scholarly journals Measurement and clinical usefulness of bilirubin in liver disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Raúl Guerra Ruiz ◽  
Javier Crespo ◽  
Rosa Maria López Martínez ◽  
Paula Iruzubieta ◽  
Gregori Casals Mercadal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Ducts ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Liver Lesion ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Direct Bilirubin ◽  
Liver Uptake ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Indirect Bilirubin ◽  
Impaired Liver ◽  
Direct Spectrophotometry

Abstract Elevated plasma bilirubin levels are a frequent clinical finding. It can be secondary to alterations in any stage of its metabolism: (a) excess bilirubin production (i.e., pathologic hemolysis); (b) impaired liver uptake, with elevation of indirect bilirubin; (c) impaired conjugation, prompted by a defect in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; and (d) bile clearance defect, with elevation of direct bilirubin secondary to defects in clearance proteins, or inability of the bile to reach the small bowel through bile ducts. A liver lesion of any cause reduces hepatocyte cell number and may impair the uptake of indirect bilirubin from plasma and diminish direct bilirubin transport and clearance through the bile ducts. Various analytical methods are currently available for measuring bilirubin and its metabolites in serum, urine and feces. Serum bilirubin is determined by (1) diazo transfer reaction, currently, the gold-standard; (2) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); (3) oxidative, enzymatic, and chemical methods; (4) direct spectrophotometry; and (5) transcutaneous methods. Although bilirubin is a well-established marker of liver function, it does not always identify a lesion in this organ. Therefore, for accurate diagnosis, alterations in bilirubin concentrations should be assessed in relation to patient anamnesis, the degree of the alteration, and the pattern of concurrent biochemical alterations.

In Vitro Effects of Light on Serum Bilirubin Subfractions Measured by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Comparison with Four Routine Methods

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 2124-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Ihara ◽  
H Nakamura ◽  
Y Aoki ◽  
T Aoki ◽  
M Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Serum Bilirubin ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Direct Bilirubin ◽  
Spectrometric Method ◽  
Indirect Bilirubin ◽  
In Vitro Effects

Abstract The effects of light on serum bilirubin subfractions in vitro were investigated by HPLC and four routine methods for bilirubin analysis. By HPLC, the rate of photodegradation of unconjugated bilirubin (Bu) was nearly twice that of monoconjugated bilirubin (mBc) and threefold that of diconjugated bilirubin (dBc); delta bilirubin (Bd) was most stable against photoirradiation. In the diazo method, the rate of photodegradation of direct bilirubin was almost the same as that of the sum of mBc, dBc, and Bd determined by the HPLC method. However, the rate of photodegradation of indirect bilirubin was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than that obtained by HPLC, because approximately 30% of the bilirubin photoproducts reacted with the diazo reagent as indirect bilirubin. The rate of photodegradation of total bilirubin determined by the direct spectrometric method was lower than that determined by the diazo method, but equal to that of the total peak areas of HPLC. In the Ektachem method, bilirubin photoproducts affected total bilirubin negligibly, and Bc and Bu positively, so that the value of Bd decreased. In the bilirubin oxidase method, bilirubin photoproducts were oxidized enzymatically by both the total and direct bilirubin reagents. We re-emphasize the importance of shielding serum from light to avoid generating bilirubin photoproducts that interfere with the accurate determination of serum bilirubin subfractions. We also recommend HPLC analysis as a standard method for bilirubin measurement.

