METHOD OF QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE SUM OF TANNINS IN EUTERPE OLERACEA FRUITS

Fruits of Euterpe oleracea are widely used in foreign medical practice as an antioxidant. The fruits of Euterpe contain tannins. The most common method of quantitative determination of tannins is spectrophotometry. The purpose of this work is to determine the content of the sum of tannins in the fruits of Euterpe by spectrophotometry Quantitative determination of the amount of tannins in the fruits of Euterpe by direct spectrophotometry was carried out. To confirm the presence of tannins in the fruits of Euterpe, qualitative reactions were used (1% solution of iron-ammonium alum, 1% solution of vanillin in concentrated hydrochloric acid). The presence of tannins was confirmed by direct spectrophotometry in extracts from euterpe fruits, the analytical maxima of the studied compounds were determined at about 282±2 nm, which corresponds to the maximum absorption of catechin. The optimal conditions for the extraction of tannins from the raw materials of this plant (extractant – ethyl alcohol 40%; the ratio of "raw material – extractant" – 1 : 100; extraction time – 60 minutes; the degree of grinding of raw materials – 1.0 mm) are justified. It was determined that the average error in determining the content of tannins in the fruits of euterpe with a confidence probability of 95% is ±1.59%. It was revealed that the content of tannins in the fruits of euterpe is 8.90%.

Measurement and clinical usefulness of bilirubin in liver disease

Elevated plasma bilirubin levels are a frequent clinical finding. It can be secondary to alterations in any stage of its metabolism: (a) excess bilirubin production (i.e., pathologic hemolysis); (b) impaired liver uptake, with elevation of indirect bilirubin; (c) impaired conjugation, prompted by a defect in the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; and (d) bile clearance defect, with elevation of direct bilirubin secondary to defects in clearance proteins, or inability of the bile to reach the small bowel through bile ducts. A liver lesion of any cause reduces hepatocyte cell number and may impair the uptake of indirect bilirubin from plasma and diminish direct bilirubin transport and clearance through the bile ducts. Various analytical methods are currently available for measuring bilirubin and its metabolites in serum, urine and feces. Serum bilirubin is determined by (1) diazo transfer reaction, currently, the gold-standard; (2) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); (3) oxidative, enzymatic, and chemical methods; (4) direct spectrophotometry; and (5) transcutaneous methods. Although bilirubin is a well-established marker of liver function, it does not always identify a lesion in this organ. Therefore, for accurate diagnosis, alterations in bilirubin concentrations should be assessed in relation to patient anamnesis, the degree of the alteration, and the pattern of concurrent biochemical alterations.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF THE SUM OF SAPONINS IN THE FRUIT OF THE CHINESE TREE LYCIUM CHINENSE MILL.

The objects of the study were Mature dried fruits of Chinese birch (Lycium chinense Mill., this. Solanaceae (Solanaceae)). Four samples were examined: no. 1 (Gifts of Pamir, Russia), no. 2 (Gullin Tianhe Pharmaceutical, China), no. 3 (A. J. Alliance, Russia), №. 4 (Globaltorg, Russia). The purpose of this work is to determine the content of the sum of saponins in Chinese fruit trees by spectrophotometry. By direct spectrophotometry, after reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid, the content of the sum of saponins in the raw material of Chinese wood was determined. The expediency of using the spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of saponins in extracts from the fruit of Chinese wood is proved. The values of the optical density of the saponin solution were recorded at a wavelength of 250-500 nm. Analytical maxima of the studied compounds were determined at 325 nm typical for escin. Optimal conditions for the extraction of saponins from the raw materials of this plant (extractant – 40% ethanol; the ratio "raw material – extractant" – 1 : 50; extraction time – 90 minutes; the degree of grinding of raw materials – 0.5 mm) are justified. It was determined that the error of a single determination of the saponin content in Chinese fruit with a confidence probability of 95% is ±1.93%. It was found that the content of saponins in the studied samples of Chinese wood varies in the range of 4.94 to 5.03%.

