Production of Amino and Organic Acids from Protein Using Sub-Critical Water Technology

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wael Abdelmoez ◽  
Hiroyuki Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Water Soluble Protein ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Aggregation Step ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Protein Bovine Serum Albumin

Abstract This work presents the hydrolysis of a water-soluble protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), for the production of both amino and organic acids under the sub-critical water condition in the temperature range of 200–300°C. The products of the reaction were a water-insoluble solid phase, an aqueous phase, and an insignificant gas phase which was neglected in this study. Results have shown that BSA passes through an aggregation step, followed by a gel formation process which results in the formation of insoluble solid aggregates. Then, such formed solids unfolded with releasing polypeptides as an intermediate product then finally hydrolyzed to produce low molecular mass products such as amino and organic acids. It was found that there were insignificant amino acids produced in the temperature ranges of 200–225°C within 2 min and 275–300°C within 0.5 min. However, by extending the reaction time, the protein transferred to both amino and organic acids.

scholarly journals Aqueous chemistry and its role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 10521-10539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. B. Lim ◽  
Y. Tan ◽  
M. J. Perri ◽  
S. P. Seitzinger ◽  
B. J. Turpin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Base Catalysis ◽  
Radical Reactions ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Aqueous Chemistry ◽  
Radical Chemistry

Abstract. There is a growing understanding that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can form through reactions in atmospheric waters (i.e., clouds, fogs, and aerosol water). In clouds and wet aerosols, water-soluble organic products of gas-phase photochemistry dissolve into the aqueous phase where they can react further (e.g., with OH radicals) to form low volatility products that are largely retained in the particle phase. Organic acids, oligomers and other products form via radical and non-radical reactions, including hemiacetal formation during droplet evaporation, acid/base catalysis, and reaction of organics with other constituents (e.g., NH4+). This paper provides an overview of SOA formation through aqueous chemistry, including atmospheric evidence for this process and a review of radical and non-radical chemistry, using glyoxal as a model precursor. Previously unreported analyses and new kinetic modeling are reported herein to support the discussion of radical chemistry. Results suggest that reactions with OH radicals tend to be faster and form more SOA than non-radical reactions. In clouds these reactions yield organic acids, whereas in wet aerosols they yield large multifunctional humic-like substances formed via radical-radical reactions and their O/C ratios are near 1.

Strong deviations from thermodynamically expected phase partitioning of organic acids during one year of rural field measurements 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Tilgner ◽  
Bastian Stieger ◽  
Dominik van Pinxteren ◽  
Gerald Spindler ◽  
Laurent Poulain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Methanesulfonic Acid ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Organic Salts ◽  
Phase Partitioning ◽  
One Year

<p>Organic acids are ubiquitous compounds in the troposphere and can affect human health, the climate, air quality, and the linked ecosystems. Depending on their solubility and volatility, they can partition in both gas phase and in the particle phase. In the particle phase, organic acids partly represent about 10% of the water-soluble organic matter. However, their partitioning between different phases is not fully understood yet. Therefore, an upgraded monitor for aerosols and gases in ambient air (MARGA) was applied for one year at the Central European TROPOS research site Melpitz to study the gas- and particle-phase partitioning of formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, glycolic, pyruvic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, malic, and methanesulfonic acid (MSA). Measured gas- and PM<sub>10</sub> particle-phase mean concentrations were 12−445 and 7−31 ng m<sup>-3</sup> for monocarboxylic acids (MCAs), between 0.6−8 and 4−31 ng m<sup>-3</sup> for dicarboxylic acids (DCAs), and 2 and 31 ng m<sup>-3</sup> for MSA, respectively. Assuming full dissolution in nonideal aerosol solutions, empirical noneffective Henry’s law constants (H<sub>emp</sub>) were calculated and compared with literature values (H<sub>lit</sub>). Calculated mean H<sub>emp</sub> were 4.5 × 10<sup>9</sup>−2.2 × 10<sup>10</sup> mol L<sup>−1</sup> atm<sup>−1</sup> for MCAs, 3.6 × 10<sup>10</sup>−7.5 × 10<sup>11</sup> mol L<sup>−1</sup> atm<sup>−1</sup> for DCAs, and 7.5 × 10<sup>7</sup> mol L<sup>−1</sup> atm<sup>−1</sup> for MSA and, thus, factors of 5.1 × 10<sup>3</sup>−9.1 × 10<sup>5</sup> and 2.5−20.3 higher than their corresponding H<sub>lit</sub> for MCAs and DCAs, respectively, and 9.0 × 10<sup>−5</sup> lower than H<sub>lit,MSA</sub>. Data analyses and thermodynamic calculations implicate that the formation of chemical association complexes and organic salts inhibits the partitioning of organic acids toward the gas phase and, thus, at least partly explains higher H<sub>emp</sub> values for both MCAs and summertime DCAs. Low H<sub>emp,MSA</sub> are also unexpected because of the high MSA solubility and are reported for the first time in this study. Overall, the results of the present study implicate that processes responsible for the observed stronger partitioning of carboxylic acids toward the particle phase need to be further investigated and accounted for in complex multiphase chemistry models as they affect the contribution of organic acids to secondary organic aerosol mass, their chemical processing, and lifetime.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>

scholarly journals Development of an online-coupled MARGA upgrade for the two-hourly quantification of low-molecular weight organic acids in the gas and particle-phase

