Context and consciousness: Documenting evidentials

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Mithun
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Know How ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Knowledge States ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Source Of Information

AbstractA domain pertinent to knowing in interaction is evidentiality, but documenting evidential markers can be challenging. Among methodologies, direct elicitation and questionnaires offer the advantages of efficiency and cross-linguistically comparable data. They can, however, miss markers that are below the level of speaker consciousness, as well as significant discourse and social factors. Experimental tasks can provide cross-linguistically comparable data complete with discourse context, and in some cases evidence of the role of differential knowledge states of participants. A single task might miss genre-specific markers, however. Documentation of extensive unscripted speech in a variety of genres, much of it interactive, can provide a foundation for identifying the full sets of markers to be investigated and for uncovering functions beyond specifying the source of information. Insights from speakers can then take us further, potentially shedding light on subtle circumstances underlying choices among alternatives, particularly those reflecting social factors. But we need to know how to listen. Effective collaboration depends crucially on recognition of the variability of speaker consciousness of the markers. If this is kept in mind, speakers can serve as important co-analysts, scouting through their lifetime experiences to provide hypotheses about the contexts in which alternative constructions would be appropriate, meanings they can add, and social and cultural factors influencing their use. Resulting hypotheses can then be tested against the documented material and refined until they account well for the data. These points are illustrated with material from Central Pomo, indigenous to California.

The Role of Sport Fan Curiosity: A New Conceptual Approach to the Understanding of Sport Fan Behavior

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong-Hee Park ◽  
Daniel Mahony ◽  
Yu Kyoum Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Sport Fans ◽  
Fan Behavior ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Sport Fan ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Shed Light

Most literature on sport fan behaviors has focused on highly identified or loyal sport fans. While the literature has found that factors influencing current sport fans and their behaviors are related to, and based on, various psychological, social, and cultural factors, only a limited number of studies have investigated what factors initially attract individuals to consume sport. Curiosity has been found to be one of the crucial motivators that initially influence human exploratory behaviors in many domains. Using theories of curiosity, the present review aims to shed light on the role of curiosity in explaining various sport fan behaviors.

scholarly journals Programming Visuals, Visualising Programs

2018 ◽  
pp. 21-42
Author(s):  
Phillip Brooker ◽  
Wes Sharrock ◽  
Christian Greiffenhagen
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Work ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Computational Astrophysics ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Python Programming Language ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Python Programming ◽  
Selection Of

This article examines the role of visualisations in astrophysics programming work, showing that visualisations are not only outputs for those producing them, but can help those developing them understand how to do their work. Studies of visualization in programming have mainly been of social and cultural factors influencing scientific research. We concentrate on the material aspects of scientific work, as of interest in their own right and on methodological grounds (since capturing the material practices of computer screen-work is an underexplored area). Using a ‘video-aided ethnographic’ method we analyse an episode of computational astrophysics involving the use of the Python programming language. We identify a selection of activities comprising the screen work of an astrophysics researcher to unpack how those activities contribute to the production of scientific knowledge.

Intermediates of Open Innovation in the Aquaculture Industry

2019 ◽  
pp. 203-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Ramos ◽  
Pedro Pousão Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Open Innovation ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Know How ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

Aquaculture appears to be the most adequate and logical way to suit the protein production problem. Basically, because unlike fisheries that are highly unpredictable, aquaculture rearing is based upon production protocols. This chapter developed an argument supporting the above rationale. As it stands, the evidence suggests that with the current use of information technology, it becomes a common practice to exchange aquaculture knowledge between firms, research bodies, or non-governmental organizations. The interaction between the whole set of stakeholders, where a broad range of know-how and intermediate products and services are developed, generates innovation. Sharing know-how creates open innovation. Open innovation, by its turn, seeks efficiency and generates more sustainable production processes. The way knowledge transfer is delivered and its trends are dependent upon dimensions such as economic, social, and cultural factors.