Effects of bilirubin configurational photoisomers on the measurement of direct bilirubin by the vanadate oxidation method

2021 ◽  
pp. 000456322199906
Author(s):  
Shohei Kawamoto ◽  
Kosuke Koyano ◽  
Miyo Ozaki ◽  
Takeshi Arai ◽  
Takashi Iwase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Direct Bilirubin ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Structural Isomers ◽  
Extreme Caution ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Oxidation Method

Background Direct-reacting bilirubin concentrations measured using vanadate chemical oxidation method do not exactly match the conjugated bilirubin concentration. One of the causes is the effect of bilirubin photoisomers. However, the quantitative evaluation of the effects of these photoisomers has not been sufficiently conducted. In particular, the influence of bilirubin configurational isomers on direct bilirubin is the most critical factor. Methods Sixteen residual serum samples were used. For quantitative analysis based on the change in direct bilirubin and bilirubin configurational isomer, samples were irradiated via blue light-emitting diodes to suppress the production of bilirubin structural isomers. Total bilirubin and direct bilirubin concentrations were measured using the vanadate chemical oxidation method. Concentrations of 4Z,15Z-bilirubin IXα and its photoisomers were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. The sum of 4Z,15E-bilirubin IXα and 4E,15Z-bilirubin IXα was notated as bilirubin configurational isomer, and the differences between the measured values of the irradiated and non-irradiated samples were calculated and notated as ΔDB and ΔBCI. Results In non-irradiated and irradiated samples, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin concentrations were 10.73 mg/dL with significant a decrease to 10.60 mg/dL and 0.69 mg/dL with a significant increase to 0.78 mg/dL, while bilirubin configurational isomer values were 1.00 mg/dL and 1.52 mg/dL, respectively. The linear regression equation revealed a significant positive correlation of Y = 0.187X−0.006 between ΔDB (Y) and ΔBCI (X). Conclusion Applying the vanadate chemical oxidation method affected approximately 19% of the bilirubin configurational isomer concentration for direct bilirubin. Extreme caution is necessary when interpreting the measured values of samples indicative of unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia.

Reactivity of bilirubin photoisomers on the measurement of direct bilirubin using vanadic acid method

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-298
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Okada ◽  
Susumu Itoh ◽  
Shohei Kawamoto ◽  
Miyo Ozaki ◽  
Takashi Kusaka
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Direct Bilirubin ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Albumin Solution ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Oxidation Method ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Vanadic Acid ◽  
Human Serum Albumin Solution

Objective Investigation of the reactivity of fractions of bilirubin photoisomers with the vanadic acid oxidation method. Methods Bilirubin photoisomers were prepared by irradiating a bilirubin/human serum albumin solution with blue light emitting diode. Direct bilirubin and bilirubin fractions were measured using the vanadic acid oxidation method and high-performance liquid chromatography in the sample before and after irradiation. Results Direct bilirubin was increased in the solution containing bilirubin photoisomers. ( EE)-/( EZ) -cyclobilirubin-IXα and ( ZE)-/( EZ)-bilirubin-IXα completely disappeared after the addition of vanadic acid. Conclusion Bilirubin photoisomers reacted as direct bilirubin in the vanadic acid oxidation method.

scholarly journals Fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum) toxicosis in three juvenile goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Sillman ◽  
Stephen T. Lee ◽  
Jeff Claborn ◽  
Jennifer Boruch ◽  
Seth P. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Bile Ducts ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Steroidal Saponin ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Steroidal Saponins ◽  
The World ◽  
Panicum Dichotomiflorum

Consumption of certain grasses belonging to the genus Panicum has been found to cause hepatogenous photosensitization and crystal-associated cholangiohepatopathy in small ruminants, and liver disease in horses, in many areas of the world. We describe herein the clinical findings, microscopic lesions, and steroidal saponin analysis of Panicum dichotomiflorum associated with fatal toxicosis in 3 juvenile goats in Nebraska. The disease presentation in our case was fulminant, with anorexia, marked icterus, and death for all affected animals in less than a week. Photosensitization was not observed. The microscopic lesions consisted of severe crystal-associated cholangiohepatopathy and nephropathy, with aggregates of clear or refractile and birefringent, acicular crystals present within bile ducts, macrophages, hepatocytes, and renal tubules. High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry of the grass samples demonstrated that dichotomin was the major steroidal saponin present (0.89 µg/mg); protodioscin was also present (0.059 µg/mg). The findings were consistent with ingestion of steroidal saponins, and P. dichotomiflorum was identified as the predominant forage available.

