarly journals Experimental Evaluation for the Impacts of Conservation Agriculture with Drip Irrigation on Crop Coefficient and Soil Properties in the Sub-Humid Ethiopian Highlands

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdu Y. Yimam ◽  
Tewodros T. Assefa ◽  
Nigus F. Adane ◽  
Seifu A. Tilahun ◽  
Manoj K. Jha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Ethiopian Highlands ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

A field experiment consists of conservation agriculture (CA) and conventional tillage (CT) practices were set up in two areas, Robit and Dangishta, in sub-humid Ethiopian highlands. Irrigation water use, soil moisture, and agronomic data were monitored, and laboratory testing was conducted for soil samples, which were collected from 0 to 40 cm depth before planting and after harvest during the study period of 2015–2017. Calculation of crop coefficient (Kc) revealed a significant decrease in Kc values under CA as compared to CT. The result depicted that CA with a drip irrigation system significantly (α = 0.05) reduced Kc values of crops as compared to CT. Specifically, 20% reductions were observed for onion, cabbage, and garlic under CA whereas 10% reductions were observed for pepper throughout the crop base period. Consequently, irrigation water measurement showed that about 18% to 28% of a significant irrigation water savings were observed for the range of vegetables under CA as compared to CT. On the other hand, the results of soil measurement showed the CA practice significantly (α = 0.05) increased soil moisture (4%, 7%, 8%, and 10% increment for onion, cabbage, garlic, pepper) than CT practice even if irrigation input was small in CA practice. In addition, CA was found to improve the soil physico-chemical properties with significant improvement on organic matter (10%), field capacity (4%), and total nitrogen (10%) in the Dangishta experimental site. CA with drip irrigation is evidenced to be an efficient water-saving technology while improving soil properties to support sustainable intensification in the region.

The water balance of post-monsoonal dryland crops

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Angus ◽  
S. Hasegawat ◽  
T. C. Hsiao ◽  
S. P. Liboon ◽  
H. G. Zandstra
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dryland Crops

SUMMARYSix dryland crops (mungbean, cow pea, soya bean, groundnut, maize and sorghum) and two rice cultivars (C·171·136 and IR 36) were grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions on a dryland site with a clay loam soil at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines. After the first 30 days of growth there was no effective rain, and the rainfed crops encountered different water deficits. Crop productivity, leaf area, plant water status, root distribution, and soil water use were measured.Neither rice cultivar yielded seed under rainfed conditions, but all other crops did. With mungbean and cow pea there was little difference between the yields under rainfed and irrigated conditions, but groundnut, soya bean, sorghum and maize gave higher yields under irrigation.The rainfed crops extracted different amounts of stored soil water, ranging from 100 mm for IR 36 to 250 mm for groundnut. The different amounts were associated with different growth durations, rooting depths and rates of soil water depletion from within the root zone. Biological productivity of the six rainfed crops with the C 3 photosynthetic pathway was linearly related to transpiration, which was estimated from soil water extraction and soil evaporation. Biological productivity per unit of transpiration for the two crops with the C 4 pathway was 2·2 times higher than for those with the C 3 pathway. The different seed yields of the rainfed crops were due to differences in harvest index and the chemical composition of seeds, as well as to biological productivity.The results are discussed in relation to the potential for growing dryland crops after rice in rice-based cropping systems.

scholarly journals DESENVOLVIMENTO DE EMISSORES ALTERNATIVOS PARA IRRIGAÇÃO SUBSUPERFICIAL DE BAIXA PRESSÃO

Irriga ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Antonio Mosca ◽  
Roberto Testezlaf ◽  
Eder Pereira Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Unsaturated Flow ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Water Redistribution ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Irrigation Technologies

