Preparation of High Surface Area Activated Carbon from Spent Phenolic Resin by Microwave Heating and KOH Activation

AbstractThe spent phenolic resin is as raw material for preparing high surface area activated carbon (HSAAC) by microwave-assisted KOH activation. The effects of microwave power, activation duration and impregnation ratio (IR) on the iodine adsorption capability and yield of HSAAC were investigated. The surface characteristics of HSAAC were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms, FTIR, SEM and TEM. The operating variables were optimized utilizing the response surface methodology (RSM) and were identified to be microwave power of 700 W, activation duration of 15 min and IR of 4, corresponding to a yield of 51.25 % and an iodine number of 2,384 mg/g. The pore structure parameters of the HSAAC, i. e., Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter were estimated to be 4,269 m2/g, 2.396 ml/g and 2.25 nm, respectively, under optimum conditions. The findings strongly support the feasibility of microwave-assisted KOH activation for preparation of HSAAC from spent phenolic resin.

Download Full-text

Effect of Microwave Heating Conditions on the Preparation of High Surface Area Activated Carbon from Waste Bamboo

High Temperature Materials and Processes ◽

10.1515/htmp-2014-0096 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 34 (7) ◽

pp. 667-674

Author(s):

Jian Wu ◽

Hongying Xia ◽

Libo Zhang ◽

Yi Xia ◽

Jinhui Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Microwave Heating ◽

Surface Area ◽

Microwave Power ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Heating Time ◽

Raw Material ◽

Carbon Surface

Abstract The present study reports the effect of microwave power and microwave heating time on activated carbon adsorption ability. The waste bamboo was used to preparing high surface area activated carbon via microwave heating. The bamboo was carbonized for 2 h at 600°C to be used as the raw material. According to the results, microwave power and microwave heating time had a significant impact on the activating effect. The optimal KOH/C ratio of 4 was identified when microwave power and microwave heating time were 700 W and 15 min, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, surface area was estimated to be 3441 m2/g with pore volume of 2.093 ml/g and the significant proportion of activated carbon was microporous (62.3%). The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were illustrated that activated carbon surface had abundant functional groups. Additionally the pore structure is characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Download Full-text

Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Using Activated Carbon From Agro Waste-Waste Bamboo

10.2118/207182-ms ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Emmanuel Ayodele ◽

Victoria Ezeagwula ◽

Precious Igbokwubiri

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Surface Area ◽

Carbon Capture ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

High Surface ◽

Research Work ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Bet Surface Area

Abstract Bamboo trees are one of the fastest growing trees in tropical rainforests around the world, they have various uses ranging from construction to fly ash generation used in oil and gas cementing, to development of activated carbon which is one of the latest uses of bamboo trees. This paper focuses on development of activated carbon from bamboo trees for carbon capture and sequestration. The need for improved air quality becomes imperative as the SDG Goal 12 and SDG Goal13 implies. One of the major greenhouse gases is CO2 which accounts for over 80% of greenhouse gases in the environment. Eliminating the greenhouse gases without adding another pollutant to the environment is highly sought after in the 21st century. Bamboo trees are mostly seen as agricultural waste with the advent of scaffolding and other support systems being in the construction industry. Instead of burning bamboo trees or using them for cooking in the local communities which in turn generates CO2 and fly ash, an alternative was considered in this research work, which is the usage of bamboo trees to generate activated, moderately porous and high surface area carbon for extracting CO2 from various CO2 discharge sources atmosphere and for water purification. This paper focuses on the quality testing of activated carbon that can effectively absorb CO2. The porosity, pore volume, bulk volume, and BET surface area were measured. The porosity of the activated carbon is 27%, BET surface area as 1260m²/g. Fixed carbon was 11.7%, Volatility 73%, ash content 1.7%.

