scholarly journals Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 408-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhai Hu ◽  
Song Cheng ◽  
Hongying Xia ◽  
Libo Zhang ◽  
Xin Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Dye Wastewater

Abstract The waste phenolic resin was utilized as the raw material to prepare activated carbon (AC) used KOH as the activating agent via microwave heating. The phenolic resin was carbonized at 500°C and then performed with a KOH/Char ratio of 4 and microwave power of 700 W for a duration of 15 min. The physic-chemical characteristics of the AC were characterized by N2 adsorption instrument, FTIR, SEM and TEM. The BET surface area and pore volume of AC were found to be 4269 m2/g and 2.396 ml/g, respectively. The activation process to generate such a phenomenally high surface area of the AC has little reported in open literatures and could pave way for preparation adsorbents that are far superior to the currently marketed adsorbents. The methylene blue (MB) was used as the model to assess its suitability to dye wastewater treatment. Towards this, the MB adsorption isotherms were conducted at three different temperatures and tested with different adsorption isotherm models. The adsorption isotherms could be modeled using Langmuir isotherm. While the kinetics could be used the pseudo-second order kinetics to describe. Thermodynamic results demonstrated that the adsorption process was a spontaneous, as well as an endothermic.

Preparation of High Surface Area Activated Carbon from Spent Phenolic Resin by Microwave Heating and KOH Activation

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Cheng ◽  
Libo Zhang ◽  
Shengzhou Zhang ◽  
Hongying Xia ◽  
Jinhui Peng
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
Microwave Assisted

AbstractThe spent phenolic resin is as raw material for preparing high surface area activated carbon (HSAAC) by microwave-assisted KOH activation. The effects of microwave power, activation duration and impregnation ratio (IR) on the iodine adsorption capability and yield of HSAAC were investigated. The surface characteristics of HSAAC were characterized by nitrogen adsorption isotherms, FTIR, SEM and TEM. The operating variables were optimized utilizing the response surface methodology (RSM) and were identified to be microwave power of 700 W, activation duration of 15 min and IR of 4, corresponding to a yield of 51.25 % and an iodine number of 2,384 mg/g. The pore structure parameters of the HSAAC, i. e., Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter were estimated to be 4,269 m2/g, 2.396 ml/g and 2.25 nm, respectively, under optimum conditions. The findings strongly support the feasibility of microwave-assisted KOH activation for preparation of HSAAC from spent phenolic resin.

scholarly journals Study of activated carbon characteristic from ketaping fruit shell (Terminalia Catappa) as supercapasitors electrode

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Rahma Joni ◽  
Syukri Syukri ◽  
Hermansyah Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Average Pore Radius ◽  
Terminalia Catappa

Studi karakteristik karbon aktif dari cangkang buah ketaping (Terminalia Catappa) sebagai elektroda superkapasitor telah diteliti. Karbon aktif dari cangkang buah ketaping (CBK) disiapkan dengan proses karbonisasi pada suhu 400oC dan Proses aktivasi KOH pada suhu 800oC di bawah aliran gas N2. Karbon aktif CBK memiliki kandungan karbon dengan massa atomik sebesar 97,52%. Karbon aktif CBK memiliki struktur amorf dengan dua buah puncak yang lebar pada sudut 2θ yaitu 24,93o dan 42,93o yang bersesuaian dengan bidang (002) dan (100). Karbon aktif CBK yang dihasilkan memiliki pola serapan dengan jenis ikatan OH, C-H, C=O, dan C=C. Adanya ikatan OH dan C=O menunjukkan bahwa arang aktif yang dihasilkan cenderung bersifat lebih polar. Morfologi permukaan karbon aktif CBK menunjukan distribusi ukuran pori yang merata dan luas permukaan yang besar. Luas permukaan spesifik karbon aktif dari CBK adalah 799,892 m2×g-1 dengan volume total pori 0,080 cm3×g-1 dan jari-jari pori rata-rata 1,9072 nm. Kapasitansi spesifik dari karbon aktif dari CBK adalah sebesar 125,446 F×g-1. Studies on the characteristics of activated carbon from ketaping fruit shells (Terminalia Catappa) as supercapacitor electrodes have been studied. Activated carbon from ketaping fruit shells (KFS) prepared by carbonization process at 400oC and the KOH activation process is carried out at 800oC under N2 gas flow. Activated carbon KFS has a carbon content with 97.52% of atomic mass. Activated carbon KFS has an amorphous structure with two wide peaks at an angle of 2θ 24.93ᵒ and 42.93ᵒ corresponding to the plane (002) and (100). Activated carbon KFS produced has an absorption pattern with OH, C-H, C = O, and C = C bond types. The presence of OH and C = O bonds indicates that the activated charcoal produced tends to be more polar. The surface morphology of activated carbon KFS shows an even distribution of pore size and large surface area. The specific surface area of activated carbon KFS is 799.892 m2×g-1 with a total pore volume 0.080 cm3×g-1 and an average pore radius of 1.9072 nm. The specific capacitance value of activated carbon KFS is 125.444 F×g-1.Keywords: Ketaping, Activated Carbon, Supercapacitor, Activator, Capacitance. 

