Les politiques d’assistance envers les vétérans infirmes au Japon durant le 20ème siècle

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine von der Weid
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Disabled Veterans ◽  
New Association ◽  
The Law ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The following study provides an insight into Japanese policies on wounded veterans’ relief during the twentieth century. During the long war (1937–1945) with China and later with the Allied Forces (1941–1945), the Japanese government established strong physical, occupational and spiritual rehabilitation programs in addition to several laws that provided pensions or allowances for military disabilities. After the defeat in 1945, under the Occupation’s new rules of democratization and demilitarization, wounded veterans quickly lost all their benefits. Furthermore, their image was devalued in the eyes of society and their voices were marginalized. However, because of their struggles, the State established a new non-discriminatory law for all disabled people. Nevertheless, after the return of Japanese autonomy in 1952, the wounded veterans still felt that they were not treated adequately because no law addressed their specific circumstances. In order to attain their goal, they created a new association of disabled veterans to express their frustration and to lobby the Japanese government for change. Because of their stubborn mobilization, the Law for Special Aid to the Wounded and Sick Retired Soldiers was finally enacted in 1963 and provided veterans with the assistance they needed and for which they had long-since been asking.

Litigating for Profit

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Strategies ◽  
Legal Barriers ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Michael Dennis looks at grocery workers in the late twentieth century, and the lopsided power mounted against their effort to organize. Despite the clear sentiment in favor of unionization, employers unleased antiunion consultants and legal barriers that countered the millions of dollars spent by the union to organize. Dennis shows that employer determination supported by the state were the chief reasons for management’s victory. Unions’ reliance on legal strategies were no match for employers’ determination to skirt the boundaries of the law.

scholarly journals Šaujamieroču pielietošanas tiesības un amatpersonu profesionālā izglītība

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Kitija Bite
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Competencies ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
State Police ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Insight Into

Šajā darbā pētītas trīs iestādes, kuru amatpersonām ir tiesības pielietot šaujamieroci, – Valsts policija, Valsts robežsardze un Ieslodzījuma vietu pārvalde. Tajā dots ieskats šaujamieroču pielietošanas tiesiskajā regulējumā un analizēti tie normatīvie akti, kuri nosaka profesionālo kompetenču veidošanu ar formālo izglītību. Raksta sagatavošanas laikā nebija stājušies spēkā Valsts policijas jaunākā un vecākā virsnieka standarti, rakstā analizēta informācija līdz 2015. gada 1. decembrim. The Author reviews three institutions of which the employees have the right to use a firearm – The State Police, The State Border Guard and The Prison Administration. The article gives an insight into the law of firearm utilization and an analysis of such legal regulations that regard the development of professional competencies in the framework of formal education.

Legal Theory as a Discipline and the Trouble with Pluralism

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-50
Author(s):  
Mariano Croce ◽  
Marco Goldoni
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Short Description ◽  
The State ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
The Law

Chapter abstract: This chapter offers an account of the rise of legal theory as a discipline. It begins by expanding on how and why in the nineteenth century legal theorists felt the need to draw the borders of their discipline and what effects it had on the understanding of the relation between law, politics, and society. It then explores the most remarkable reactions to the outcome of legal theory becoming a specialized discipline, or rather, the identification of the general phenomenon of law with the law of the state. Based on this analysis, these pages go on to offer a short description of what pluralism looked like between the nineteenth and the twentieth century. The chapter concludes by explaining in what sense the relation between the specialization of legal theory and the conceptualization of pluralism provides the key to understanding Romano, Schmitt, and Mortati.

scholarly journals Entre mística e hermenêutica: o começo conflituoso da “jurisprudência dos valores”

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
Newton Oliveira Lima
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Symbolic Power ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Symbolic System ◽  
Real Power ◽  
Effective Power ◽  
Symbolic Structure ◽  
The Law

