scholarly journals Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The Evolution of Methods and Devices for Generation, Exposure and Collection

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Klus ◽  
Barbara Boenke-Nimphius ◽  
Lutz Müller
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Artifact Formation ◽  
Cigarette Mainstream Smoke

SUMMARYThe objective of this review is to support tobacco scientists when evaluating information published on smoking machines, and on cigarette mainstream smoke (in vivoandin vitro) exposure systems and collection devices.The intriguing development of smoking machines (mainly for cigarettes) is followed for more than 170 years - from the first simple set-ups in the 1840s to the sophisticated and fully automated analytical smoking machines available today. Systems for the large-scale production of smoke (condensate) for preparative work are equally considered. The standardization of machine smoking methods and test pieces has solved several technical problems and produced sensible rules but, at the same time, given rise to new controversies like the compatibility of artificial and human smoking, and the implementation of more intense machine smoking regimes.Adequate space is allotted for the discussion of configurations forin vivosmoke exposure of rodent and non-rodent species and the machines generating the required smoke (condensate). Covered as well is the field ofin vitrotoxicity testing, including the increasingly informative new techniques of air-liquid interface exposure, which are becoming more and more refined with the use of organotypic cultures and genetic analyses.The review is completed by the examination of the considerable variety of mainstream smoke collection devices (filters and traps) developed over time - some for very specific purposes - and refers to the perpetual problem of artifact formation by aging.

scholarly journals Lentiviral Vectors for Delivery of Gene-Editing Systems Based on CRISPR/Cas: Current State and Perspectives

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1288
Author(s):  
Wendy Dong ◽  
Boris Kantor
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Lentiviral Vector ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Base Editing ◽  
Epigenome Editing ◽  
Vector Systems ◽  
Dividing Cells

CRISPR/Cas technology has revolutionized the fields of the genome- and epigenome-editing by supplying unparalleled control over genomic sequences and expression. Lentiviral vector (LV) systems are one of the main delivery vehicles for the CRISPR/Cas systems due to (i) its ability to carry bulky and complex transgenes and (ii) sustain robust and long-term expression in a broad range of dividing and non-dividing cells in vitro and in vivo. It is thus reasonable that substantial effort has been allocated towards the development of the improved and optimized LV systems for effective and accurate gene-to-cell transfer of CRISPR/Cas tools. The main effort on that end has been put towards the improvement and optimization of the vector’s expression, development of integrase-deficient lentiviral vector (IDLV), aiming to minimize the risk of oncogenicity, toxicity, and pathogenicity, and enhancing manufacturing protocols for clinical applications required large-scale production. In this review, we will devote attention to (i) the basic biology of lentiviruses, and (ii) recent advances in the development of safer and more efficient CRISPR/Cas vector systems towards their use in preclinical and clinical applications. In addition, we will discuss in detail the recent progress in the repurposing of CRISPR/Cas systems related to base-editing and prime-editing applications.

scholarly journals Production of Phytotoxic Metabolite Using Biphasic Fermentation System from Strain C1136 of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, a Potential Bioherbicidal Agent

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
Charles Oluwaseun ADETUNJI ◽  
Julius Kola OLOKE ◽  
Gandham PRASAD ◽  
Moses ABALAKA ◽  
Emenike Onyebum IROKANULO
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Conventional Farming ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Phytotoxic Metabolite ◽  
Biphasic Fermentation

Formulation of effective and environmental friendly bioherbicides depends on the type of fermentation medium used for the production of phytotoxic metabolites. The effect of biomass, colony forming unit and the phytotoxic metabolite produced from the biphasic fermentation was carried out, while the phytotoxic metabolite was  tested in vivo and in-vitro on Echinochola crus-galli and dicotyledonous Chromolaena odorata. The mutant strain of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae C1136 (Lp90) produced the highest amount of conidia and the largest necrotic area on the two tested weeds when compared to its wild strain in the different biphasic media combinations. The study revealed that the biphasic system containing PDB + rice produced the highest bioherbicidal activities. Therefore, the phytotoxic metabolites from strain C1136 are suggested for large scale production of bioherbicides for the management of weeds in conventional farming to improve yield and enhance food security.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Skin Sensitization Potential of Carbon Nanotubes Using Alternative In Vitro and In Vivo Assays

