scholarly journals LESZEK KOCZANOWICZ, ANXIETY AND LUCIDITY: REFLECTIONS ON CULTURE IN TIMES OF UNREST

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
MAGDA LEJZEROWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Perspective ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

In the book entitled  Anxiety and Lucidity. Reflections on Culture in Times of Unrest Leszek Koczanowicz reflects upon the phenomena of fear and anxiety in essential areas of life, both for the individual as well as the community. He adopts an interdisciplinary perspective so characteristic of an insightful researcher of culture. Fear and anxiety, as he argues, are intrinsic to modernity - the inability to get rid of them is characteristic of modern man. Koczanowicz puts his thoughts on paper in a demanding fashion, which does not, however, obscure the pleasure of reading these well-written and intelligent texts. The author's knowledge is vast, which transpires in the reviewed publication.

scholarly journals LA PAURA. RIFLESSIONI INTERDISCIPLINARI PER UN DIBATTITO CONTEMPORANEO SU VIOLENZA, ORDINE, SICUREZZA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Storti ◽  
Floriana Colao
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Natural Catastrophes ◽  
Natural Defense ◽  
Interdisciplinary Perspective ◽  
The Social ◽  
Culture Of Fear ◽  
The Individual

The book Riflessioni interdisciplinari per un dibattito contemporaneo su violenza, ordine, sicurezza offers an interesting interdisciplinary perspective on aspects of the social life that undoubtedly show continuity between past and present and that exert a strong influence on criminal systems. If fear, as an instinct, constitutes a natural defense tool for the individual, ‘collective’ fear is a phenomenon open to different declinations, not all positive, as we will see, for example, in the current hypertrophy of the criminal law. Sometimes collective fear is triggered by objective causes (e.g. by natural catastrophes, epidemics, famines, wars or revolutions); sometimes, instead, collective fear is generated by the so called ‘culture of fear’. Such culture instills and amplifies a sense of insecurity towards true or presumed enemies by using propaganda, rhetoric or violence (just think at the ‘function’ of terrorism). This insecurity, in turn, drives people to search safety and strengthens the power of those who offer protection even with the tools of the criminal law.

The individual: growing into society

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Bonner
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Neuropsychological Development ◽  
Supportive Environment ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Health And Well Being

This chapter examines the main developmental processes underlying future emotional and social behaviours. Early life experiences, combined with the development of social networks, exert a strong influence on health and well-being in later life, which in turn are mediated by the development of prosocial behaviour, coping skills, resilience, and optimal cognitive functioning. These complex issues require a healthy mind and body and the motivation to benefit and learn from a supportive environment. The chapter first provides an overview of neuropsychological development and the role of affection, fear and anxiety in early development before discussing social anxiety, communication and socialisation, and the well-being of children. It also considers the interrelationships between poverty, child abuse and neglect and concludes with an assessment of social inclusion strategies, troubled families, deviant and anti-social behaviour, the link between mental health and human distress.

scholarly journals Nitrous Oxide and Midazolam Sedation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gowri Sivaramakrishnan ◽  
Kannan Sridharan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Combination Technique ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Individual Use ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Sedative Agents

Nitrous oxide and midazolam have been used as sedative agents to decrease fear and anxiety associated with dental procedures. Although these agents have been widely used individually, the combination of the two is also commonly used. Four clinical trials were identified that compared the combination technique with the individual use of the drugs. The standardized mean difference (SMD) for each outcome measure was considered for final analysis. Three studies with 534 participants were included in the final meta-analysis, and the SMD [95% CI] was obtained as −0.15 [−0.32, 0.03] and was not statistically significant for cooperation scores. Two studies reported the dose of midazolam required for inducing sedation in 450 participants, and the pooled estimate of SMD [95% CI] was obtained as −0.29 [−0.48, −0.10] and was significant. Two studies with 450 participants reported the time taken to recover from sedation, and the pooled estimate of SMD [95% CI] was obtained as −0.20 [−0.39, −0.01] and favored the combination technique. To conclude, the combination technique combines the pros and cons of both drugs in causing fewer adverse effects due to midazolam by reducing the total dose and also helps to provide better acceptance of nitrous oxide inhalation.

scholarly journals Risk Management in Crisis

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-264
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Chruzik
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Emotional Environment ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Care And Support ◽  
Sense Of Danger ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Crisis Situations

Abstract The hierarchy of human needs published in 1954 by Maslow states that human behavior is determined by the desire to satisfy needs and does not depend on temporary emotional states. The security needs described in it are the needs of the mental and emotional environment. These are the needs of a sense of stability, a lack of sense of chaos, fear and anxiety, a sense of care and support [5]. Satisfying the need for security motivates people to act, leads to the fact that people can look forward to the future while planning a further life. According to the Dictionary of Social Sciences, security is a state of certainty and means no unacceptable threats or protection against it. Lack of sense of security both in relation to the individual and the general public causes anxiety and a sense of danger, which results in the inability to maintain order and order [3]. Maintaining a sense of security among the population is particularly important and difficult in the case of actions in crisis situations.. The publication describes the basic sources of threats in crisis situations and proposes a method of risk assessment for exemplary hazard scenarios.