scholarly journals A mini review on the Lactic Acidosis in goats and its remedial approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-103
Author(s):  
Asad Ali Khaskheli ◽  
Muhammad Ibrahim Khaskheli ◽  
Allah Jurio Khaskheli ◽  
Arshad Ali Khaskheli
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Lactic Acidosis ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Direct Bilirubin ◽  
Cassia Fistula ◽  
Indirect Bilirubin ◽  
Rumen Ph

The current study was performed in order to investigate the threat of lactic acidosis in goats worldwide and explore the curative strategies. In this regards a detailed review was performed, however obtained facts were found to be much interesting and valuable. It was indicated by researchers that lactic acidosis is the most common problem in goats throughout the worlds. It represents significant economic loss due to direct and indirect effects. It was further stated that goats with lactic acidosis show decreased body temperature up to 98.1±0.89 °F, rumen and intestinal movement 0.23±0.48/m, rumen pH 4.8±0.07, blood pH 7.1±0.08, increased respiration rate 56.14±7.15/m and heart rate, 136.28±4.71/m. Affected goats also show signs of dyspnea, anorexia, inactivity, incoordination and recumbancy. The glucose level remains 190.14±36.49 mg/dl, total bilirubin 0.75±0.04 mg/dl, direct bilirubin 0.27±0.03mg/dl, indirect bilirubin 0.40±0.03 mg/dl, alanine aminotransferase ALT 36.42±3.04 U/l and alkaline phosphatase 420±3.65 U/l. Furthermore, Glucose level, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, ALT (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase increase with treatment of Cassia Fistula, serum biochemical changes rapidly return to normal compared to treatment with Sodium bicarbonate or Magnesium hydroxide. The ruminal juices changes are also significantly improved with the treatment. The changes in the ingesta color, odor and consistency and rumen pH return to normal with the use of Cassia Fistula, Sodium bicarbonate and Magnesium hydroxide. In conclusion, Cassia fistula, Sodium bicarbonate and Magnesium hydroxide could be used as valuable strategies against lactic acidosis in goats. These therapies have been proved to be effective for treating the acidosis in goats. 

Spectrophotometric Behavior of Azobilirubin and Azotaurobilirubin

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 532-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Jirsa ◽  
V Jirsová
Keyword(s):  
Azo Dyes ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Absorption Maximum ◽  
Direct Bilirubin ◽  
Sulphanilic Acid ◽  
Indirect Bilirubin ◽  
Influence Of Ph ◽  
Colorimetric Methods

Abstract The authors studied the influence of pH, alcohol, and albumin on the spectrophotometric behavior of azo dyes prepared from direct and indirect bilirubin by coupling with sulphanilic acid. Synthetically prepared taurobilirubin was used as a model for direct bilirubin. It was found that extinction and absorption maximum values depend on all 3 factors. Most important for practical purposes is the observed rise of azo dye extinction in serum and in albumin caused by alcohol. This means, if the Malloy and Evelyn method for the quantitative colometric estimation of direct bilirubin in serum is used, that part of the directly reacting taurobilirubin is estimated as indirect bilirubin. Revision of colorimetric methods for direct bilirubin estimation in serum is recommended.

scholarly journals Inactivation of endothelin by polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived lytic enzymes

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 2715-2720
Author(s):  
P Patrignani ◽  
A Del Maschio ◽  
G Bazzoni ◽  
L Daffonchio ◽  
A Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Rabbit Aorta ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cathepsin G ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Aortic Endothelial Cells ◽  
Eglin C

Cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) released endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the culture medium in a time-dependent fashion. Coincubation of fMLP-activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) with BAEC caused a fast (maximal activity was reached within 15 minutes) and cell number-dependent disappearance of ET-1 from the medium. This effect was direct to ET-1, because it was also present when PMN were incubated with the synthetic peptide in the absence of BAEC. PMN-dependent disappearance of ET-1 was associated with loss of constrictor activity on isolated rabbit aorta. PMN-released products were responsible for ET- 1 degrading activity, because supernatants of activated PMN were equally effective as the intact cells. Resting PMN, in the same time frame, were uneffective. Eglin C, a potent blocker of PMN-derived elastase and cathepsin G, reversed the ET-1 inhibitory activity of fMLP- stimulated PMN and of their supernatant. Direct addition of elastase and cathepsin G to synthetic ET-1 destroyed its immunoreactivity and this effect was blocked by eglin C. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis supported the hypothesis that ET-1 degradation by PMN was due to enzymatic proteolysis. These data provide evidence that activated PMN are able to degrade ET-1 through the release of proteases. Because physiologic concentrations of PMN can destroy high amounts (up to 100 nmol/L) of ET-1 within a few minutes, we propose that this mechanism of ET-1 inactivation has biologic relevance.

scholarly journals Direct Bilirubin Levels and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Healthy Chinese Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Hong Li ◽  
Hai-Yan Lin ◽  
Li-Ying Guan ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Meng-Meng Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Direct Bilirubin ◽  
Serum Total Bilirubin ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chinese Men ◽  
Blood Institute ◽  
Indirect Bilirubin ◽  
Healthy Chinese

Background. Serum bilirubin is a potent endogenous antioxidant with anti-inflammatory properties. Several cross-sectional studies have reported that bilirubin was negatively associated with metabolic syndrome. However, in recent longitudinal studies, the relations between bilirubin and metabolic syndrome are inconsistent. Moreover, previous studies mainly focused on serum total bilirubin which is the sum of direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin. For these reasons, the longitudinal effect of bilirubin subtypes on incident metabolic syndrome was evaluated in Chinese men. Methods. The study cohort involved 1339 Chinese men without metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) criteria, using BMI for the replacement of waist circumference. Results. There are 117 incident metabolic syndrome cases (8.7%) during 5 years of follow-up among 1339 metabolic syndrome-free participants at baseline. After adjusting for age, drinking, smoking, physical activity, TG, and LDL-C, the odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MetS incidence in the second, third, and fourth quartiles versus the first quartile of DBil concentration were 1.00 (0.61–1.63), 0.57 (0.32–1.02), and 0.51 (0.28–0.92) (Ptrend=0.031), respectively. Conclusions. Our findings support the negative association between direct bilirubin and incident metabolic syndrome in healthy Chinese men over 5-year period.

Effects of bilirubin photoisomers on the measurement of direct bilirubin by the bilirubin oxidase method

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Okada ◽  
Kou Kawada ◽  
Susumu Itoh ◽  
Miyo Ozaki ◽  
Isami Kakutani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Direct Bilirubin ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Bilirubin Concentration ◽  
Bilirubin Oxidase ◽  
The Past ◽  
Room Light ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

Background We occasionally encounter increases in direct bilirubin value on reanalysis of the surplus serum collected in the past from a neonate with indirect hyperbilirubinemia. But the details of this phenomenon are unclear. We evaluated the change of direct bilirubin and the relation of bilirubin photoisomer of the serum exposed to room light. Methods Surplus serum samples from neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia were exposed to room light for 24 h. The bilirubin fraction assay of samples was performed by the bilirubin oxidase method (Nescauto and Aqua-auto Kainos reagent) and high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Direct bilirubin increased significantly from 0.61 to 2.36 mg/dL. The respective ratios of bilirubin photoisomers before and after exposure were as follows: cyclobilirubin (0.007 to 0.29) and (EZ)-bilirubin (0.018 to 0.041) increased significantly, (ZZ)-bilirubin decreased 0.84 to 0.55 significantly. The difference of the cyclobilirubin concentration was most closely associated with those of the direct bilirubin concentration. Conclusion Direct bilirubin value was increased after exposure to the room light, and increase in direct bilirubin was significantly correlated by cyclobilirubin increase in the serum samples from neonates with indirect hyperbilirubinemia.

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