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE EMISSORES ALTERNATIVOS PARA IRRIGAÇÃO SUBSUPERFICIAL DE BAIXA PRESSÃO  Marcos Antonio Mosca; Roberto Testezlaf; Eder Pereira GomesFaculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, [email protected]  1 RESUMO A busca pela minimização da quantidade de água aplicada na agricultura pela irrigação, vem intensificando pesquisas que visam aumentar o acesso de tecnologias de irrigação mais eficientes aos agricultores, e, conseqüentemente, incentivando o uso de métodos de aplicação localizada. Com o objetivo de contribuir com informações que levem ao desenvolvimento de um sistema alternativo de irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial avaliaram-se dois tipos de emissores desenvolvidos para operar pela ação de baixas pressões de serviço e complementarmente pelas forças matriciais do solo. Os modelos de emissores foram ensaiados em laboratório para determinação da curva característica e do perfil de redistribuição de água no solo. Os ensaios foram realizados com os emissores enterrados a 15 cm (1º modelo) e 14 cm (2º modelo) de profundidade e submetidos às pressões de 10 e 30 kPa. O regime de escoamento apresentado por ambos os modelos foi laminar, sendo que os bulbos molhados apresentaram expansões horizontais maior que as verticais, demonstrando a participação significativa das forças matriciais no processo de redistribuição de água no solo. Os emissores desenvolvidos para trabalhar subsuperficialmente e a baixa pressão demonstraram ter potencial para se tornar uma solução alternativa e com economia de água, necessitando, porém, de maiores avaliações em campo, para se tornar uma real possibilidade ao agricultor. UNITERMOS: Irrigação localizada, redistribuição de água, fluxo insaturado.  Mosca, M. A.; Testezlaf, R.; Gomes, E. P. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE EMITTERS FOR LOW PRESSURE SUBSURFACE IRRIGATION  2 ABSTRACT Due to the need of minimizing irrigation water use, there has been an increase in research aiming to facilitate the producer’s access to efficient irrigation technologies, and therefore, stimulating the use of localized application methods.  In order to contributing with information which would help develop alternative subsurface drip irrigation system, two types of emitters were developed to work under low operating pressure and also under potential soil matrix forces around the emitter. The emitters were evaluated in laboratory conditions to determine its hydraulic characteristic equations and the soil water redistribution. The emitters were buried at the depths of 15 cm (1st model) and 14 cm (2nd model) and submitted to operating pressures of 10 and 30 kPa. Both emitters had a laminar flow, and create wet bulbs, which presented horizontal expansion bigger than the vertical one. The results demonstrated that soil matrix forces participated significantly in the water redistribution process. The emitters that were developed to operate sub superficially at low pressure may become an alternate solution with water economy; however, further field evaluations still have to de carried out. KEYWORDS: Localized irrigation, soil water redistribution, unsaturated flow.

scholarly journals Assessment of Irrigation Water Use Patterns Using Remote Sensing Data in Mexico’s Northeast

10.29007/qz1w ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul Arciniega ◽  
Jose A. Breña-Naranjo ◽  
Adrián Pedrozo-Acuña ◽  
Antonio Hernández-Espriú
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

Irrigation water use (IWU) or withdrawal is a key component for the water management of a region since it tends to exceed the crops consumptive water use, especially in water-stressed regions where groundwater is the main source of water. Nevertheless, temporal IWU information is missing in many irrigation areas. Remote sensing (RS) data is commonly used for crop water requirements estimations in areas with lack of data, however, IWU is more complex to approach since it also depends on water use efficiency, irrigation system type, irrigation scheduling, and water availability, among others. This work explores the use of remote sensing data (TRMM, MODIS) and land surface hydrological products (GLDAS 2 and MERRA 2) to obtain insights about the space-time annual IWU patterns across croplands located within Mexico’s northeast region. Reported IWU in three irrigation districts (Don Martín, Región Lagunera and Bajo Río Bravo) was used to obtain a functional model using satellite data derived. Results suggest strong relationship between reported IWU with soil moisture content from GLDAS and the maximum annual EVI from MODIS, where a potential regression shown statistical correlations of 0.83 and 0.77, respectively.

scholarly journals Triple-row system with a wider drip-line lateral spacing for two drip-irrigated sweet corn cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mubarak
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Drip Line ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Water Conditions

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of both single- and triple-row production systems in two drip-irrigated sweet corn cultivars under dry Mediterranean climate conditions. A two-year field experiment (2017 and 2018) was carried out in clay loam soil. The following three combinations spacing between crop rows and drip-line lateral spacing, with three replicates for each cultivar, were applied: single rows at 75 cm spacing, with one drip-line lateral spacing for each crop row; single rows at 75 cm row spacing, with one drip-line lateral spacing for three crop rows; and triple rows, 37.5 cm apart, on 225 cm centers, with one drip-line lateral spacing for each triple row. The responses of both cultivars were similar. In addition, husked cob yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) significantly reduced as the drip-line lateral spacing increased in single rows. Yield loss was 35.2% in relation to the 75 cm spacing. However, when the triple-row system with 225 cm drip-line lateral spacing was adopted, yield and IWUE were noticeably improved, and the yield loss was moderated to 16%, due to the improvement in soil water conditions in the triple rows. For improved yield and IWUE, the combination of triple rows with the 225-cm drip-line lateral spacing is an efficient drip-irrigated planting pattern for sweet corn production in dry Mediterranean climate conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Decision Support System for Variable-Rate Irrigation in a Humid Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1207-1215
Author(s):  
Ruixiu Sui ◽  
Susan A. O’Shaughnessy ◽  
Steven R. Evett ◽  
Alejandro Andrade-Rodriguez ◽  
Jonnie Baggard
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Variable Rate ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Variable Rate Irrigation

