scholarly journals Microbial Activity in the Large Intestine of Chicks Fed Diets with Different Types and Levels of Inulin

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1141-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Bachanek ◽  
Marcin Barszcz ◽  
Marcin Taciak ◽  
Anna Tuśnio ◽  
Jacek Skomiał
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Histamine Concentration ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feeding Diets ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of dietary level of two types of inulin differing in the degree of polymerization (DP) on microbial activity in the large intestine of chicks. The experiment was performed on 70 one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks divided into 7 groups fed starter-type diets without inulin addition or supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4% or 0.6% of inulin with DP≥10 (IN10), or DP≥23 (IN23). After 14 days of feeding birds were sacrificed to collect digesta samples from caeca and colon. Caecal digesta was examined for pH, concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and amines, activities of β-glucosidase and mucinase, and relative amount of selected bacterial populations, whereas in colonic digesta only pH, SCFA and amines were analysed. Regardless of DP, inulin level did not affect digesta pH, activity of bacterial enzymes and relative amounts of Clostridium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and E. coli populations. Dietary level of IN10 significantly affected propionic acid concentration, which was greater in caecal digesta of birds fed diet supplemented with 0.2% of IN10 compared to other groups and feeding diets supplemented with all levels of IN10 significantly reduced histamine concentration compared to the control. There were no effects of inulin on microbial activity indices in the colon. The present study indicates that, regardless of DP, inulin does not modify considerably microbial activity in the large intestine of chicks.

The Consumption of Galactomannan Effervescent Drinks made from Coconut Pulp Waste and Colonic Microbiota in Wistar Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Sri Winarti ◽  
Agung Pasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Colonic Microbiota ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The consumption of prebiotics is known to affect the balance of gut microbiota. The purpose of this study was to explore how a galactomannan-rich effervescent drink can affect the population of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, E. coli, and the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the cecum of rats. Twenty-eight male Wistar rats (aged 2 months) were divided equally into 7 groups and treated orally each day for 15 days with 2 mL effervescent drinks with increasing levels of prebiotic galactomannan. The dosage of 500 mg galactomannan increased the growth of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. with inhibition of the growth of E.coli with increased formation of short-chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the cecum of rats.

Bacterial populations and metabolites in the feces of free roaming and captive grizzly bears

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 1335-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Schwab ◽  
Bogdan Cristescu ◽  
Mark S. Boyce ◽  
Gordon B. Stenhouse ◽  
Michael Gänzle
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Grizzly Bears ◽  
Grizzly Bear ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Gut Physiology

Gut physiology, host phylogeny, and diet determine the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Grizzly bears ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) belong to the Order Carnivora, yet feed on an omnivorous diet. The role of intestinal microflora in grizzly bear digestion has not been investigated. Microbiota and microbial activity were analysed from the feces of wild and captive grizzly bears. Bacterial composition was determined using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. The feces of wild and captive grizzly bears contained log 9.1 ± 0.5 and log 9.2 ± 0.3 gene copies·g–1, respectively. Facultative anaerobes Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci were dominant in wild bear feces. Among the strict anaerobes, the Bacteroides – Prevotella – Porphyromonas group was most prominent. Enterobacteriaceae were predominant in the feces of captive grizzly bears, at log 8.9 ± 0.5 gene copies·g–1. Strict anaerobes of the Bacteroides–Prevotella–Porphyromonas group and the Clostridium coccoides cluster were present at log 6.7 ± 0.9 and log 6.8 ± 0.8 gene copies·g–1, respectively. The presence of lactate and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) verified microbial activity. Total SCFA content and composition was affected by diet. SCFA composition in the feces of captive grizzly bears resembled the SCFA composition of prey-consuming wild animals. A consistent data set was obtained that associated fecal microbiota and metabolites with the distinctive gut physiology and diet of grizzly bears.

Influence of different inclusion levels and chain length of inulin on microbial ecology and the state of mucosal protective barrier in the large intestine of young pigs

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Barszcz ◽  
M. Taciak ◽  
J. Skomiał
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulin

The objective of the study was to examine the effect of inulin level, in regard to its degree of polymerisation (DP), on microbial activity and mucosal immune system of the large intestine of pigs. A total of 56 castrated male piglets (PIC × Penarlan P76) were allocated to seven groups and fed from the 10th day of life cereal-based diets without the addition of inulin or with 1%, 2% or 3% of inulin with an average DP of 10 (IN10) or 23 (IN23). Pigs were sacrificed at the age of 50 days. Feeding IN10 diets increased fructan concentration in the large intestine compared with IN23 diets, but did not affect microbial activity, except for digesta pH and mucinase activity in the middle colon, which were greater at the 1% level compared with the control group and other IN10 diets, respectively. The concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A in the caecum and middle colon was reduced by the 1% IN10 diet compared with the control group. Pigs fed the 2% IN23 diet had a higher butyric acid concentration in the caecum and proximal colon and greater isoacid concentrations in the middle and distal colon in comparison to the control. Dietary level of IN23 did not affect secretory immunoglobulin A concentration but the count of caecal intraepithelial lymphocytes was higher in pigs on the 1% IN23 diet than on the control diet. Neither IN10 nor IN23 diets affected populations of Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus spp. In conclusion, the effects of inulin in the large intestine of pigs depended on dietary level and DP. IN23 increased short-chain fatty acid production at the 2% level and slightly activated mucosal immune status at the 1% level.