Development of the method for standardization of the medicinal plant raw material of Cichorium intybus L. herb by the total amount of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives

The purpose of the research is to work out a routine method for the quantitative determination of the total amount of hydroxycinnamic acids in chicory herb growing in Ukraine. The presence of chlorogenic and caffeic acids was experimentally proven by comparing the TLC profiles of solutions of the chicory extract and standard substances of hydroxycinnamic acids. According to the chromatogram, the chemical composition of the ethanol extracts was qualitatively constant and did not depend on the series of plants collected in different places (7 regions of Ukraine) and in different years (2017 and 2018). The water-alcohol solutions of 8 chicory herb samples had the absorption maximum at the wavelength range from 326 to 330 nm, which was typical for phenolic acids. Chlorogenic acid was chosen as a marker substance for the quantitative determination by direct spectrophotometry. The value of the specific absorbance (556.21(λ=327 nm)) of chlorogenic acid in the concentration of 10.08 µg/ml in ethanol 50% was determined. The total amount of hydroxycinnamic acids was found to be 1.87% for the sample of 2017, for the samples of 2018 in the range of 4.00–6.61%. The method proposed is acceptable for standardization of the medicinal plant raw material.

METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING THE AMOUNT OF PHENYLPROPANOIDS IN STEVIA RAW MATERIALS

Dried stevia leaves (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) were used as objects of research. Four samples of stevia raw materials of different origin were studied: No. 1 (Russia, Penza region), No. 2 (Russia, Republic of Crimea), No. 3 (Paraguay), No. 4 (India). The purpose of this work is to develop a method for quantifying the amount of phenylpropanoids in stevia leaves. Quantitative determination of the amount of phenylpropanoids in stevia leaves by direct spectrophotometry was carried out. Thin-layer chromatography was used to confirm the presence of phenylpropanoids in stevia leaves. The presence of phenylpropanoids in stevia leaf extracts was confirmed by direct spectrophotometry, the analytical maxima of the compounds studied were determined – 290 and 330 nm. The optimal conditions of extraction of phenylpropanoids from raw materials of this plant (extractant – ethyl alcohol 70%; ratio "raw material–extractant" – 1 : 100; extraction time – 45 min; the degree of grinding of raw materials – 1.0 mm). It was determined that the error of a single determination of the content of phenylpropanoids in stevia leaves with a confidence probability of 95% is ±0.44%. It was found that the content of phenylpropanoids in stevia varies in the range of 6.73–10.51%.

Physical and Chemical Properties and Methods of Control of Pantoprazol Sodium Sesquihydrate (Review)

Introduction. Pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate is a proton pump inhibitor. This substance is used in the treatment of peptic ulcer of the duodenum or stomach in the acute phase, including those associated with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.Text. Pantoprazole is sodium 5-(difluoromethoxy)-2-[(RS)-[(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl]benzimidazol-1-ide sesquihydrate in its structure. The substance is readily soluble in water and ethyl alcohol. The identification of pantoprazole is confirmed by infrared absorption spectrophotometry, as well as by a positive reaction to sodium ion. For the assay of this substance chemical and physico-chemical methods are used. The first group of methods includes titration in a non-aqueous medium with perchloric acid and permanganatometry. Physico-chemical methods used for pantoprazole assay are spectrophotometry and HPLC. The most commonly used method is direct spectrophotometry associated with the measurement of optical density at a wavelength of the maximum absorption of pantoprazole in various solvents. In addition, spectrophotometric methods of assay are known, based on the study of the absorption of colored pantoprazode reaction products. The derivative spectrophotometry is used for the analysis of its preparations. The control of the content of impurities and pantoprazole in the substance and its dosage forms is carried out, as a rule, using HPLC.Conclusion. An analysis of the literature has shown that this substance is unstable. Therefore, this feature of pantoprazole must be considered when choosing excipients when developing a dosage form. The preferred method for analyzing pantoprazole preparations is HPLC, since it is possible to determine the substance in the presence of other compounds, which will allow one to control the quantitative content and stability of pantoprazole in the preparation.

