scholarly journals Cultural change and the migration choice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Lanati ◽  
Alessandra Venturini
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
Cultural Proximity ◽  
World Econ ◽  
Cultural Affinity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractCultural differences play an important role in shaping migration patterns. The conventional proxies for cross country cultural differences, such as common language; ethnicity; genetic traits; or religion, implicitly assume that cultural proximity between two countries is constant over time and symmetric. This is far from realistic. This paper proposes a gravity model for international migration which explicitly allows for the time varying and asymmetric dimensions of cultural proximity. In accordance with Disdier, Tai, Fontagné, Mayer (Rev World Econ, 145(4):575–595, 2010) we assume that the evolution of bilateral cultural affinity over time is reflected in the intensity of bilateral trade in cultural goods. The empirical framework includes a comprehensive set of high dimensional fixed effects which enable identification of the impact of cultural proximity on migration over and beyond the effect of pre-existing cultural and historical ties. The results are robust across different econometric techniques and suggest that positive changes in cultural relationships over time foster bilateral migration.

scholarly journals The Impact of New Drug Launches on Hospitalization in 2015 for 67 Medical Conditions in 15 OECD Countries: A Two-Way Fixed-Effects Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank R. Lichtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Prescription Drug ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Innovation ◽  
Cost Offset ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Offsets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract There are two types of prescription drug cost offsets. The first type of cost offset – from prescription drug use – is primarily about the effect of changes in drug quantity (e.g. due to changes in out-of-pocket drug costs) on other medical costs. Previous studies indicate that the cost offsets from prescription drug use may slightly exceed the cost of the drugs themselves. The second type of cost offset – the cost offset from prescription drug innovation – is primarily about the effect of prescription drug quality on other medical costs. Two previous studies (of a single disease or a single country) found that pharmaceutical innovation reduced hospitalization, and that the reduction in hospital cost from the use of newer drugs was considerably greater than the innovation-induced increase in pharmaceutical expenditure. In this study, we reexamine the impact that pharmaceutical innovation has had on hospitalization, employing a different type of 2-way fixed effects research design. In lieu of analyzing different countries over time for a single disease, or different diseases over time for a single country, we estimate the impact that new drug launches that occurred during the period 1982–2015 had on hospitalization in 2015 for 67 diseases in 15 OECD countries. Our models include both country fixed effects and disease fixed effects, which control for the average propensity of people to be hospitalized in each country and from each disease. The number of hospital discharges and days of care in 2015 is significantly inversely related to the number of drugs launched during 1982–2005, but not significantly related to the number of drugs launched after 2005. (Utilization of drugs during the first few years after they are launched is relatively low, and drugs for chronic conditions may have to be consumed for several years to achieve full effectiveness.) The estimates imply that, if no new drugs had been launched after 1981, total days of care in 2015 would have been 163% higher than it actually was. The estimated reduction in 2015 hospital expenditure that may be attributable to post-1981 drug launches was 5.3 times as large as 2015 expenditure on those drugs.

Safety profile of ripretinib, including impact of alopecia, and Palmar-Plantar Erythrodysesthesia Syndrome (PPES) on patient-reported outcomes (PROs), in ≥ fourth-line advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): Analyses from INVICTUS.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 11539-11539
Author(s):  
Suzanne George ◽  
Michael C. Heinrich ◽  
John Raymond Zalcberg ◽  
Sebastian Bauer ◽  
Hans Gelderblom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Profile ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
P Value ◽  
Tolerability Profile ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Advanced Gist ◽  
Over Time

11539 Background: Ripretinib is a novel switch-control TKI that broadly inhibits KIT and PDGFRA kinase signaling. In INVICTUS (NCT03353753), a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled trial of ripretinib in ≥4th-line advanced GIST, ripretinib reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 85% vs PBO with a favorable overall safety profile. Common ( > 20%) adverse events (AEs) included, but were not limited to, alopecia and PPES. Exploratory analyses evaluated the impact of alopecia and PPES on quality of life (QoL). Methods: Patients (pts) with advanced GIST previously treated with at least imatinib, sunitinib, and regorafenib were randomized (2:1) to ripretinib 150 mg QD or PBO. AEs were graded using CTCAE v4 and PROs collected using EQ-5D-5L (EQ5D) and EORTC QLQ-C30 (C30). Repeated measures (RM) models assessed the impact of alopecia and PPES on 5 PROs (EQ5D visual analogue scale; and C30 physical functioning, role functioning, and the overall health and overall QoL questions) within the ripretinib arm. Fixed effects were sex, alopecia/PPES, and ECOG scores at baseline. Results: 128/129 randomized pts received treatment (85 ripretinib 150 mg QD; 43 PBO). Alopecia, regardless of causality, occurred in 44 (51.8%) on ripretinib (34 [40.0%] grade 1; 10 [11.8%] grade 2) and 2 (4.7%) on PBO (both grade 1). PPES occurred in 18 (21.2%) on ripretinib (11 [12.9%] grade 1; 7 [8.2%] grade 2); none on PBO. The median times in days to first occurrence and worst severity grade with ripretinib were 57.0 and 62.5 for alopecia; 56.5 and 57.0 for PPES. The RM models showed a slight trend towards improvement in PRO score over time for pts with alopecia; the only association reaching a P-value of < 0.05 was between alopecia and increased overall QoL. None of the associations between PPES and PRO scores reach P < 0.05. All PRO p-values are nominal, and no statistical significance is being claimed. Conclusions: Ripretinib had a favorable overall safety and tolerability profile. When stratified by alopecia and PPES, patient-reported assessments of function, overall health, and overall QoL were maintained over time. For both alopecia and PPES, onset and maximum severity occurred almost simultaneously, indicating that these events generally did not progressively worsen. These results suggest that alopecia and PPES are manageable and do not have a negative effect on function, overall health, and QoL. Clinical trial information: NCT03353753 .