Activated carbon from potassium hydroxide spent liquor lignin using phosphoric acid

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamon Sarkar ◽  
Chao Tian ◽  
M. Sarwar Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Spent Liquor

Activated carbon was prepared by phosphoric acid (H3PO4) activation of potassium hydroxide (KOH) pulping spent liquor lignin from rice straw and compared with KOH hydroxide activation. The process parameters, such as impregnation ratio, activation temperature, and activation time were varied and their effects on the yield of activated carbon and iodine number were studied. The activated carbon prepared by H3PO4 at 800°C for 60 min at an impregnation ratio of 2.5 reached a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 1063 m2/g, including pore diameter of 14.4 nm, iodine number of 525 mg/g, and yield of 49.2%. Yield and BET surface area in KOH activation was much lower than that of H3PO4.

GRANULAR-ACTIVATED CARBON FROM MUKAH COAL USING CARBON DIOXIDE ACTIVATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid Nasir Ani ◽  
Muhammad Mat Junoh ◽  
Zarina Ab Muis
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Average Pore Diameter ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
One Step

A study was conducted on Mukah coal using fixed bed reactor and one step activation with varying resident time and temperatures. CO2 gas was used for the activation process. The one-step continuous process comprised of carbonization and activation processes. The burn off analysis for 80 grams of Mukah coal was done to obtain volatiles removal at various carbonization temperatures. The results obtained showed that at 900oC, the percentages of burn off and the remaining weight were 42.2% and 57.8% respectively. Micrometrics ASAP2010 was used to analyze Mukah coal activated carbon in obtaining the BET surface area, the micropore area, and the average pore diameter. The results obtained indicated that activation at 900oC gave the highest BET surface area with 675m2/g, while the highest micropore area with 427 m2/g was obtained at 800oC. In addition, the average pore diameter range was within 18.5 to 26.4 A. 

scholarly journals Fine Activated Carbon from Rubber Fruit Shell Prepared by Using ZnCl2 and KOH Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3994
Author(s):  
Suhdi ◽  
Sheng-Chang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Precursor Material

Fine activated carbon (FAC) is prepared from rubber fruit shells (RFS) using two chemical activating agents (ZnCl2 and KOH) and three impregnation ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) results show that for a constant impregnation ratio, the ZnCl2 activating agent yields a higher specific surface area than the KOH agent. In particular, for the maximum impregnation ratio of 1:5, the FAC prepared using ZnCl2 has a BET surface area of 456 m2/g, a nitrogen absorption capacity of 150.38 cm3/g, and an average pore size of 3.44 nm. Moreover, the FAC structure consists of 70.1% mesopores and has a carbon content of 80.05 at.%. Overall, the results confirm that RFS, activated using an appropriate quantity of ZnCl2, provides a cheap, abundant, and highly promising precursor material for the preparation of activated carbon with high carbon content and good adsorption properties

scholarly journals Removal of Congo Red Dye using Synthesised Copper(II) Activated Carbon from Date Seeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nur rahimah Said ◽  
Hazirah Syahirah Zakria ◽  
Siti Nor Atika Baharin ◽  
Nurul' Ain Jamion
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Congo Red ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Red Dye

Azo dyes are recognised as contaminants from the textile and printing industries that lead to human toxicity. Copper(II) activated carbon (CuAC) is an effective removal agent of dyes in these industries. The purpose of this study is to synthesise and characterise CuAC from date seeds. In addition, the efficiency of CuAC as a removal of Congo red (CR) in aqueous solution is also studied. Activated carbon (AC) was prepared from date seeds using phosphoric acid as activating agent, followed by activation process in a furnace at 500 ℃ for 2 hours. Copper(II) nitrate was used in the impregnation of AC to produce CuAC. The AC and CuAC were characterised using Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), BET surface area (SBET), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). UV-VIS Spectroscopy was used to determine dye concentrations after treatment with removal agent of CuAC. The characterisation data proved that the CuAC has been successfully synthesised with 0.33% Cu(II) loaded onto AC and its surface area increased from 8.37 m2/g to 384.82 m2/g. The dye removal study was conducted at 10 ppm concentration of dye. Result revealed that 0.2 g of CuAC at pH 2 in 90 min removed 100% of CR dye.

scholarly journals Ni(II) and Cd(II) Simple and Competitive Adsorption on Activated Carbon Oxidized. Influence of the Oxidant Agents HO and NaClO