scholarly journals The Food Anti-Microbials β-Phenylethylamine (-HCl) and Ethyl Acetoacetate Do Not Change during the Heating Process

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Shelley M. Horne ◽  
Angel Ugrinov ◽  
Birgit M. Prüβ
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Ethyl Acetoacetate ◽  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Early Retention

β-Phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA-HCl) and ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) are anti-microbials with applications in food processing. As food anti-microbials, the compounds will have to withstand the cooking process without changing to toxic compounds. With this Communication, we address the question of whether PEA and EAA are altered when heated to 73.9 °C or 93.3 °C. A combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was used to analyze solutions of PEA(-HCl) or EAA in beef broth or water. In addition, the anti-microbial activity of PEA-HCl and EAA was compared between heated and unheated samples at a range of concentrations. The gas chromatograms of PEA(-HCl) and EAA showed one peak at early retention times that did not differ between the heated and unheated samples. The mass spectra for PEA and EAA were near identical to those from a spectral database and did not show any differences between the heated and unheated samples. We conclude that PEA(-HCl) and EAA formed pure solutions and were not altered during the heating process. In addition, the anti-microbial activity of PEA-HCl and EAA did not change after the heating of the compounds. Regardless of temperature, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for PEA-HCl were 20.75 mmol mL−1 for Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. For EAA, the MICs were 23.4 mmol mL−1 for E. coli and 15.6 mmol mL−1 for S. enterica.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strain EDL933 Harbors Multiple Functional Prophage-Associated Genes Necessary for the Utilization of 5-N-Acetyl-9-O-Acetyl Neuraminic Acid as a Growth Substrate

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (19) ◽  
pp. 5940-5950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadja Saile ◽  
Anja Voigt ◽  
Sarah Kessler ◽  
Timo Stressler ◽  
Jochen Klumpp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Neuraminic Acid ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
P Proteins ◽  
Homologous Orfs

ABSTRACTEnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) O157:H7 strain EDL933 harbors multiple prophage-associated open reading frames (ORFs) in its genome which are highly homologous to the chromosomalnanSgene. The latter is part of thenanCMSoperon, which is present in mostE. colistrains and encodes an esterase which is responsible for the monodeacetylation of 5-N-acetyl-9-O-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2). Whereas one prophage-borne ORF (z1466) has been characterized in previous studies, the functions of the othernanS-homologous ORFs are unknown. In the current study, thenanS-homologous ORFs of EDL933 were initially studiedin silico. Due to their homology to the chromosomalnanSgene and their location in prophage genomes, we designated themnanS-p and numbered the differentnanS-p alleles consecutively from 1 to 10. The two allelesnanS-p2 andnanS-p4 were selected for production of recombinant proteins, their enzymatic activities were investigated, and differences in their temperature optima were found. Furthermore, a function of these enzymes in substrate utilization could be demonstrated using anE. coliC600ΔnanSmutant in a growth medium with Neu5,9Ac2as the carbon source and supplementation with the different recombinant NanS-p proteins. Moreover, generation of sequential deletions of allnanS-p alleles in strain EDL933 and subsequent growth experiments demonstrated a gene dose effect on the utilization of Neu5,9Ac2. Since Neu5,9Ac2is an important component of human and animal gut mucus and since the nutrient availability in the large intestine is limited, we hypothesize that the presence of multiple Neu5,9Ac2esterases provides them a nutrient supply under certain conditions in the large intestine, even if particular prophages are lost.IMPORTANCEIn this study, a group of homologous prophage-bornenanS-p alleles and two of the corresponding enzymes of enterohemorrhagicE. coli(EHEC) O157:H7 strain EDL933 that may be important to provide alternative genes for substrate utilization were characterized.

scholarly journals Decay of Fecal Indicator Bacterial Populations and Bovine-Associated Source-Tracking Markers in Freshly Deposited Cow Pats

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelumola Oladeinde ◽  
Thomas Bohrmann ◽  
Kelvin Wong ◽  
S. T. Purucker ◽  
Ken Bradshaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decay Rate ◽  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Decay Dynamic