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Sung-Hyun Kim ◽  
Dong Han Lee ◽  
Jin Hee Lee ◽  
Jun-Young Yang ◽  
Hyo-Sook Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Skin Sensitization ◽  
Alternative Test ◽  
Alternative Test Method

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the major types of nanomaterials that have various industrial and biomedical applications. However, there is a risk of accidental exposure to CNTs in individuals involved in their large-scale production and in individuals who use products containing CNTs. This study aimed to evaluate the skin sensitization induced by CNTs using two alternative tests. We selected single-wall carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for this study. First, the physiochemical properties of the CNTs were measured, including the morphology, size, and zeta potential, under various conditions. Thereafter, we assessed the sensitization potential of the CNTs using the ARE-Nrf2 Luciferase KeratinoSens™ assay, an in vitro alternative test method. In addition, the CNTs were evaluated for their skin sensitization potential using the LLNA: BrdU-FCM in vivo alternative test method. In this study, we report for the first time the sensitization results of CNTs using the KeratinoSens™ and LLNA: BrdU-FCM test methods in this study. This study found that both CNTs do not induce skin sensitization. These results suggest that the KeratinoSens™ and LLNA: BrdU-FCM assay may be useful as alternative assays for evaluating the potential of some nanomaterials that can induce skin sensitization.

scholarly journals Biochemical assessment of in vitro and in vivo culture of Tylophora indica (Burm. F.) Merr

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Antaryami Kaushik ◽  
Chandra Gurnani ◽  
Shyam Sunder ◽  
Abha Dhingra ◽  
Vikram Chimpa
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nodal Segments ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Tylophora Indica ◽  
Shoot Initiation ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Chlorophyll Protein

Tylophora indica (Burm. F.) Merr is an endangered plant which can be protected from extinction by its large scale production. Nodal segments of healthy plants are used as explants and cultured on MS Basal medium fortified with different growth regulators. Optimum shoot induction conditions from explants were established. In vitro and in vivo phytochemical test were done by using standard methods for chlorophyll, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and starch. 3mg/l 2, 4 D showed maximum and success full callus production. Shoot initiation started in 7 days and best shoot regeneration reported with 3 mg/ml BAP in Basal medium. Combination of IBA and NAA in concentration 2 and 4 mg/l respectively proved to be best for root initiation. Concentration of chlorophyll, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and starch in vitro and in vivo culture are investigated. DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v6i2.4005Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.6. No II, November, 2010, pp.1-5

High-yield amplification ofCryptosporidium parvumin interferon γ receptor knockout mice

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (10) ◽  
pp. 1151-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. von OETTINGEN ◽  
M. NATH-CHOWDHURY ◽  
B. J. WARD ◽  
A. C. RODLOFF ◽  
M. J. ARROWOOD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Ether Extraction ◽  
External Sources ◽  
And Storage

SUMMARYTo date, large-scale production ofCryptosporidium parvumoocysts has only been achieved by amplification in neonatal calves and sheep. Many laboratories currently depend on supplies from external sources and store oocysts for prolonged periods which results in progressive loss of viability. Six to 8-week-old interferon γ receptor knockout (IFNγR-KO) mice on a C57BL/6 background were inoculated by gavage (2000 oocysts/animal). Fecal pellets were collected daily from 7 days post-infection (p.i.) up to 2 weeks p.i. Intestinal oocyst yield was assessed at days 11, 12 and 14 p.i. by homogenization of intestinal tissues. Ether extraction and one or more NaCl flotations were used to purify oocysts. Total recoveries averaged 2·6×106oocysts/mouse from fecal material and 3·8×107oocysts/mouse from intestinal tissues. Overall, 2·3×109purified oocysts were obtained from 60 mice. Recovered oocysts were capable of sporulation and were shown to be infectious bothin vitroandin vivo. Oocyst amplification was achieved in only 11–14 days with minimal expense. The simplicity of this method presents a practical alternative for the routine passage, maintenance and storage ofC. parvumin biomedical laboratories.