HighlightsAn Irrigation Scheduling Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (ISSCADA) system was tested against a soil electrical conductivity (EC) based method for variable-rate irrigation (VRI).Soil EC was used to create irrigation prescription in EC-based VRI.ISSCADA generated VRI prescriptions using canopy temperature, soil water content, and weather data.ISSCADA-based VRI reduced irrigation water use and increased irrigation water productivity.Abstract. Use of variable-rate irrigation (VRI) technology has the potential to improve irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). VRI hardware is commercially available and can be implemented in any center pivot or lateral move irrigation system. However, practical methods and algorithms for creating VRI prescriptions have become the bottleneck in accelerating the adoption of VRI. An Irrigation Scheduling Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (ISSCADA) system for VRI was evaluated for two years in a humid region in the Mississippi Delta. The ISSCADA system was used to manage irrigation of soybeans for two seasons. In field practice, the ISSCADA system scanned the field for canopy temperature and collected soil water data from time domain reflectometers and weather data from a nearby weather station. The ISSCADA system automatically generated VRI prescription maps. The maps were modified to include plots managed using soil electrical conductivity (EC) based VRI prescriptions. Test results indicated that there was no difference in crop yield between EC-based VRI and ISSCADA-based VRI management. However, ISSCADA-based VRI management reduced irrigation water use and increased irrigation water productivity in comparison with EC-based VRI. There is great potential for the use of ISSCADA for VRI in humid regions. Keywords: Canopy temperature, Soil electrical conductivity, Soil moisture sensor, Soil water sensor, Soybean, Variable rate irrigation.

scholarly journals Sustainable irrigation based on co-regulation of soil water supply and atmospheric evaporative demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Zhang ◽  
Kaiyu Guan ◽  
Bin Peng ◽  
Ming Pan ◽  
Wang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

AbstractIrrigation is an important adaptation to reduce crop yield loss due to water stress from both soil water deficit (low soil moisture) and atmospheric aridity (high vapor pressure deficit, VPD). Traditionally, irrigation has primarily focused on soil water deficit. Observational evidence demonstrates that stomatal conductance is co-regulated by soil moisture and VPD from water supply and demand aspects. Here we use a validated hydraulically-driven ecosystem model to reproduce the co-regulation pattern. Specifically, we propose a plant-centric irrigation scheme considering water supply-demand dynamics (SDD), and compare it with soil-moisture-based irrigation scheme (management allowable depletion, MAD) for continuous maize cropping systems in Nebraska, United States. We find that, under current climate conditions, the plant-centric SDD irrigation scheme combining soil moisture and VPD, could significantly reduce irrigation water use (−24.0%) while maintaining crop yields, and increase economic profits (+11.2%) and irrigation water productivity (+25.2%) compared with MAD, thus SDD could significantly improve water sustainability.

scholarly journals The Response of Two Drip-Irrigated Sweet Corn Varieties to the Twin-Row Production System in the Dry Mediterranean Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mubarak
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Local Variety ◽  
Row Crop ◽  
Irrigation Water Use

Introduction: Minimizing production costs for drip-irrigated crops by reducing the number of driplines per unit-area is an urgent need to address the sustainability of the present production system. Materials and Methods: A two-year field experiment (2017 and 2018) was carried out to assess the effects of twin-row crop production system on two sweet corn varieties (Zea mays L.: an introduced variety “Silver Queen” and a local variety “White Kokab”) grown in a clay loam soil in the dry Mediterranean region. Three-row crop/dripline spacing configurations for each variety with three replicates were tested as: (i) single-row system at 75-cm crop row spacing with 75-cm dripline spacing (a dripline for each crop row), (ii) single-row system at 75-cm crop row spacing with 150-cm dripline spacing (a dripline for two crop rows), and (iii) twin-row system, 37.5 cm apart, on 150-cm centers, with 150-cm dripline spacing (a dripline for each twin-rows). Results and Conclusion: The local variety was better than the introduced variety in husked cop yield (13.93 t ha-1) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE, 1.92 kg m-3). Results also showed that the twin-row system with 150-cm dripline spacing provided similar husked cop yield and IWUE as the conventional 75-cm dripline spacing due to the more favourable rootzone soil water status; and both were higher in the two attributes than the single-row 150-cm dripline spacing. With 50% less unit-area driplines, twin-rows with 150-cm dripline spacing was considered to be more productive, economical and environmentally friendly.

scholarly journals Physiological Responses of Carambola Trees to Soil Water Depletion

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 2145-2150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Al-Yahyai ◽  
Bruce Schaffer ◽  
Frederick S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Water Depletion ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Water Depletion ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Exchange Parameters

Two-year-old `Arkin' carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) trees were grown in containers in a greenhouse and the field in a very gravelly loam soil. Trees in the field were subjected to four soil water depletion (SWD) levels which averaged, 10.5%, 26.5%, 41.0%, and 55.5% and trees in the greenhouse were maintained at field capacity or dried continuously to produce a range of SWD levels. The relationships between SWD and leaf (ΨL) and stem (Ψs) water potential, net CO2 assimilation (ACO2), stomatal conductance of water (gs) and transpiration (E) were determined. Coefficients of determination values between physiological variables were higher for trees in the greenhouse than in the field, which may have been due to greater fluctuations in vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in the field. Soil water depletion levels above 50% caused a reduction in Ψs that subsequently decreased gs. This reduction in Ψs was correlated with a linear reduction in E and a considerable decline in ACO2 when gs fell below about 50 mmol·m–2 ·s–1. Leaf gas exchange parameters were better correlated with Ψs than with SWD level. Therefore, Ψs may be a better predictor of carambola tree water status than SWD in a well-drained, very gravelly loam soil.

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