The Effects of Cultural Differences on Bilateral Trade Patterns

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-668
Author(s):  
Raymond J. MacDermott ◽  
Dekuwmini Mornah
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Euclidian Distance ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Functional Forms ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aggregate Measure

We argue that using the aggregate of the Euclidian distance of different dimensions of culture to measure the impact of culture on bilateral trade patterns as is conventional in the literature is flawed. Using recent innovations in gravity model estimations and adopting the GLOBE team dimensions of culture, we confirm that the aggregate measure of culture imposes arbitrary functional forms, wrongly assumes symmetry in the effect of culture on bilateral trade, generalizes the effect of culture on trade and lacks policy relevancy. Our novel approach also allows us to determine which aspects of culture promote trade and which aspects do not.

scholarly journals Cultural Differences in People’s Psychological Response to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhui Yap ◽  
Albert Lee ◽  
Li-Jun Ji ◽  
Ye Li ◽  
Ying Dong
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Psychological Response ◽  
Lay Theory ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The present research studied Chinese and Euro-Canadian students during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on their affect, optimism, well-being, and meaning in life. The results revealed both differences and similarities across cultures. As predicted, Chinese participants reported more positive affect and less negative affect, higher optimism, higher state psychological well-being, and higher meaning presence, compared to Euro-Canadian participants. The findings were replicated after a week’s delay. Analyses on longitudinal data showed that state optimism, state well-being, and meaning presence influenced one another over time. These variables also mediated the cultural differences in one another. These results are consistent with cultural work on naïve dialecticism and non-linear lay theory of change. Results also demonstrate underlying relationships among the constructs that are common to both cultural groups. Broadly, the present research highlights the impact of culture on people’s response to challenging life situations and the mechanisms underlying these cultural differences.

scholarly journals The role of Fiscal Institutional Context on primary balance. A case study for European country groups with cultural differences

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Dimitra Mitsi
Keyword(s):  
European Country ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Fiscal Rules ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Macroeconomic Forecasting ◽  
Fiscal Institutions ◽  
Panel Data Estimation ◽  
The Impact

Many countries have introduced fiscal institutions (fiscal rules and fiscal councils) to deter fiscal indiscipline, reduce macroeconomic forecasting bias and enhance the credibility of fiscal policy. In this study, we use a theoretical model in order to examine how the existence of a fiscal council can reduce a country’s debt. In addition, we examine the impact of fiscal institutions on primary balance in 2 European country groups (PIIGCS and DFGNS countries) that have cultural differences. The analysis builds on panel data estimation methods of fixed effects and random effects depending on the Hausman test results. This study finds that the fiscal institutional context (frifc) has a positive and significant effect on PB. More specifically, we find that one change in fiscal institutional context improves PB by a factor of 0.925 and 1.181 in PIIGCS countries and DFGNS countries, respectively.

Maturity of Judgment and Perceptual Deterrence

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1762-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heejin Lee ◽  
Christopher J. Sullivan ◽  
J. C. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Perceptual Deterrence ◽  
Pathways To Desistance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Recent deterrence literature has found that the degree to which sanction threats are perceived to influence subsequent offending differs within individuals and between individuals over time. This study examines whether three psychosocial aspects (temperance, perspective, responsibility) relevant to the maturity of judgment predict within-individual and between-individual differences in levels of perceptual deterrence. Random effects regression models with fixed effects (hybrid models) are used to estimate the impact of maturity of judgment on the perceived risks, costs, and benefits of crime among a sample of serious juvenile offenders from the Pathways to Desistance study over 7 years of development. The results support both within-person effects and between-person effects. More mature judgment ability is generally associated with the perception of greater risks, heavier costs of punishment, and fewer rewards of crime. The rate of change in perceptual deterrence by maturity of judgment varies between individuals. Implications of the findings are discussed.