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Sánchez ◽  
Paola Rodríguez-Estupiñan ◽  
Liliana Giraldo ◽  
Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Competitive Adsorption ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Textural Parameters ◽  
Chemical Groups ◽  
Langmuir And Freundlich Models

In this study, granular activated carbon, GAC, was modified by oxidation with HO and NaClO aqueous solutions and heat treatment at 900°C. The N adsorption isotherms at − 196°C and SEM and FTIR results were used to characterize the properties of the prepared ACs. Textural parameters such as BET surface area and pore volumes were assessed by gas adsorption. The BET surface area values of solids were between 687 and 876 m2g-1. Additionally, immersion enthalpies of activated carbons in benzene, water, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions and Ni(II) and Cd(II) solutions of 500 mgL were determined, with values between 32 and 145 Jg-1. Ni(II) and Cd(II) adsorption isotherms were determined at pH 6 on activated carbons and competitive adsorption tests were realized between the two ions. The results show that in the tests carried out, the adsorption capacity decreased when the content of chemical groups on the surface also decreased. Finally, the experimental results of adsorption from the solution were adjusted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models and the first model was found to be better. With maximum adsorption capacities, the values for Ni(II) were between 3.99 and 64.9 mgg-1 and for Cd(II) were between 2.61 and 55.2 mgg-1. The values of the competitive adsorption ions present in the solution, Ni(II) and Cd(II), in the activated carbons, decreased compared to those obtained in the simple adsorption, indicating the effect of the an ion competitive presence in adsorption another.

scholarly journals Preparation of Terminalia catappa Shell Based Activated Carbon by Microwave Assisted Chemical Activation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Awitdrus Awitdrus
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Terminalia Catappa ◽  
Electron Scanning Microscope ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Activated carbon was prepared from Terminalia catappa shells using microwave asissted KOH activation. The ratio of mass percentages of Terminalia catappa and KOH were 4:1, 4:2, and 4:3. Terminalia catappa based activated carbon was prepared by KOH activation at the room temperature for 24 hours and followed by microwave irradiation at the out put power of 630 Watt for 20 minutes. The physical properties of activated carbon i.e. surface morphology, micro structure, and BET surface area were characterized by electron scanning microscope, X-ray diffraction and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm at 77K, respectively. The highest BET surface area was 312 m2/g with adsorption of activated carbon towards methylene blue by 84.4 mg/g. The BET surface area was directly correlated with the stack height (Lc) of the activated carbon.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Poplar Sawdust by Chemical Activation: Comparison of Different Activating Agents and Carbonization Temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funda Ateş ◽  
Öznur Özcan
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Poplar Sawdust

Activated carbons were prepared from poplar sawdust by chemical activation using ZnCl2, H3PO4 or KOH. The influence of activating agents, carbonization temperatures ranging from 500 ºC to 800 ºC, and mass ratio of chemical agent to precursor (1:1 and 2:1) on the porosity of activated carbons were studied. The properties of the carbons were characterized by adsorption/desorption of nitrogen to determine the BET areas, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was determined that the surface morphology and textural characteristics of activated carbons vary depending on the carbonization temperature or chemical agent. Maximum surface areas were obtained at carbonization temperatures of 500, 700 and 800 ºC for H3PO4, KOH and ZnCl2 activation, respectively. The activated carbons prepared using ZnCl2 and H3PO4 activation had a higher BET surface area (nearly 1100 m2/g) than that of the KOH activation (761 m2/g). This study also presents a comparison of mechanisms of activating agents and carbonization temperature. As a result of the experimental studies, positive results were obtained, and the production of activated carbon with a high surface area was conducted. 

Synthesis and Characterization of Low-Cost Porous Carbon from Palm Oil Shell via K2CO3 Chemical Activation Process

2015 ◽  
Vol 735 ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Shawal Nasri ◽  
Hatijah Basri ◽  
Abdurrahman Garba ◽  
Usman Dadum Hamza ◽  
Jibril Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Porous Carbon ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Process

The abundant fraction of agricultural waste materials in the environment that poses disposal challenge could be converted into useful value added products such as activated carbon. Palm oil shell based carbon was prepared by two step process using K2CO3 as the chemical activant. The Langmuir surface area, BET surface area and pore volume were 817 m2/g, 707m2/g and 0.31cm3/g. From the FTIR analysis, carbonyls, alkenes and hydroxyls were identified. The SEM image shows gradual formation of pores due to elimination of volatiles and contaminants. Carbonization at 800°C for 2 hours and activation at same temperature for 1h has the highest yield of 23.27%. The proximate and ultimate analysis shows high percentage of carbon and low percentage of ash which is an indication of a good material for production of porous carbon. The activated carbon produced showed basic properties suitable for removal of organic contaminants in aqueous solutions. However, the aim of this study is to produce a green and porous carbon with controlled pores and surface properties for organic contaminants removal from water and wastewater.

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