scholarly journals Large scale and integrated platform for digital mass culture of anchorage dependent cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung Won Cho ◽  
Seok Joo Kim ◽  
Jaemin Kim ◽  
Seuk Young Song ◽  
Wang Hee Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Scale Production

Abstract Industrial applications of anchorage-dependent cells require large-scale cell culture with multifunctional monitoring of culture conditions and control of cell behaviour. Here, we introduce a large-scale, integrated, and smart cell-culture platform (LISCCP) that facilitates digital mass culture of anchorage-dependent cells. LISCCP is devised through large-scale integration of ultrathin sensors and stimulator arrays in multiple layers. LISCCP provides real-time, 3D, and multimodal monitoring and localized control of the cultured cells, which thereby allows minimizing operation labour and maximizing cell culture performance. Wireless integration of multiple LISCCPs across multiple incubators further amplifies the culture scale and enables digital monitoring and local control of numerous culture layers, making the large-scale culture more efficient. Thus, LISCCP can transform conventional labour-intensive and high-cost cell cultures into efficient digital mass cell cultures. This platform could be useful for industrial applications of cell cultures such as in vitro toxicity testing of drugs and cosmetics and clinical scale production of cells for cell therapy.

Fluorescent carbon dots as prospective nanoagents for imaging-assisted biomedical applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Minh Tu Phan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Intense Exploitation ◽  
Fluorescent Carbon Dots

: Carbon dots (CDs), an emerging nanoagent providing an alternative to conventional fluorescent agents, are sparking the scientist’s interest in biomedical applications owing to their unique advantages, including ease of synthesis, large scale production, low cost, prominent photoluminescence, good photostability, easy functionalization, sufficient biocompatibility, good nanocarrier, and excellent ability to generate reactive oxygen species or heat. Herein, this perspective provides a viewpoint about imaging-assisted biomedical applications using fluorescent CDs regarding in vitro and in vivo bioimaging, imaging-assisted sensing, and imaging-guided therapy. The opinions about their potential and challenges in applicable biomedical applications are discussed to develop, further ameliorated CDs for their intense exploitation in diverse imaging-assisted biomedical applications.

scholarly journals A Chemically Defined, Xeno- and Blood-Free Culture Medium Sustains Increased Production of Small Extracellular Vesicles From Mesenchymal Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliosha I. Figueroa-Valdés ◽  
Catalina de la Fuente ◽  
Yessia Hidalgo ◽  
Ana María Vega-Letter ◽  
Rafael Tapia-Limonchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Paracrine Factors

Cell therapy is witnessing a notable shift toward cell-free treatments based on paracrine factors, in particular, towards small extracellular vesicles (sEV), that mimic the functional effect of the parental cells. While numerous sEV-based applications are currently in advanced preclinical stages, their promised translation depends on overcoming the manufacturing hurdles posed by the large-scale production of purified sEV. Unquestionably, the culture medium used with the parental cells plays a key role in the sEV’s secretion rate and content. An essential requisite is the use of a serum-, xeno-, and blood-free medium to meet the regulatory entity requirements of clinical-grade sEV’s production. Here, we evaluated OxiumTMEXO, a regulatory complying medium, with respect to production capacity and conservation of the EV’s characteristics and functionality and the parental cell’s phenotype and viability. A comparative study was established with standard DMEM and a commercially available culture medium developed specifically for sEV production. Under similar conditions, OxiumTMEXO displayed a three-fold increase of sEV secretion, with an enrichment of particles ranging between 51 and 200 nm. These results were obtained through direct quantification from the conditioned medium to avoid the isolation method’s interference and variability and were compared to the two culture media under evaluation. The higher yield obtained was consistent with several harvest time points (2, 4, and 6 days) and different cell sources, incluiding umbilical cord-, menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and fibroblasts. Additionally, the stem cell phenotype and viability of the parental cell remained unchanged. Furthermore, OxiumTMEXO-sEV showed a similar expression pattern of the vesicular markers CD63, CD9, and CD81, with respect to sEV derived from the other conditions. The in vitro internalization assays in different target cell types and the pharmacokinetic profile of intraperitoneally administered sEV in vivo indicated that the higher EV production rate did not affect the uptake kinetics or the systemic biodistribution in healthy mice. In conclusion, the OxiumTMEXO medium sustains an efficient and robust production of large quantities of sEV, conserving the classic functional properties of internalization into acceptor target cells and biodistribution in vivo, supplying the amount and quality of EVs for the development of cell-free therapies.

