scholarly journals Improving Water Supply Capacity of Drainage Systems at Humid Areas in the Changing Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Lyudmyla Kuzmych ◽  
Galyna Voropay ◽  
Nelya Moleshcha ◽  
Olena Babitska
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Face ◽  
Supply Capacity

Abstract The paper focuses on research on improving the water supply of drainage systems of humid areas in the context of climate change. The aim of the research is to elaborate on the ways for increasing the available water supply of drainage systems and restoring active water regulation on reclaimed lands in a changing climate. The paper presents the results of the research on improving the available water supply of drainage systems in the humid zone of Ukraine in a changing climate. It was specified in the face of increasing water scarcity providing the optimal water regime regulation on drained lands is possible due to the increase in the available water supply of drainage systems. It can be achieved thanks to the accumulating capacity of reclaimed areas, namely usage of free soil capacity of the aeration zone and open canals, accumulation of water reserve volumes in storage tanks due to the accumulation of surface and drainage runoff. Taking into account the design features of different types of drainage systems, existing water management technologies, characteristics of water sources and their close proximity to the drainage systems, the technological schemes of water intake from rivers and reservoirs, and its supply to the drained areas for irrigation needs were developed. In a face of increasing water scarcity, it is also expedient to apply resource-saving technologies to control the available water supply for crops.

scholarly journals Modern aspects of scientific support for the restoration of drainage systems in the humid zone of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
G. V. Voropay
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Humid Zone ◽  
Scientific Support ◽  
Water Volumes

Modern aspects of scientific support for the restoration (reconstruction and modernization) of drainage systems in the humid zone of Ukraine were determined, which were established based on the results of the analysis of the current state and features of drainage systems functioning. One of the priority areas is the development of a scientific justification of improving water supply for drainage systems. The most effective and economical technological method of increasing the water supply in reclaimed areas is the accumulation of local drainage runoff. Given the shortage of local drainage and surface runoff, increasing the water supply in reclaimed areas is provided by withdrawing and supplying to reclamation systems extra water volumes from existing reservoirs, rivers, ponds, lakes, located both within and beyond the systems. The current structure of agricultural use of drained lands in the humid zone is subject to both climate change and export market conditions. In agricultural production such crops as grain corn, sunflower, rapeseed, soybeans are cultivated. Changes in the use of drained land should be taken into account when justifying the reconstruction or modernization of drainage systems. This will enable to develop and implement a set of measures for technical re-equipment and reconstruction of drainage systems, introduce advanced resource-saving technology for growing economically attractive crops and ensure effective water regulation on drained land sin accordance with the requirements of agricultural production. The technical state of modern drainage systems in the humid zone is mainly characterized by two conditions: satisfactory, when the systems are under operation (operational) and can perform their functions keeping the design mode, and unsatisfactory, when the restoration of drainage systems is only possible provided modernization measures. Given climate change, the priority measures for the modernization of drainage systems should include work to expand their functionality to regulate soil water regime throughout the growing season. In view of the cost of modernization to expand the functionality of different types of systems (drainage, drainage and irrigation, polder and water circulation) by constructing irrigation systems on them is much lower compared to modernize them to drainage and irrigation ones when  using sluice technology, preference should be given namely to the construction of irrigation systems.

scholarly journals Covid-19 and The Intensity of Water Use Among Households in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
Yakubu Ali Andesikuteb ◽  
◽  
Lekwot Vivan Ezra ◽  
Yohanna Jatau Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
The Face ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Supply Capacity