RESUMOO poder do Estado como poder mítico se produz enquanto estrutura simbólica justificada, em que o Direito é produzido como Direito do Estado e se justifica discursivamente pela produção de valores como ideias a atingir (dever ser). A visão neokantiana sobre o Estado é o sistema simbólico que sustenta o Estado, implica em perceber o Estado como “mito” místico e hermenêutico produzido por um conjunto de entrelaçamentos de valores de fundo cultural que projetam uma estrutura objetivada de fins e de perspectivas de concretização de ideias (dever ser) que pretendem significar o que é o Estado apresentando sua forma simbólica (o nazismo foi a maior projeção simbólica e mística do Estado no século XX através da ideologia mística racista). Partimos da hipótese de que a ação do poder real das relações sociais estabelece um dualismo porque se apropria do discurso de fundamentação sobre o Direito, pretensa ordem justa deontológica de valores, e na prática age através do Estado como poder efetivo, violento e coercivo que pretende se justificar discursivamente. A ordem de valores que justifica o Estado é na Pós-Modernidade uma ordem laica de valores que assoma a partir da crise da legitimação do discurso religioso nos domínios do ataque moderno à esfera teológica de conhecimento e de poder. Diante da falência do Estado como poder simbólico e da relativização histórica dos valores, resta ao discurso de legitimação simbólica dos valores jurídicos o meio discursivo e procedimental, patamar alcançado por Radbruch enquanto neokantiano axiológico de Baden.ABSTRACTThe power of the State as a mythic power is produced as a justified symbolic structure, in which the Law is produced as the Law’s Empire and is discursively justified with the production of values as ideas to achieve goals (deontology of values). The neokantism view of the State is of a symbolic system that sustains the State, it concerns perceiving the State as mystique and hermeneutic 'myth' produced by a set of interlacement of values with cultural basis that design a structure of goals and prospects of achieving ideas (deontology) that signify what is the State presenting its symbolic formalization (Nazism was the greatest symbolic and mystical projection of the State in the twentieth century through racist mystical ideology). We think that the action of the real power of social relations establishes a dualism because it appropriates itself of the discourse of rationality about the Law, alleged just order of ethical values claims, and acts through the State as a effective power, violent and coercive, that wants to be justified discursively. The order of values that justifies the State in Post-Modernity is an order of secular values looming from the crisis of religious legitimacy discourse in the fields of a modern attack to the theological space of knowledge and power. Given the failure of the State as symbolic power and historical relativity of values, remains the discourse of legitimation symbolic values through the legal and procedural discourse, a level reached by Radbruch while later the axiological neokantism of Baden.

Hobbes, Savagery, and International Anarchy

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAT MOLONEY
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The State ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
State Of Nature ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
The Law ◽  
Modern Geography ◽  
International Anarchy

This article argues that Hobbes constructed the sovereignty acknowledged among European states on the supposition of the absence of sovereignty in the New World. The notion of international anarchy found in Hobbes before the twentieth century was not the anarchy of interstate relations later posited by realism, but the anarchy of prepolitical societies outside the ordered system of European states. The modern geography of sovereignty that Hobbes established is demonstrated with reference to the cartographic traditions that informed his representation of the state of nature and the civil state, and to the historical context of the law of nations as it was understood to manage colonial rivalry in the seventeenth century. By constructing savages as absolutely free individuals in the state of nature, he precluded their recognition as free sovereign states. He thus contributed a set of premises to natural jurisprudence that denied indigenous societies statehood and excluded them from the family nations. A sketch of the Hobbesian legacy among theorists of the law of nations and international law is made, showing how his motif of savage anarchy remained central to our conceptualization of the sovereign state within the international realm into the twentieth century.

Varieties of Religious Freedom in Japanese Buddhist Responses to the 1899 Religions Bill

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
Jolyon Baraka THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
The State ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
Universal Principle ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Competing Interest

AbstractHistorians have often described early-twentieth-century Japanese Buddhists as ignorant of the importance of religious freedom, myopically focused on their parochial agendas, and sycophantically aligned with the state. Such depictions assume that the attitudes of a minority of elite Buddhist clerics represent majority Buddhist opinion; they also problematically treat religious freedom as a universal principle rather than a historically contingent concept subject to the conflicting claims of competing interest groups. This article highlights the contingency of religious freedom law and the diversity of its interpretation by introducing three discrete attitudes that surfaced in Buddhist responses to a controversial Bill advanced by the Japanese government in December 1899. Tracing differences between statist, corporatist, and latitudinarian interpretations of religious freedom, it shows that religious freedom is never unitary or uniform in any time or place.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ПАРАДИГМЫ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИИ

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Ю. М. Оборотов
Keyword(s):  
Legal Theory ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
The State ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Methodological Question ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Decisive Importance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Law

В современной методологии юриспруденции происходит переход от изучения состо­яний ее объекта, которыми выступают право и государство, к постижению этого объек­та в его изменениях и превращениях. Две подсистемы методологии юриспруденции, подсистема обращенная к состоянию права и государства; и подсистема обращенная к изменениям права и государства, — получают свое отображение в концептуальной форме, методологических подходах, методах, специфических понятиях. Показательны перемены в содержании методологии юриспруденции, где определяю­щее значение имеют методологические подходы, определяющие стратегию исследова­тельских поисков во взаимосвязи юриспруденции с правом и государством. Среди наи­более характерных подходов антропологический, аксиологический, цивилизационный, синергетический и герменевтический — определяют плюралистичность современной методологии и свидетельствуют о становлении новой парадигмы методологии юриспру­денции.   In modern methodology of jurisprudence there is a transition from the study the states of its object to its comprehension in changes and transformations. Hence the two subsystems of methodology of jurisprudence: subsystem facing the states of the law and the state as well as their components and aspects; and subsystem facing the changes of the law and the state in general and their constituents. These subsystems of methodology of jurisprudence receive its reflection in conceptual form, methodological approaches, methods, specific concepts. Methodology of jurisprudence should not be restricted to the methodology of legal theory. In this regard, it is an important methodological question about subject of jurisprudence. It is proposed to consider the subject of jurisprudence as complex, covering both the law and the state in their specificity, interaction and integrity. Indicative changes in the content methodology of jurisprudence are the usage of decisive importance methodological approaches that govern research strategy searches in conjunction with the law and the state. Among the most characteristic of modern development approaches: anthropological, axiological, civilization, synergistic and hermeneutic. Modern methodology of jurisprudence is pluralistic in nature alleging various approaches to the law and the state. Marked approaches allow the formation of a new paradigm methodology of jurisprudence.

The Changing Face of Irish Ireland: Séamus Ó Grianna's and Éilís Ní Dhuibhne's Fictions of the Donegal Gaeltacht

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-380
Author(s):  
Ríona Nic Congáil
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Irish Language ◽  
Shared Interest ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
Insight Into

Séamus Ó Grianna and Éilís Ní Dhuibhne, whose lifespans overlapped only briefly, rank among the most prolific Irish writers of the twentieth century. Their bilingualism, moreover, offers them access to two languages, cultures, and viewpoints. Their shared interest in the Donegal Gaeltacht during the revivalist period, and their use of fiction to explore and represent it, provide their readers with a remarkable insight into the changing ideologies of twentieth-century Ireland, and particularly Irish-Ireland, touching on broad issues that are linguistic, cultural, political, gendered, and spatial. This essay begins by analyzing the narrative similarities between Ó Grianna's Mo Dhá Róisín and Ní Dhuibhne's Hiring Fair Trilogy, and proceeds to examine how both writers negotiate historical fact, the Irish language, the performance of Gaelic culture, the burgeoning women's movement, and the chasm between rural and urban Ireland of the revival. Through this approach, the essay demonstrates that the fictions of these two writers reveal as much about their own agendas and the dominant ideas of the epoch in which they were writing, as they do about life in the Donegal Gaeltacht in the early twentieth century.

On Metaphysics and the Political: A Polemics of Reading Baudelaire in the 1930s

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259
Author(s):  
Joseph Acquisto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

This essay examines a polemic between two Baudelaire critics of the 1930s, Jean Cassou and Benjamin Fondane, which centered on the relationship of poetry to progressive politics and metaphysics. I argue that a return to Baudelaire's poetry can yield insight into what seems like an impasse in Cassou and Fondane. Baudelaire provides the possibility of realigning metaphysics and politics so that poetry has the potential to become the space in which we can begin to think the two of them together, as opposed to seeing them in unresolvable tension. Or rather, the tension that Baudelaire animates between the two allows us a new way of thinking about the role of esthetics in moments of political crisis. We can in some ways see Baudelaire as responding, avant la lettre, to two of his early twentieth-century readers who correctly perceived his work as the space that breathes a new urgency into the questions of how modern poetry relates to the world from which it springs and in which it intervenes.

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