Male Fertility and Male Sexuality: The Role of Social and Cultural Factors

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S.R. Murthy ◽  
V.K.R. Kumar ◽  
M. Hari ◽  
P. Vinayaka Murthy ◽  
K. Rajasekhar
Keyword(s):  
Male Fertility ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Male Sexuality ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

The Role of Affordances in Pretend Play

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Rucińska
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Pretend Play ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Crucial Aspect ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dispositional Properties

Pretending is often conceptualized as an imaginative and symbolic capacity, positing mental representations in its explanation. This paper proposes an alternative way to explain pretending with the use of affordances, instead of mental representations, as explanatory tools. It shows that a specific notion of affordance has to be appropriated for affordances to play the relevant explanatory roles in pretense. This analysis opens up a discussion on the nature of affordances, clarifying how on various conceptions the environment and the animal play a role in shaping affordances. It then clarifies which notion is best compatible to explain pretending; the paper suggests that a particular conception of affordances as dispositional properties of the environment (a la Turvey 1992) can make affordances explanatorily useful. The paper then shows how the environmental affordances with animal effectivities, placed in the right context (formed by canonical affordances or other people), could form an explanation of basic kinds of pretend play (section 3). The paper is a proof of concept that some forms of cognitive activity, such as basic pretense, can be explained by embodied and enactive theorists without the need to posit mental representations. It emphasizes the non-trivial role of social and cultural factors in actualizing pretense, providing a crucial aspect of a coherent explanation of basic pretense.

scholarly journals DAMPAK SOSIAL KONFLIK ETNIK DI KINALI 1999-2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Welly Ibrahim ◽  
Ansofino Ansofino ◽  
Ahmad Nurul Huda
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Dominant Culture ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
The Impact

Kinali is an area inhabited by diverse ethnic with different cultures, namely Minangkabau, Mandailings, and Java. The area consists of diverse ethnic, there is always the potential for conflict. The conflict in 1999 between ethnic Minang and Mandailing in the wake of misunderstanding between the two warring ethnic ie ethnic Mandailing ethnic Minang and eventually led to a major conflict anarchistic. The impact of the conflict in the district Kinali West Pasaman on society viewed from social and cultural factors that people prefer not to socialize and interact with other ethnic groups, the social and economic factors of conflict have an impact on the decrease in public income and region for post-conflict societies choose to not interact and one of which is not to the market. Social factors are political, namely the attitude of the ethnic Mandailing are not adaptive in the pattern of relationship with the dominant culture in Kinali caused by the attitude of discriminative ethnic Minang in Kinali against ethnic Mandailing in various facets of life which they live for these finally bear aversion to mambaur and mingle normal and reasonable.Kinali adalah daerah yang ditinggali beragam etnik dengan latar budaya yang berbeda, yakni etnik Minankabau, Mandailing, dan Jawa. Daerah yang terdiri dari beragam etnik, selalu ada potensi munculnya konflik. Konflik yang terjadi pada tahun 1999 antara etnik Minang dan etnik Mandailing di latarbelakangi karena kesalahpahaman antara kedua etnik yang bertikai yaitu etnik Minang dan etnik Mandailing akhirnya berujung ke konflik besar yang bersifat anarkis. Dampak dari konflik di Kecamatan Kinali Pasaman Barat terhadap masyarakat dilihat dari faktor sosial budaya yaitu masyarakat lebih memilih untuk tidak bersosialisasi dan berinteraksi dengan etnik lain, pada faktor sosial ekonomi konflik berdampak kepada terjadinya penurunan penghasilan masyarakat dan daerah karena pasca konflik masyarakat memilih untuk tidak berinteraksi dan salah satunya tidak kepasar. Faktor sosial politik yaitu sikap orang etnik Mandailing yang tidak adaptif dalam pola hubungannya dengan kebudayaan dominan yang ada di Kinali disebabkan oleh sikap deskriminatif etnik Minang di Kinali terhadap etnik Mandailing dalam berbagai segi kehidupan yang mereka jalani selama ini yang akhirnya berbuah keengganan untuk mambaur dan bergaul secara normal dan wajar.

scholarly journals Tindak Tutur Memohon dalam Bahasa Jepang (Irai): Analisis Skenario Drama Televisi Jepang Love Story Karya Eriko Kitagawa

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Rita Susanti
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Factor ◽  
Love Story ◽  
The Third ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this article was to know the social and cultural factors in the speech acts regarding requests in Japanese. Data were taken from the Japanese drama entitled Love Story. Analysis was done qualitatively by identifying, classifying, and explaining. The result indicated that there were three factors influencing the speech acts of requests in Japanese, those are the situation; the relationship between the speaker and the hearer; and the third is the social status, social interaction, and age. It is concluded that the speech does not mainly concern that the meaning should be easily understood but it also has to consider the socio cultural factor of the spreaker.  

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