This study examined household water use intensity in the face of the current fight against COVID-19 among residents of Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria. The study used both primary and secondary data. A structured questionnaire was administered to 180 household heads systematically across the selected four wards in Jos Town. While secondary data were extracted from maps and published materials. A descriptive-analytical technique was applied in the study. The study revealed that 51.7% used above 51ltr/capita/day of water during COVID-19 and 48.9% used between 21-30ltrs/capita/day before the pandemic. There was a marked increase in water use among households in the area during the COVID-19 pandemic as against the usage before COVID-19 outbreaks. The study also showed that major water use areas with higher intensity are hand washing, bathing, and cloth washing with use for cooking, gardening, and mopping increasing very slightly. The majority of households depended on well (53.3%), boreholes (19.4%) while 17.8% of the respondents relied on pipe-borne water sources. The study concluded that due to the fixity of water supply capacity in the area and with the increased water use in the face of the lingering pandemic, water supply capacity should be scaled up through the State Water Agency to supply more potable water to the residents in the area. ________________________________________ Cette étude a examiné l’intensité de la consommation d’eau des ménages face à la lutte actuelle contre la COVID-19 chez les résidents de la zone d’administration locale de Jos North, dans l’État du Plateau, au Nigéria. L’étude a utilisé des données primaires et secondaires. Un questionnaire structuré a été systématiquement administré à 180 chefs de ménage dans les quatre quartiers sélectionnés de Jos Town. Alors que les données secondaires ont été extraites des cartes et des documents publiés. La technique d’analyse descriptive a été appliquée dans l’étude. L’étude a révélé que 51,7 % ont utilisé plus de 51 ltr/habitant/jour d’eau pendant la COVID-19 et 48,9 % ont utilisé entre 21 et 30 ltr/habitant/jour. Il y a eu une augmentation marquée de la consommation d’eau chez les ménages de la région pendant la pandémie de COVID-19 par rapport à l’utilisation avant les éclosions de COVID-19. L’étude a également montré que les principales zones d’utilisation de l’eau avec une intensité plus élevée sont le lavage des mains, le bain et le lavage des chiffons, l’utilisation pour la cuisine, le jardinage et la nivette augmentant très légèrement. La majorité des ménagesdépendaient de l’eau de canalisation (17,8 %), des puits (53,3 %) et des forages (19,4 %). L’étude a conclu qu’en raison de la fixité de la capacité d’approvisionnement en eau dans la région et de l’utilisation accrue de l’eau face à la pandémie persistante, la capacité d’approvisionnement en eau devrait être augmentée par l’intermédiaire de l’Agence nationale de l’eau pour fournir plus d’eau potable aux résidents de la région.

scholarly journals CURRENT STATE AND THE PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE RECLAMATION IN A CHANGING CLIMATE

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
G. V. Voropay ◽  
M. V. Yatsyk ◽  
N. V. Mozol
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Current State ◽  
Effective Use

 Drainage reclamation in the area of excessive water supply of Ukraine is an important component of ensuring sustainable agricultural production. However, today, after reforming the agricultural sector, land parcellation, and in a view of the financial crisis, which has affected virtually all sectors of social production, the efficiency of land use and their role in the state's food and resource supply has been significantly reduced. The objective of the research is to specify the current state and prospects for the development of drainage reclamation in a changing climate and to determine the priorities for restoring the effective use of drained land. Research Methods. Research methods are based on systematic analysis and generalization of the knowledge regarding the current state and features of the functioning of the reclamation systems in the humid zone of Ukraine. The results of the analysis of the current state of drainage reclamation in a changing climate, which occurs in recent decades, are accompanied by the instability of water supply in the reclaimed territories and form new conditions for crop growing. The features of reclamation systems functioning were specified. The main factors affecting the systems functioning and the efficiency of drained land use are the insufficient water supply to the land reclamation systems; land parcellation without taking into account the technological integrity of the drained arrays; poor technical condition of farm engineering infrastructure. The priorities of the development of drainage reclamation in modern conditions and the ways of restoring effective functioning of reclamation systems, in a view of  the transformation processes, arisen as a result of reforming the agrarian sector, and modern agrotechnical and ecological requirements, are increasing the water supply of drainage systems; their reconstruction and modernization; development and implementation of new structural and technological solutions taking into account modern social, ecological and economic, agrotechnical requirements and the requirements of land users. It is established that in modern conditions one of the most effective and economical technological methods of water regime regulation on the drained lands is the accumulation of local drainage runoff. The developed structural and technological solutions for improving the water supply of the reclaimed territories are introduced. Their implementation enables to ensure the efficient and effective control of water regulation processes, to obtain guaranteed water volumes for moistening and ensuring optimal water regime in the soil root layer. It was found out that obtaining guaranteed volumes of agricultural products in a changing climate is possible only due to observance of scientifically grounded technological processes in land reclamation and ensuring water regime regulation on the drained lands. Therefore, maximum utilization of the potential of crop varieties and hybrids is possible only by ensuring the regulation of soil water regimes. Conclusions. The restoration of the effective use of drainage systems under intensive water regulation is one of the priorities, which requires the implementation of the measures on land reclamation systems modernization and reconstruction.

scholarly journals Generalization of scientific experience and modern aspects of its use to ensure the effective functioning of water-regulating systems in the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
G. V. Voropay ◽  
N. B. Molescha ◽  
N. V. Mozol
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Effective Functioning