Download Full-text

Utilization of Pine Nut Shell for Preparation of High Surface Area Activated Carbon by Microwave Heating and Koh Activation

7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing ◽

10.1002/9781119274643.ch7 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 51-58

Author(s):

Xuefeng Liao ◽

Jinhui Peng ◽

Shengzhou Zhang ◽

Hongying Xia ◽

Libo Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Microwave Heating ◽

Surface Area ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Pine Nut

Download Full-text

Synthesis of activated carbon from biowaste of fir bark for methylene blue removal

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.190523 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (9) ◽

pp. 190523 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lu Luo ◽

Xi Wu ◽

Zeliang Li ◽

Yalan Zhou ◽

Tingting Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Nonlinear Models ◽

Low Cost ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Raw Material ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Mb Adsorption

Activated carbon (AC) was successfully prepared from low-cost forestry fir bark (FB) waste using KOH activation method. Morphology and texture properties of ACFB were studied by scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscopies (SEM and HRTEM), respectively. The resulting fir bark-based activated carbon (ACFB) demonstrated high surface area (1552 m 2 g −1 ) and pore volume (0.84 cm 3 g −1 ), both of which reflect excellent potential adsorption properties of ACFB towards methylene blue (MB). The effect of various factors, such as pH, initial concentration, adsorbent content as well as adsorption duration, was studied individually. Adsorption isotherms of MB were fitted using all three nonlinear models (Freundlich, Langmuir and Tempkin). The best fitting of MB adsorption results was obtained using Freundlich and Temkin. Experimental results showed that kinetics of MB adsorption by our ACFB adsorbent followed pseudo-second-order model. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 330 mg g −1 , which indicated that FB is an excellent raw material for low-cost production of AC suitable for cationic dye removal.

Download Full-text

Structural Flexibility in Activated Carbon Materials Prepared under Harsh Activation Conditions

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12121988 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1988 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fabiano Gomes Ferreira de Paula ◽

Ignacio Campello-Gómez ◽

Paulo Fernando Ribeiro Ortega ◽

Francisco Rodríguez-Reinoso ◽

Manuel Martínez-Escandell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Organic Molecules ◽

Carbon Materials ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Koh Activation ◽

3D Network ◽

Activation Conditions

Although traditionally high-surface area carbon materials have been considered as rigid structures with a disordered three dimensional (3D) network of graphite microdomains associated with a limited electrical conductivity (highly depending on the porous structure and surface chemistry), here we show for the first time that this is not the case for activated carbon materials prepared using harsh activation conditions (e.g., KOH activation). In these specific samples a clear structural re-orientation can be observed upon adsorption of different organic molecules, the structural changes giving rise to important changes in the electrical resistivity of the material. Whereas short chain hydrocarbons and their derivatives give rise to an increased resistivity, the contrary occurs for longer-chain hydrocarbons and/or alcohols. The high sensitivity of these high-surface area carbon materials towards these organic molecules opens the gate towards their application for sensing devices.

Download Full-text

Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment

Green Processing and Synthesis ◽

10.1515/gps-2019-0008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 408-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wenhai Hu ◽

Song Cheng ◽

Hongying Xia ◽

Libo Zhang ◽

Xin Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Adsorption Isotherms ◽

Phenolic Resin ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Isotherm Models ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Activation Process ◽

Dye Wastewater

Abstract The waste phenolic resin was utilized as the raw material to prepare activated carbon (AC) used KOH as the activating agent via microwave heating. The phenolic resin was carbonized at 500°C and then performed with a KOH/Char ratio of 4 and microwave power of 700 W for a duration of 15 min. The physic-chemical characteristics of the AC were characterized by N2 adsorption instrument, FTIR, SEM and TEM. The BET surface area and pore volume of AC were found to be 4269 m2/g and 2.396 ml/g, respectively. The activation process to generate such a phenomenally high surface area of the AC has little reported in open literatures and could pave way for preparation adsorbents that are far superior to the currently marketed adsorbents. The methylene blue (MB) was used as the model to assess its suitability to dye wastewater treatment. Towards this, the MB adsorption isotherms were conducted at three different temperatures and tested with different adsorption isotherm models. The adsorption isotherms could be modeled using Langmuir isotherm. While the kinetics could be used the pseudo-second order kinetics to describe. Thermodynamic results demonstrated that the adsorption process was a spontaneous, as well as an endothermic.