Exosomes in Therapy: Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Future Applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Arenaccio ◽  
Chiara Chiozzini ◽  
Flavia Ferrantelli ◽  
Patrizia Leone ◽  
Eleonora Olivetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Membrane Composition ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules ◽  
Key Aspects

Background:Eukaryotic cells release vesicles of different sizes under both physiological and pathological conditions. On the basis of the respective biogenesis, extracellular vesicles are classified as apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes. Among these, exosomes are considered tools for innovative therapeutic interventions, especially when engineered with effector molecules. The delivery functions of exosomes are favored by a number of typical features. These include their small size (i.e., 50-200 nm), the membrane composition tightly similar to that of producer cells, lack of toxicity, stability in serum as well as other biological fluids, and accession to virtually any organ and tissue including central nervous system. However, a number of unresolved questions still affects the possible use of exosomes in therapy. Among these are the exact identification of both in vitro and ex vivo produced vesicles, their large-scale production and purification, the uploading efficiency of therapeutic macromolecules, and the characterization of their pharmacokinetics. </P><P> Objective: Here, we discuss two key aspects to be analyzed before considering exosomes as a tool of delivery for the desired therapeutic molecule, i.e., techniques of engineering, and their in vivo biodistribution/ pharmacokinetics. In addition, an innovative approach aimed at overcoming at least part of the obstacles towards a safe and efficient use of exosomes in therapy will be discussed.Conclusion:Several biologic features render exosomes an attractive tool for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. They will surely be a part of innovative therapeutic interventions as soon as few still unmet technical hindrances will be overcome.

Production of cattle embryos by in vitro and in vivo culture

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 53-53
Author(s):  
K.H. Lu ◽  
I. Gordon ◽  
M. Gallagher ◽  
H. McGovern
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Embryo Yield ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
In Vivo Culture

A previous report from this laboratory recorded a yield of 60 per cent of embryos recovered at the morulae/blastocyst stage of development after the in vitro maturation and fertilization of bovine follicular oocytes and their subsequent culture in vivo in the sheep oviduct (Lu et al., 1987). When these embryos were transferred by non-surgical procedures to recipient heifers, they established normal pregnancy rates (12/18, 67%) which resulted in the birth of seven sets of twins and five single calves. The objective of the present study was to examine the possibility of large-scale production of cattle embryos using the oocyte maturation and IVF procedures previously employed. A further objective was to determine the effect on embryo yield of transferring varying numbers of fertilized eggs (zygotes) to the sheep oviduct for in vivo culture.Ovaries were collected fran beef heifers shortly after slaughter and brought to the laboratory within one hour, held at 30°C in phosphate buffered saline supplemented with 0.3 per cent bovine serun albumin and 0.05 mg kanemycin/ml. Non-atretic vesicular follicles (2 - 6 mm diameter) were dissected fran the ovaries and the oocytes liberated by follicule rupture, particular care being taken to preserve the integrity of the oocyte-cumulus-corplex.

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