The experience of agricultural production on drained lands indicates that the existing scientific justification for land reclamation does not meet the requirements of today. This also applies to the use of drained lands of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe. The goal of the research is to generalize many-year scientific research (on the drainage-irrigation system "Romen") and determine the modern aspects of its use to ensure the effective functioning of water-regulating systems in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe in a changing climate. To summarize, we used the results of many-year research for the period of 1935–2019, which were obtained on the drainage-irrigation system "Romen". The research methods are based on systematic analysis and knowledge generalization on long-term research in the area of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe. It was established that in the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe (on the drainage-irrigation system "Romen") a considerable number of scientific developments on the technologies of crop cultivation on the drained lands was obtained, the most productive cultivars of crops were selected and optimum norms of fertilizers for their application were calculated. The methods of basic tillage were studied taking into account the cultivation degree of soils, new designs of reclamation systems were developed (combined water-regulating systems with inclined and low-slope drains and water control units; local contour-water storage systems), which were tested in the production conditions and resource-saving water regulation technology, which is based on the use of small irrigation rates. For today, to scientifically ensure the effective functioning of water- regulating systems and the use of drained lands in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe in a changing climate, it is important to use the experience gained on agronomic measures for growing crops on drained lands, improving water supply of reclamation systems (application of contour water-absorbing constructions made of local filtration materials), resource-saving technologies of water regime regulation, which are based on applying small irrigation rates. Currently, in the context of climate change, which has led to the deterioration of water supply conditions on water-regulating systems, the research is underway to improve the efficiency of water-regulating systems and the use of drained lands, taking into account the features of their agricultural use. The technology of accumulation of water and drainage runoff in the accumulating tank was developed. The results of its approbation showed that in the conditions of climate change, growing deficit of water resources it is possible to provide effective water regulation on drained lands by creating reserve water volumes in the reclaimed areas and increase the yield of crops. According to the results of regional experimental studies on the cultivation of promising and highly productive fodder crops (barnyard grass, amaranth and fodder beans) a technology for growing them on different types of drained soils was developed, which is based on optimal water regulation and takes into account the supply of essential nutrients, the degree of soil acidity and modern climate change.

scholarly journals Problems and main areas of irrigation and drainage development in Ukraine in a changing climate

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
M. I. Romashchenko ◽  
O. O. Dekhtiar ◽  
Yu. V. Husyev ◽  
M. V. Yatsiuk ◽  
R. V. Saydak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
The Face

Climate change has caused rapid soil dehydration in Ukraine; therefore sustainable agriculture will only be possible applying throughout irrigation or water regulation. Meanwhile, the use of the irrigation and drainage systems potential remains extremely unsatisfactory. In 2019, 532,000 ha were actually irrigated, and water regulation was performed on less than 300,000 ha. The purpose of the research. To analyze the existing state and substantiate the areas of the irrigation and drainage sector development to ensure the sustainable agriculture in the face of a changing climate. Materials and methods of the research. In the work, a set of methods was used: analytical, expert evaluations, surveys, comparisons and analogues, experimental. Observation data from the state meteorological stations network were used to evaluate hydrothermal conditions and the data from the network of hydrological posts of Ukrhydrometcentre were used to evaluate the river condition. To assess the technical condition of the engineering infrastructure, methodological approaches were used in accordance with the requirements of the international and European standards and the normative documents currently in force in Ukraine. To identify the possible ways and mechanisms to restore the irrigation and drainage systems potential, the reasons of the existing state were analyzed and it was determined that the uncompleted land and economic reforms, imperfections in the existing legislation and state support mechanisms, especially in the sector management, caused the long-year underfunding of irrigation and drainage facilities operation and restoration and resulted in the crisis situation in the sector. Conclusions. Based on the study of the world experience and the carried out research, it was established that the restoration and development of irrigation and drainage in Ukraine are possible only along with the implementation of a legal and institutional reform to introduce decentralization, improvement of the existing legislation, modernization of irrigation and drainage systems through the development and implementation of investment projects for restoration and development of irrigation and drainage systems, creation of attractive investment environments, development and introduction of a financing mechanism to cover management, operation and maintenance costs based on a new tariff formation system, introduction of the scientific support and staffing system for the land reclamation sector. The basis for the deployment of irrigation and drainage restoration should be the "Irrigation and Drainage Strategy in Ukraine until 2030", and the appropriate plan of measures, formed on the basis of fundamentally new institutional, scientific, technical and technological, economic, organizational, social and environmental approaches, should become a tool for achieving the goals of the "Strategy ...". Successful implementation of the goals of irrigation and drainage restoration in Ukraine will create the conditions to sustainable and profitable agricultural production in the face of climate change, to restore irrigation on the area of about 1,0 to 1,2 mln. ha and drainage on the area of 1,0 mln. ha and to additionally get up to 10 mln. tons of grain, 8-10 mln. tons of fruit, berries and vegetables annually.