The impact of mass-level ideological orientations on immigration policy preferences over time

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-291
Author(s):  
Jens Peter Frølund Thomsen ◽  
Arzoo Rafiqi
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mass Level ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper introduces a dynamic perspective on how (personal) political ideology shapes reactions to immigration policies at the mass level. Greater ethnic diversity and growing calls for multiculturalism represent a disproportionately greater challenge to rightists because they value conformity, tradition, and stability more than leftists. Consequently, we hypothesize that the impact of political ideology on opposition to immigration has become stronger over time. Analyses show that: (a) leftists were less opposed to immigration than rightists in both 2002 and 2014, and (b) rightists have become more opposed to immigration in the time between 2002 and 2014, whereas leftists’ reactions remained stable across this period. We tested our motivated reasoning hypothesis in a repeated cross-sectional (fixed effects regression) analysis of individual-level data from 18 countries (N = 55,367). The individual-level data on political ideology and immigration policy preferences is from the European Social Survey data sets fielded in 2002 and 2014.

scholarly journals The interaction between social factors and adversities on self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal analysis of 49 227 UK adults

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Paul ◽  
Daisy Fancourt
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Social Study ◽  
Support Network ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background Little is known about which factors exacerbate and buffer the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related adversities on changes in thinking about and engaging in self-harm over time. Aims To examine how changes in four social factors contribute to changes in self-harm thoughts and behaviours over time and how these factors in turn interact with adversities and worries about adversities to increase risk for these outcomes. Method Data from 49 227 UK adults in the UCL COVID-19 Social Study were analysed across the first 59 weeks of the pandemic. Fixed-effects logistic regressions examined time-varying associations between social support quality, loneliness, number of days of face-to-face contact for >15 min and number of days phoning/video calling for ≥15 min with self-harm thoughts and behaviours. We then examined how these four factors in turn interacted with the total number of adversities and worries about adversity and how this affected outcomes. Results Increases in the quality of social support were associated with decreases in the likelihood of both outcomes, whereas greater loneliness was associated with an increase in their likelihood. Associations were less clear for telephone/video contact and face-to-face contact with outcomes. Social support buffered and loneliness exacerbated the impact of adversity experiences on self-harm behaviours. Conclusions These findings suggest the importance of the quality of one's social support network, rather than the mere presence of contact, for reducing the likelihood of self-harm behaviours in the context of COVID-19 pandemic-related adversity and worry.

scholarly journals Pakistan’s Bilateral Trade under MFN and SAFTA: Do Institutional and Non-Institutional Arrangements Matter?

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasir Iqbal ◽  
Saima Nawaz
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is two fold. First, to estimate the impact of institutional and non-institutional arrangements on bilateral trade, and second to analyse the impact of SAFTA on bilateral trade in the short as well as in the long run. The empirical analysis which is based on the panel of eight South Asian countries, comprising data over the period i.e. 1975–2013 is conducted using fixed effects model along with Pooled Mean-Group (PMG) estimator for estimating the short and long-run relationships. The analysis has shown that trade agreements including South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) and the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) are not effective in promoting trade, due to low institutional quality and stringent non-institutional arrangements, including high tariff along with low physical infrastructure. Further empirical analysis has shown that both SAFTA and MFN can only contribute to bilateral trade significantly, if complemented by institutional framework. As a policy lesson, to improve the trade ties between India and Pakistan, improvement in physical as well as soft infrastructure is required. Any trade agreements between the two, including MFN can only be effective, when it is supported by a well-defined and enforced institutional framework that ensure the implementation of policy reforms needed to reduce tariff rate and remove non-tariff barriers.

Investigating the Effect of Diplomatic Representation on Trade

2021 ◽  
pp. 188-207
Author(s):  
Danijel Mlinaric ◽  
Hrvoje Josic ◽  
Cindy Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Random Effects Model ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Bilateral Trade Flows ◽  
The Impact

Economic diplomacy is an unavoidable tool for improving economic standards, and it needs to be an important instrument for policy makers in stimulating international trade and supporting domestic firms. This chapter analyses the impact of economic diplomacy on bilateral trade flows in Croatia in the period from 1992 to 2017. The authors use an applied gravity model of trade by employing fixed effects model (FE), random effects model (RE), and pseudo Poisson maximum likelihood (PPML) estimator. PPML estimator takes into count zero trade flows because estimating zero trade flows with OLS estimator could lead to several biases. The problem of dependence between diplomacy representatives was solved by constructing individual regressions using FE model and PPML estimator. The hypothesis of the chapter, which was tested, states that diplomatic representation has had positive and significant effects on bilateral trade flows (imports and exports) of Croatia. The results of the analysis have shown that the diplomatic representation via embassies and consulates is a relevant trade and trade-enhancing factor.

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