scholarly journals Modern aspects of scientific support for the restoration of drainage systems in the humid zone of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
G. V. Voropay
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Humid Zone ◽  
Scientific Support ◽  
Water Volumes

Modern aspects of scientific support for the restoration (reconstruction and modernization) of drainage systems in the humid zone of Ukraine were determined, which were established based on the results of the analysis of the current state and features of drainage systems functioning. One of the priority areas is the development of a scientific justification of improving water supply for drainage systems. The most effective and economical technological method of increasing the water supply in reclaimed areas is the accumulation of local drainage runoff. Given the shortage of local drainage and surface runoff, increasing the water supply in reclaimed areas is provided by withdrawing and supplying to reclamation systems extra water volumes from existing reservoirs, rivers, ponds, lakes, located both within and beyond the systems. The current structure of agricultural use of drained lands in the humid zone is subject to both climate change and export market conditions. In agricultural production such crops as grain corn, sunflower, rapeseed, soybeans are cultivated. Changes in the use of drained land should be taken into account when justifying the reconstruction or modernization of drainage systems. This will enable to develop and implement a set of measures for technical re-equipment and reconstruction of drainage systems, introduce advanced resource-saving technology for growing economically attractive crops and ensure effective water regulation on drained land sin accordance with the requirements of agricultural production. The technical state of modern drainage systems in the humid zone is mainly characterized by two conditions: satisfactory, when the systems are under operation (operational) and can perform their functions keeping the design mode, and unsatisfactory, when the restoration of drainage systems is only possible provided modernization measures. Given climate change, the priority measures for the modernization of drainage systems should include work to expand their functionality to regulate soil water regime throughout the growing season. In view of the cost of modernization to expand the functionality of different types of systems (drainage, drainage and irrigation, polder and water circulation) by constructing irrigation systems on them is much lower compared to modernize them to drainage and irrigation ones when  using sluice technology, preference should be given namely to the construction of irrigation systems.

scholarly journals Climate change and economic efficiency of agricultural production in the Steppe zone

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Yu. O. Tararico ◽  
Yu. V. Soroka ◽  
R. V. Saidak
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Winter Rape ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Dry Steppe

Relevance of research. Due to ongoing climate change, almost the entire territory of the Steppe of Ukraine by annual humidity factor belongs to the dry and very dry zones, the relative area of ​​which has increased by 13.2% of the total area of ​​the country compared to the 1960-1990s. At the same time, for today in Ukraine only about 500 thousand hectares are actually irrigated, that is 19% of the potential area. Purpose of research. To determine the patterns and trends of climate change in the western part of the dry Steppe of Ukraine and analyze the economic indicators of production activity in the region as to the variable weather conditions. Research methodology. Climate change was estimated on the basis of Climate Water Balance (CWB) and Hydrothermal Coefficient (HTC) values. The analysis of the economic efficiency of agricultural production was carried out by analyzing the statistical data for Odessa region and for the chosen agricultural enterprise. Research results and conclusions. The use of significant heat supply in the dry Steppe zone is limited by insufficient water supply conditions. In the years of 1991-2016  the average annual rainfall was 480 mm and since the early 2000s there has been a slight increase in that. However, even having 500-550 mm of average annual rainfall that has been observed over the past five years, it is not enough for providing high-yield agricultural production. High thermal regime couses high evaporation that in turn, leads to water supply deficit, which at the end of the growing season amounts to 336-436 mm. According to the HTC index in the region 80% of cases show severe and moderately arid vegetation conditions. At the same time, irrigation area in the region has decreased to a minimum, which has led to the domination of winter cereals and sunflower in the cropping system. Under variable weather conditions, winter wheat yields ranged from 19.4 to 38.5 c/ ha (31.4 c/ha on average) and sunflower - from 12.2 to 21.4 c/ha (17.4 c/ha on average), winter rape - from 13.1 to 20.9 c/ha (18.2 c/ha). It was proved a close direct relationship between the sale price of products of all studied crops and their cost price, as well as the inverse relationship of these indicators with the crop yield. The profitability of winter wheat from 2011 till 2016 ranged from 17 to 153 USD/ha with an average value of 86 USD/ha, winter rape - from 39 to 273 USD/ha with an average value of 166 USD  ha and sunflower - from 116 to 315 USD/ha with an average value of 192 USD/ha. Corn and soybeans have proven to be unprofitable in some years, which obviously explains rather small areas under these crops in the region. Above mentioned demonstrates the high economic instability of agricultural production in changing weather conditions, which is accompanied by significant risks for producers, especially when attracting credits. This situation, in turn, leads to a limited use of intensification means, in particular mineral fertilizers, which promotes agrochemical soil degradation. Under unstable water supply, the magnitude of net profit variation per hectare of arable land in Odessa region is 33-188 USD/ha (111 USD/ha on average). It is possible to increase these indicators by increasing the share of winter rape in the cropping system. With the optimization of the water and air soil regimes as well as crop rotation factor, the profitability of agricultural production in the region can be increased up to 580-600 USD/ha. Similar results were obtained after analyzing the statistical data from the southern regions within the dry steppe zone.