Chronopharmacology of alcoholism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.В. Филиппова ◽  
Ю.К. Кондрашова ◽  
Ю.Ш. Тагоев
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Withdrawal ◽  
Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

В статье представлен анализ информации из литературных источников, посвященной изучению хронофармакологии алкоголизма. Для лечения алкоголизма используется комплексный подход, определяющийся тяжестью состояния больного и индивидуальными особенностями симптоматики. В связи со способностью фармакологических соединений вмешиваться в течение ритмических процессов на всех уровнях организации биосистемы хронофармакологический эффект лекарственных средств может быть полезным или нежелательным. Высокой степенью осложнений со стороны сердечно-сосудистой и нервной систем, а также печени и желудочно-кишечного тракта характеризуется хроническая алкогольная интоксикация. Надежного средства патогенетической фармакотерапии алкоголизма до настоящего времени не разработано. При этом лекарственные препараты используют в основном для купирования явлений абстиненции. Одно из первых мест в терапии алкогольного абстинентного синдрома, сопровождающегося тревогой, страхом и беспокойством, занимают депримирующие средства. Однако расширение их применения в Российской Федерации для лечения алкоголизма остается необоснованным. Так как алкоголизм вызывает крайне разнообразные по своим клиническим проявлениям и по степени тяжести психические расстройства, то для их лечения используется широкий спектр психотропных препаратов. Для проведения противогипоксической и детоксифицирующей терапии используются энергокорригирующие средства. Алкогольный абстинентный синдром с преобладанием неврозоподобных и вегетативнососудистых расстройств является показанием к применению препаратов из класса антиоксидантов. Они сочетают в себе свойства транквилизаторов и ноотропов, не оказывая токсического воздействия на сердце и защищая миокард в условиях гипоксии. Однако на данный момент существует дефицит информации об эффективности их применения при алкогольной абстиненции. The article presents an analysis of information from literary sources devoted to the study of the chronopharmacology of alcoholism. For the treatment of alcoholism, an integrated approach is used, which is determined by the severity of the patient's condition and the individual characteristics of the symptoms. Due to the ability of pharmacological compounds to interfere during rhythmic processes at all levels of the organization of the biosystem, the chronopharmacological effect of drugs may be useful or undesirable. Chronic alcohol intoxication is characterized by a high degree of complications from the cardiovascular, nervous systems, liver and gastrointestinal tract. A reliable means of pathogenetic pharmacotherapy of alcoholism has not yet been developed. At the same time, medications are used mainly for the relief of withdrawal symptoms. One of the first places in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, accompanied by anxiety, fear and anxiety, is occupied by depressants. However, the expansion of their use in the Russian Federation for the treatment of alcoholism remains unfounded. Since alcoholism causes extremely diverse mental disorders in their clinical manifestations and severity, a wide range of psychotropic drugs is used for their treatment. For antihypoxic and detoxifying therapy, energy-correcting agents are also used. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome with a predominance of neurosis-like and vegetative-vascular disorders is an indication for the use of drugs from the class of antioxidants. They combine the properties of tranquilizers and nootropics, without having a toxic effect on the heart and protecting the myocardium in hypoxia. However, at the moment there is a lack of information about the effectiveness of their use in alcohol withdrawal.

scholarly journals The Phenomenon of Intrusive Thoughts in Yejide Kilanko’s Daughters Who Walk This Path

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Shamaila Dodhy
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Intrusive Thoughts ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Physical Attack ◽  
Speaking Out ◽  
False Sense ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Sense Of Shame

Hegemonic masculinity, with patriarchal supremacy and female subservience are the norms of many African societies. Suffering in silence goes along with the traditional place of woman in African societies as they observe sexist hierarchy of power. Physical attack and its wounds flourish in an atmosphere of secrecy and silence. Silence to such problems escalates  psychological distress, casting adverse effects on the individual. Silence leaves overt and covert markings on the psyche. Intrusive thoughts are one of symptoms among nightmares, flashbacks, fear, and anxiety of psychological trauma. No previous research examined the intrusion of intrusive thoughts which disturb the life of Morayo. The article addresses this gap as this symptom of trauma makes life difficult for a girl whose trust is violated by a kinsman. This work accentuates that speaking-out can end a false sense of shame that survivors often carry. Speech will agitate legal change, bring about advancement in therapeutic approaches, and undermine social myths about sexual assault which will promote acceptance for the survivors.