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the survival of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and microbial source-tracking (MST) markers is critical to developing pathogen fate and transport models. Although pathogen survival in water microcosms and manure-amended soils is well documented, little is known about their survival in intact cow pats deposited on pastures. We conducted a study to determine decay rates of fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coliand enterococci) and bovine-associated MST markers (CowM3, Rum-2-bac, and GenBac) in 18 freshly deposited cattle feces from three farms in northern Georgia. Samples were randomly assigned to shaded or unshaded treatment in order to determine the effects of sunlight, moisture, and temperature on decay rates. A general linear model (GLM) framework was used to determine decay rates. Shading significantly decreased the decay rate of theE. colipopulation (P< 0.0001), with a rate of −0.176 day−1for the shaded treatment and −0.297 day−1for the unshaded treatment. Shading had no significant effect on decay rates of enterococci, CowM3, Rum-2-bac, and GenBac (P> 0.05). In addition,E. colipopulations showed a significant growth rate (0.881 day−1) in the unshaded samples during the first 5 days after deposition. UV-B was the most important parameter explaining the decay rate ofE. colipopulations. A comparison of the decay behaviors among all markers indicated that enterococcus concentrations exhibit a better correlation with the MST markers thanE. coliconcentrations. Our results indicate that bovine-associated MST markers can survive in cow pats for at least 1 month after excretion, and although their decay dynamic differs from the decay dynamic ofE. colipopulations, they seem to be reliable markers to use in combination with enterococci to monitor fecal pollution from pasture lands.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Bacterial Pathogens in Aerobic Vaginitis: A Retrospective Study in Italy

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1133
Author(s):  
Enrica Serretiello ◽  
Biagio Santella ◽  
Veronica Folliero ◽  
Domenico Iervolino ◽  
Emanuela Santoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Aerobic Vaginitis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Lactobacillus Spp ◽  
Infectious Condition

Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a vaginal infectious condition, characterized by a high inflammatory response and/or signs of epithelial atrophy, a decrease in the amount of Lactobacillus spp. and an increase in enteric origin bacteria. AV, often misdiagnosed, is difficult to treat due to the emerging spread of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains. The present study aimed to define the prevalence of AV, to detect causative bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Women 10–95 years old, admitted to San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona Hospital, Salerno, Italy (in the years 2015–2019) are included in the study. Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out by VITEK® 2. Among 2069 patients, 1176 tested positive for microbial growth. A higher incidence of infection was found in the 55–64 age group. Among the pathogenic strains, 50.4% were Gram-negative, and 49.6% were Gram-positive. Escherichia coli (E. coli) (32.5%) was the most representative strain, followed by Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) (29.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (7.8%) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) (7.7%). E. coli showed high sensitivity to carbapenems and amikacin. K. pneumoniae carbapenems resistance was fluctuating over time. Alarming resistance to vancomycin was not recorded for Enterococci. Both strains were sensitive to teicoplanin, linezolid and tigecycline. Proper diagnosis and an effective therapeutic approach are needed to improve AV management.

Microbiological Status of Fresh Beef Cuts

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1456-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. STOPFORTH ◽  
M. LOPES ◽  
J. E. SHULTZ ◽  
R. R. MIKSCH ◽  
M. SAMADPOUR
Keyword(s):  
Total Coliform ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count ◽  
Whole Muscle

Fresh beef samples (n = 1,022) obtained from two processing plants in the Midwest (July to December 2003) were analyzed for levels of microbial populations (total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, and Escherichia coli count) and for the presence or absence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. A fresh beef cut sample was a 360-g composite of 6-g portions excised from the surface of 60 individual representative cuts in a production lot. Samples of fresh beef cuts yielded levels of 4.0 to 6.2, 1.1 to 1.8, and 0.8 to 1.0 log CFU/g for total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, and E. coli count, respectively. There did not appear to be substantial differences or obvious trends in bacterial populations on different cuts. These data may be useful in establishing a baseline or a benchmark of microbiological levels of contamination of beef cuts. Mean incidence rates of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on raw beef cuts were 0.3 and 2.2%, respectively. Of the 1,022 samples analyzed, cuts testing positive for E. coli O157:H7 included top sirloin butt (0.9%) and butt, ball tip (2.1%) and for Salmonella included short loins (3.4%), strip loins (9.6%), rib eye roll (0.8%), shoulder clod (3.4%), and clod, top blade (1.8%). These data provide evidence of noticeable incidence of pathogens on whole muscle beef and raise the importance of such contamination on product that may be mechanically tenderized. Levels of total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, and E. coli count did not (P ≥ 0.05) appear to be associated with the presence of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on fresh beef cuts. E. O157:H7 was exclusively isolated from cuts derived from the sirloin area of the carcass. Salmonella was exclusively isolated from cuts derived from the chuck, rib, and loin areas of the carcass. Results of this study suggest that contamination of beef cuts may be influenced by the region of the carcass from which they are derived.

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