scholarly journals HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT, PROSPECTS OF CONSTRUCTION, RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION OF RECLAMATION SYSTEMS

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
O. O. Dekhtyar ◽  
I. V. Voitovich ◽  
S. V. Usatyi ◽  
G. V. Voropai ◽  
N. D. Briuzghina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Study Results ◽  
History Of

Purpose of research. To analyze the basic tendencies and prospects of the development of construction, reconstruction and restoration of irrigation and drainage systems in Ukraine and to outline the main areas of researches and achievements of Reclamation Department of the Institute on the issues of reliable and effective functioning of water management and reclamation complex. Research Method - Analytical, Statistical. Study results and main findings. The article analyzes the current state of the irrigation and drainage sector in Ukraine in the context of climate change and emphasizes its decisive role in obtaining stable and predictable crop yiels, increasing land productivity and further developing agricultural production. The history of development and the nascent stages of the scientific departments of the Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation (now the Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) dealt with the issues of water management construction, operation, maintenance, repair and restoration of the engineering infrastructure of irrigation and drainage systems, sprinkling equipment, hydraulic structures and equipment were considered. The results of multi-year researches, main areas of scientific activity, developments and achievements of the specialists of the departments of irrigation and drainages, operation of water management and drainage systems, drainage and irrigation reclamation of the Institute on the issues of reliable and efficient functioning of  water and land reclamation complex were systematized. Technical and technological basis for improving the infrastructure of irrigation and drainage systems were justified and the ways of solving the existing problems were proposed. It was noted that at present, given climate change and management conditions, increasing productivity and sustainability of agriculture requires searching for new scientific, methodological, technical and technological approaches to the restoration and further development of irrigation and drainage. Prospects. At the same time, reforming the management of the water sector supported by an appropriate legislative framework and the active involvement of water users in management processes is a prerequisite. The necessity of implementing the provisions and measures proposed in the “Irrigation and Drainage Strategy of Ukraine for the Period until 2030”, prepared with the participation of the specialists from IWPLR NAAS, was emphasized, which will contribute to the effective use of irrigation and drainage systems potential to increase the agricultural production in the conditions of climate change.

scholarly journals Generalization of scientific experience and modern aspects of its use to ensure the effective functioning of water-regulating systems in the Left Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
G. V. Voropay ◽  
N. B. Molescha ◽  
N. V. Mozol
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Effective Functioning

The experience of agricultural production on drained lands indicates that the existing scientific justification for land reclamation does not meet the requirements of today. This also applies to the use of drained lands of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe. The goal of the research is to generalize many-year scientific research (on the drainage-irrigation system "Romen") and determine the modern aspects of its use to ensure the effective functioning of water-regulating systems in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe in a changing climate. To summarize, we used the results of many-year research for the period of 1935–2019, which were obtained on the drainage-irrigation system "Romen". The research methods are based on systematic analysis and knowledge generalization on long-term research in the area of the Left Bank Forest-Steppe. It was established that in the conditions of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe (on the drainage-irrigation system "Romen") a considerable number of scientific developments on the technologies of crop cultivation on the drained lands was obtained, the most productive cultivars of crops were selected and optimum norms of fertilizers for their application were calculated. The methods of basic tillage were studied taking into account the cultivation degree of soils, new designs of reclamation systems were developed (combined water-regulating systems with inclined and low-slope drains and water control units; local contour-water storage systems), which were tested in the production conditions and resource-saving water regulation technology, which is based on the use of small irrigation rates. For today, to scientifically ensure the effective functioning of water- regulating systems and the use of drained lands in the Left Bank Forest-Steppe in a changing climate, it is important to use the experience gained on agronomic measures for growing crops on drained lands, improving water supply of reclamation systems (application of contour water-absorbing constructions made of local filtration materials), resource-saving technologies of water regime regulation, which are based on applying small irrigation rates. Currently, in the context of climate change, which has led to the deterioration of water supply conditions on water-regulating systems, the research is underway to improve the efficiency of water-regulating systems and the use of drained lands, taking into account the features of their agricultural use. The technology of accumulation of water and drainage runoff in the accumulating tank was developed. The results of its approbation showed that in the conditions of climate change, growing deficit of water resources it is possible to provide effective water regulation on drained lands by creating reserve water volumes in the reclaimed areas and increase the yield of crops. According to the results of regional experimental studies on the cultivation of promising and highly productive fodder crops (barnyard grass, amaranth and fodder beans) a technology for growing them on different types of drained soils was developed, which is based on optimal water regulation and takes into account the supply of essential nutrients, the degree of soil acidity and modern climate change.

scholarly journals Improving Water Supply Capacity of Drainage Systems at Humid Areas in the Changing Climate

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Lyudmyla Kuzmych ◽  
Galyna Voropay ◽  
Nelya Moleshcha ◽  
Olena Babitska
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Face ◽  
Supply Capacity