scholarly journals Interdisciplinary perspective-taking within argumentation: students’ strategies across science and religious education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Fancourt ◽  
Liam Guilfoyle
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Student Data ◽  
Interdisciplinary Perspective ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
Scientific Claims ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe importance of developing students’ argumentation skills is well established across the curriculum: students should grasp how claims are made and supported in different disciplines. One challenge is to follow and thereby agree with or critique the arguments of others, which requires perspective-taking, in tracing these other reasons and reasoning. This challenge is increased when disciplines construct argumentation and perspective-taking differently. Here, we consider the role of perspective-taking in argumentation within and between science education and pluralistic religious education, where the former aims at the justification of scientific claims and the latter at both an empathetic understanding of different religions and worldviews, and personal reasoning. We interpretively analyze student data to identify salient features of students’ strategies to perspective-taking within argumentation. Data from 324 pupils across nine schools are explored in relation to students’ challenges in perspective-taking, strategies for perspective-taking within argumentation, and the use of perspective-taking to construct personal argumentation. The analysis shows some barriers to perspective-taking within argumentation, the range of students’ perspective-taking strategies within argumentation, and how personal argumentation could hermeneutically build upon perspective-taking strategies. The importance and implications of perspective-taking within argumentation across the curriculum are considered highlighting challenges in the etic/emic shift, both within the individual subject as well as across them, and some reflections on how this provides a fresh pedagogical perspective on the science/religions debate are made. To end, we conclude with the wider challenges for disciplines and perspective-taking across schooling and university.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF PSYCHO-SOCIAL FACTORS OF FEAR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natia Archvadze
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Unpleasant Emotion

Fear is part of the life and existence of any culture or individual. Over the years, the object of fear in a society and the strategies to combat it may change, but the expectation that people can be completely free from fear is simply an utopia. Different branches of psychology always tried to find distinguished explanations for the methods of originating and overcoming fear, although the fact is one, fear arises where there is a lack of individual’s personal maturity. When a person avoids every new life experience and does not try to move to a new stage of growth, it all accumulates in him/her in the form of fear and the individual experiences developmental fixation. It is also interesting to talk about the differences that exist between fear and anxiety, as these two emotions are often interrelated. If we refer to Barlow, fear differs from anxiety in that, fear is present-oriented and relatively certain, rather than future-oriented and relatively uncertain. Uncertainty not only increases anxiety levels, but is also responsible for a person’s various mental disorders. That is why, in the current situation in the world, when the Covid-19 pandemic affected the life of each individual, it is important to focus on the fear of the unknown situation caused by uncertainty. Usually, people want to control the present because with this they also want to take control over the future. In order to know what we are afraid of; it is necessary for a person to have insight by approaching the problem with consciousness and asking the questions to himself/herself. People in general have tendency to imagine a harsh scenario of the expected consequences of the future, which in many cases is completely far from the reality. It is fact that in case of having „apocalyptic" thoughts it becomes impossible to deal with fear. In the end, those who fearlessly „approach" this mentioned unpleasant emotion win the battle of overcoming fear.

Anxiety disorders in older people

2020 ◽  
pp. 655-670
Author(s):  
Gerard Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Older People ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Contemporary Life ◽  
Modern Treatment ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Fear and anxiety are phylogenetically ancient emotions that confer survival advantage across species. They facilitate escape from present danger and prepare the individual to deal rapidly with future threats. In contemporary life, a moderate increase in anxiety is commonly associated with increased performance. However, anxiety that is excessive or prolonged is maladaptive and may represent a mental disorder. Individual differences and contextual factors influence the final form that an anxiety disorder takes. Like many complex behaviours, anxiety disorders result from interactions between genetic and environmental factors. In older people, anxiety often complicates physical frailty and cognitive decline. From a nosological perspective, anxiety can be conceptualized as both dimensional and categorical. Both psychological and pharmacological treatments are commonly applied to anxiety disorders in older people, with moderate efficacy. This chapter deals with classification, epidemiology, scientific underpinnings, phenomenology, and modern treatment approaches to anxiety disorders in later life.

scholarly journals The Social Cost of a Racially Targeted Police Encounter

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Social Harm ◽  
Avoidance Behaviors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Police Encounters ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Cost Components

This paper identifies the individual components of social harm associated with a hypothetical racially targeted police encounter. Individuals who believe they are being targeted by police because they are members of a racial minority may suffer from fear of physical harm and humiliation by the encounter itself. However, the very fact that individuals will be racially targeted for a police encounter also causes harm to other members of the minority group even if they are not directly subject to an unwarranted encounter. In addition to fear and anxiety over the risk of such an encounter, they will often undertake costly avoidance behaviors to reduce their risk, or to mitigate the risk of any harm if such an encounter occurs. In addition, other members of society who value a nondiscriminatory policing policy might be willing to pay to reduce such unwarranted police encounters, and hence suffer a loss from this policing policy. In addition to discussing possible methodologies for estimating these cost components, this paper raises several issues that must be resolved – such as how to deal with the difference between perceived and actual racially targeted police encounters.

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