Download Full-text

Activated carbon fiber from liquefied wood and polyvinyl butyral as an additive for production of flexible all-carbon yarn supercapacitors

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2017-0143 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 367-374 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuxiang Huang ◽

Wenji Yu ◽

Guangjie Zhao

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Carbon Fibers ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Polyvinyl Butyral ◽

Activated Carbon Fiber ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Liquefied Wood ◽

New Material

AbstractA novel way to prepare mesoporous activated carbon fibers (ACFs-P) has been developed, while the ACFs-P with high surface area were obtained from liquefied wood by combining polyvinyl butyral (PVB) blending and steam activation. The porosity properties of the new material was investigated by N2adsorption and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area was found to be 2710 m2g−1and a pore volume of 1.540 cm3g−1, of which 58.2% was mesoporous with diameters between 3 and 6 nm. ACFs-P had a higher methylene blue (MB) adsorption capacity (962 mg/g) than the PVB-added carbon fibers (CFs-P) and ACFs-P without PVB (ACFs-C). Flexible all-carbon yarn supercapacitors can be produced from ACFs-P as powder or fiber. The fiber approach led to yarn supercapacitors with a less favorable electrochemical performance than the powder based production owing to the poor strength of the fibers. A 10 cm long yarn supercapacitor from the powdered ACFs exhibited a high specific length capacitance of 43 mF cm−1at 2 mV s−1. Yarn supercapacitors showed an excellent mechanical flexibility and its capacitor properties were not diminished after bending or crumpling.

Download Full-text

Facile Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Swamp Taro Stalk via Single Step ZnCl2 Activation

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.475 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 857 ◽

pp. 475-479 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M.S. Mohammed Yahya ◽

Jeyashelly Andas ◽

Ghani Zaidi Ab

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Total Pore Volume ◽

Structure Type ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Single Step ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Type Iv

In this work, mesoporous activated carbon with high surface area was synthesized from swamp taro stalk by single step ZnCl2 activation. The synthesized activated carbon was characterized by Na2S2O3 volumetric method, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and N2 adsorption-desorption analyses. Under the single step ZnCl2 activation, the registered iodine number, BET surface area, total pore volume and pore diameter were 1087.57 mgg-1, 1242.26 m2g-1, 0.73cm3g-1 and 3.72 nm respectively with yield of 25.34%. SEM analysis evidenced the well-formation of porous structure. Type IV isotherm with H2 loops obtained from N2-sorption studies indicates the ink bottles shape mesoporous network structure. This research proved the successful conversion of plant waste into high grade activated carbon.

Download Full-text

A comparison of different activated carbon performances on catalytic ozonation of a model azo reactive dye

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2012.103 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 179-184 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ş. Gül ◽

O. Eren ◽

Ş. Kır ◽

Y. Önal

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Surface Area ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

High Surface ◽

High Surface Area ◽

Reactive Dye ◽

Catalytic Ozonation ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Pore Properties

The objective of this study is to compare the performances of catalytic ozonation processes of two activated carbons prepared from olive stone (ACOS) and apricot stone (ACAS) with commercial ones (granular activated carbon-GAC and powder activated carbon-PAC) in degradation of reactive azo dye (Reactive Red 195). The optimum conditions (solution pH and amount of catalyst) were investigated by using absorbencies at 532, 220 and 280 nm wavelengths. Pore properties of the activated carbon (AC) such as BET surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution, and pore diameter were characterized by N2 adsorption. The highest BET surface area carbon (1,275 m2/g) was obtained from ACOS with a particle size of 2.29 nm. After 2 min of catalytic ozonation, decolorization performances of ACOS and ACAS (90.4 and 91.3%, respectively) were better than that of GAC and PAC (84.6 and 81.2%, respectively). Experimental results showed that production of porous ACs with high surface area from olive and apricot stones is feasible in Turkey.

Download Full-text