Abstract The paper focuses on research on improving the water supply of drainage systems of humid areas in the context of climate change. The aim of the research is to elaborate on the ways for increasing the available water supply of drainage systems and restoring active water regulation on reclaimed lands in a changing climate. The paper presents the results of the research on improving the available water supply of drainage systems in the humid zone of Ukraine in a changing climate. It was specified in the face of increasing water scarcity providing the optimal water regime regulation on drained lands is possible due to the increase in the available water supply of drainage systems. It can be achieved thanks to the accumulating capacity of reclaimed areas, namely usage of free soil capacity of the aeration zone and open canals, accumulation of water reserve volumes in storage tanks due to the accumulation of surface and drainage runoff. Taking into account the design features of different types of drainage systems, existing water management technologies, characteristics of water sources and their close proximity to the drainage systems, the technological schemes of water intake from rivers and reservoirs, and its supply to the drained areas for irrigation needs were developed. In a face of increasing water scarcity, it is also expedient to apply resource-saving technologies to control the available water supply for crops.

An analysis of major environmental threats to human security in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
Naresh Bhakta Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Government Action ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
The Government

The paper mainly analyses the environmental threats focusing on climate change to human security in Nepal. Major aspects of human security are interlinked and interconnected in our context. Among them, human security offers much to the vibrant field of environmental security in Nepal. Environmental threats are linked to the overall impact on human survival, well-being, and productivity. A great deal of human security is tied to peoples’ access to natural resources and vulnerabilities to environmental change. The major environmental threats in our context is the climate change which have widespread implications for Nepal, causing impacts to water availability, agricultural production, forestry, among many other detrimental effects. The critical threat of environmental security needs to be taken into serious consideration to save our succeeding generation. This article primarily interpreted the government action towards emerging environmental threat based on realist approach. For the study of theme of this article, descriptive and analytical research has been used to draw present major environmental threats in Nepal. With consideration to factors, this article attempted to identify the major environmentally vulnerable areas that are likely to hamper the overall status of human security in Nepal. This paper also tried to suggest the measures to enhance the environmental security considering prospects and policy focusing on Nepalese diverse aspects.

HOW CLIMATE CHANGE CAN INFLUENCE THE AGRICULTURE IN UKRAINE: A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Maidanovych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this work is to review and analyze the main results of modern research on the impact of climate change on the agro-sphere of Ukraine. Results. Analysis of research has shown that the effects of climate change on the agro-sphere are already being felt today and will continue in the future. The observed climate changes in recent decades have already significantly affected the shift in the northern direction of all agro-climatic zones of Europe, including Ukraine. From the point of view of productivity of the agro-sphere of Ukraine, climate change will have both positive and negative consequences. The positives include: improving the conditions of formation and reducing the harvesting time of crop yields; the possibility of effective introduction of late varieties (hybrids), which require more thermal resources; improving the conditions for overwintering crops; increase the efficiency of fertilizer application. Model estimates of the impact of climate change on wheat yields in Ukraine mainly indicate the positive effects of global warming on yields in the medium term, but with an increase in the average annual temperature by 2 ° C above normal, grain yields are expected to decrease. The negative consequences of the impact of climate change on the agrosphere include: increased drought during the growing season; acceleration of humus decomposition in soils; deterioration of soil moisture in the southern regions; deterioration of grain quality and failure to ensure full vernalization of grain; increase in the number of pests, the spread of pathogens of plants and weeds due to favorable conditions for their overwintering; increase in wind and water erosion of the soil caused by an increase in droughts and extreme rainfall; increasing risks of freezing of winter crops due to lack of stable snow cover. Conclusions. Resource-saving agricultural technologies are of particular importance in the context of climate change. They include technologies such as no-till, strip-till, ridge-till, which make it possible to partially store and accumulate mulch on the soil surface, reduce the speed of the surface layer of air and contribute to better preservation of moisture accumulated during the autumn-winter period. And in determining the most effective ways and mechanisms to reduce weather risks for Ukrainian farmers, it is necessary to take into account the world practice of climate-smart technologies.

Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-598
Author(s):  
Sejabaledi Agnes Rankoana
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adaptation Practices ◽  
Community Based Adaptation

Purpose The study explored the impacts of climate change on water resources, and the community-based adaptation practices adopted to ensure water security in a rural community in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The participatory approach was used to allow community members to share their challenges of water scarcity, and the measures they have developed to cope with inconsistent water supply. Findings The study results show that the community obtains water for household consumption from the reticulation system supplied by Mutale River and the community borehole. These resources are negatively impacted by drought, change in the frequency and distribution of rainfall, and increased temperature patterns. The water levels in the river and borehole have declined, resulting in unsustainable water supply. The community-based adaptation practices facilitated by the water committee include observance of restrictions and regulations on the water resources use. Others involve securing water from neighbouring resources. Originality/value This type of community-based action in response to climate change could be used as part of rural water management strategies under climate change.

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