Water scarcity and sustainability in the arid area of North America: Insights gained from a cross border perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Yáñez-Arancibia ◽  
John W. Day
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
North America ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Arid Area ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Sharp Focus ◽  
The Face

The arid border region that encompasses the American Southwest and the Mexican northwest is an area where the nexus of water scarcity and climate change in the face of growing human demands for water, emerging energy scarcity, and economic change comes into sharp focus.

scholarly journals Approaches to the Mechanical Properties of Threaded Studs Welded to RHS Columns

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1429
Author(s):  
Ismael García ◽  
Miguel A. Serrano ◽  
Carlos López-Colina ◽  
Fernando L. Gayarre ◽  
Jesús M. Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Bolted Joints ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Static Behavior ◽  
Steel Tubes ◽  
Punch Test ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Face

The use of Rectangular Hollow Sections (RHS) as columns in steel construction includes important advantages like higher mechanical strength and fire resistance. However, the practical demountable bolted joints between beams and columns are not easy to execute, due to impossibility of access to the inner part of the tube. The use of threaded studs welded to the face of the tube and bolted to the beam by means of angle cleats is one of the cheaper and most efficient solutions to obtain beam–column joints with a semi-rigid behavior, as is usually sought in building structures. Nevertheless, it is important to point out that the stud-diameter and the stud-class selection may affect the mechanical properties of the welded parts of the joint. In this paper, 8MnSi7 (with a commercial designation K800) and 4.8 threaded studs were welded to RHS steel tubes and mechanical properties on the weld, the Heat Affected Zones (HAZ), and the base metal were obtained in two different ways: through a correlation with the Vickers hardness and by means of the Small Punch Test (SPT). A study of the microstructure and tensile tests on the threaded studs and in the columns was also carried out. The research involved different types of stud qualities, tube wall thicknesses, and stud diameters. The work presented in this paper proved that in most cases, the welded joint between these studs and the RHS steel tubes present a reasonable static behavior that fulfils the requirements for the beam–column joints under static loading.

scholarly journals How downstream sub-basins depend on upstream inflows to avoid scarcity: typology and global analysis of transboundary rivers

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2795-2809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafsa Ahmed Munia ◽  
Joseph H. A. Guillaume ◽  
Naho Mirumachi ◽  
Yoshihide Wada ◽  
Matti Kummu
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Available Water

Abstract. Countries sharing river basins are often dependent upon water originating outside their boundaries; meaning that without that upstream water, water scarcity may occur with flow-on implications for water use and management. We develop a formalisation of this concept drawing on ideas about the transition between regimes from resilience literature, using water stress and water shortage as indicators of water scarcity. In our analytical framework, dependency occurs if water from upstream is needed to avoid scarcity. This can be diagnosed by comparing different types of water availability on which a sub-basin relies, in particular local runoff and upstream inflows. At the same time, possible upstream water withdrawals reduce available water downstream, influencing the latter water availability. By developing a framework of scarcity and dependency, we contribute to the understanding of transitions between system regimes. We apply our analytical framework to global transboundary river basins at the scale of sub-basin areas (SBAs). Our results show that 1175 million people live under water stress (42 % of the total transboundary population). Surprisingly, the majority (1150 million) of these currently suffer from stress only due to their own excessive water use and possible water from upstream does not have impact on the stress status – i.e. they are not yet dependent on upstream water to avoid stress – but could still impact on the intensity of the stress. At the same time, 386 million people (14 %) live in SBAs that can avoid stress owing to available water from upstream and have thus upstream dependency. In the case of water shortage, 306 million people (11 %) live in SBAs dependent on upstream water to avoid possible shortage. The identification of transitions between system regimes sheds light on how SBAs may be affected in the future, potentially contributing to further refined analysis of inter- and intrabasin hydro-political power relations and strategic planning of management practices in transboundary basins.

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