Application of Oxidizing Properties of Permanganate to the Determination of Famotidine in Pharmaceutical Formulations

One titrimetric and two spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of famotidine (FMT) in either pure form or in its pharmaceutical formulations. The methods are based on redox reaction between FMT and KMnO4 in acid and alkaline media. In titrimetry, an acidified solution of FMT is titrated directly with permanganate. Direct spectrophotometry (method A) involves treating the alkaline solution of the drug with permanganate and measuring the bluish green product at 610 nm. In indirect spectrophotometry (method B), the drug solution is treated with a fixed concentration of permanganate in H2SO4 medium, and after a specified time, the unreacted permanganate is measured at 545 nm. The molar combining ratio in titrimetry and the optimum assay conditions are studied. Titrimetry is applicable over 1-10 mg range and the calculations are based on a 1:3 (FMT: KMnO4) molar-ratio. In spectrophotometry, Beer’s law is obeyed over 0.75-7.5 and 2.5-20 μg mL-1 for method A and method B, respectively. The molar absorptivity values are calculated to be 2.79 Å~ 104 and 1.62 Å~ 104 L mol-1 cm-1 for method A and method B, respectively, and the corresponding Sandell sensitivity values are 0.012 and 0.021 μg cm-2. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are also reported for the spectrophotometric methods. The applicability of the developed methods was demonstrated by the determination of FMT in pure drug as well as in commercial dosage forms

Extraction and Study Anthocyanins Plant Material

The paper presents the results of the qualitative and quantitative determination of some anthocyanins (in particular, cyanidin-3-glycoside and cyanidin-3-galactoside) in the fruits of Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) and Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. The reaction of extracting water-soluble dyes on the solution medium is also presented. The method of direct spectrophotometry was used. All calculations are made in the program STATISTICA 6. It is determined that the maximum content of anthocyanins is typical for fruit chokeberry Aronia. The possibility of using natural dye from chokeberry fruits in the industry is shown.

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of drugs lacking peak maxima in their zero-order profiles by graphical or statistical representation of data

Trandolapril has no sharp peak in its zero-order spectrum, therefore it is difficult to be measured by direct spectrophotometry. In this study, direct univariate spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for determination of Trandolapril and Verapamil combination in pure and tablet dosage forms. The first method for measuring both Trandolapril and Verapamil is Absorbance Subtraction (AS), this method depends on the presence of iso-absorptive point in the zero-order curve at 217 nm. It has the advantage of measuring the concentration of both Trandolapril and Verapamil from unified regression equation at the iso-absorptive point. The second, third and fourth methods were applied on the first order spectra of the studied drugs. Second method is Derivative Subtraction (DS) for Trandolapril and Derivative subtraction followed by spectrum subtraction (DS-SS) for Verapamil. The third and fourth methods are constant value and concentration value methods. In the concentration value method, the concentration of the drugs is determined from the graphical representation without the use of regression equations. All the developed methods were validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and the results proved that the developed methods are simple, accurate, and selective. Moreover, a statistical comparison between the developed methods and a reference method was done. Also, One-way ANOVA statistical test was done between all the proposed spectrophoto-metric methods and results showed no significant differences.

The Standardization of Aronia melanocarpa Fruits Growing on the Territory of Orenburg Region

For standardization of Aronia melanocarpa fruits the method of direct spectrophotometry at analytical wavelength 534 nm was used1 . The optimal extraction conditions of flavonoids from fruits of Aronia melanocarpa Elliot. - extractant is 96% ethyl alcohol; the ratio of "raw-extractant" - 1:30; extraction time -30 min1 . The relative degree of the determination of the total flavonoids in fruits of Aronia melanocarpa Elliot. in used method with confidence probability 0,95 is no more than ±3,64%. The content of total flavonoids in fruits of Aronia melanocarpa Elliot. varied from 1,6% to 7,5% (calculated on cyanidin-3-O-glikozid).