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Stieger ◽  
Gerald Spindler ◽  
Dominik van Pinxteren ◽  
Achim Grüner ◽  
Markus Wallasch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Gradient System ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Separation Columns

Abstract. A method is presented to quantify the low-molecular weight organic acids formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, pyruvic, glycolic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, malic, glutaric, and methanesulfonic acid in the atmospheric gas and particle phase in a two-hourly time resolution, based on a combination of the Monitor for AeRosols and Gases in ambient Air (MARGA) and an additional ion chromatography (IC) instrument. A proper separation of the organic target acids was initially tackled by a laboratory IC optimization study, testing different separation columns, eluent compositions and eluent flow rates both for isocratic and for gradient elution. Satisfactory resolution of all compounds was achieved using a gradient system with two coupled anion exchange separation columns. Online pre-concentration with an enrichment factor of approximately 400 was achieved by solid phase extraction consisting of a methacrylate polymer based sorbent with quaternary ammonium groups. The limits of detection of the method range between 7.1 ng m−3 for methanesulfonate and 150.3 ng m−3 for pyruvate. Precisions are below 1.0 %, except for glycolate (2.9 %) and succinate (1.0 %). Comparisons of inorganic anions measured at the TROPOS research site in Melpitz, Germany, by the original MARGA and the additional organic acid IC systems are in agreement with each other (R2 = 0.95 − 0.99). Organic acid concentrations from May 2017 as an example period are presented. Monocarboxylic acids were dominant in the gas phase with mean concentrations of 553 ng m−3 for acetic acid, followed by formic (286 ng m−3), pyruvic acid (182 ng m−3), propionic (179 ng m−3), butyric (98 ng m−3) and glycolic (71 ng  m−3). Particulate glycolate, oxalate and methanesulfonate were quantified with mean concentrations of 63 ng  m−3, 74 ng m−3 and 35 ng m−3, respectively. Elevated concentrations in the late afternoon of gas phase formic acid and particulate oxalate indicate a photochemical formation.

scholarly journals Real-time measurements of gas-phase organic acids using SF<sub>6</sub><sup>−</sup> chemical ionization mass spectrometry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Nah ◽  
Yi Ji ◽  
David J. Tanner ◽  
Hongyu Guo ◽  
Amy P. Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Ionization ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Rural Site ◽  
Ionization Mass

Abstract. The sources and atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase organic acids are currently poorly understood due in part to the limited range of measurement techniques available. In this work, we evaluated the use of SF6− as a sensitive and selective chemical ionization reagent ion for real-time measurements of gas-phase organic acids. Field measurements are made using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) at a rural site in Yorkville, Georgia from September to October 2016 to investigate the capability of this measurement technique. Our measurements demonstrate that SF6− can be used to measure a range of organic acids in the atmosphere. Ambient concentrations of organic acids ranged from a few parts per trillion by volume (ppt) to several parts per billion by volume (ppb). Assuming that these organic acids are completely water-soluble, the carbon mass fraction of gas-phase water-soluble organic carbon (WSOCg) comprised of these organic acids ranged from 7 to 100 % with a study average of 30 %. All the organic acids displayed similar strong diurnal behaviors, reaching maximum concentrations between 5 and 7 pm local time. The organic acid concentrations are dependent on ambient temperature, with higher organic acid concentrations being measured during warmer periods.

scholarly journals Online measurements of water-soluble organic acids in the gas and aerosol phase from the photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 985-1018
Author(s):  
A. P. Praplan ◽  
K. Hegyi-Gaeggeler ◽  
P. Barmet ◽  
L. Pfaffenberger ◽  
J. Dommen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Precursor Concentration ◽  
Smog Chamber ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Online Measurements ◽  
Paul Scherrer ◽  
Chamber Gas

Abstract. The formation of organic acids during photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) was investigated with an online ion chromatography (IC) instrument coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) smog chamber. Gas and aerosol phase were both sampled. Molecular formulae were attributed to twelve compounds with the help of high resolution MS data from filter extracts (two compounds in the gas phase only, two in the aerosol phase only and eight in both). Seven of those species could be identified unambiguously (each of them present in gas and aerosol phase): formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, butyric acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid and methylmaleic acid. The influence of the precursor concentration (TMB: 1200 and 600 ppbv) and of the presence of 2 ppbv of sulphur dioxide (SO2) on aerosol and gas phase products were further investigated. While the organic acid fraction present in the aerosol phase does not strongly depend on the precursor concentration (6 to 14%), the presence of SO2 reduces this amount to less than 3% for both high and low precursor concentration scenarios. The addition of acetic acid during the experiments indicated that the presence of small acids in the particle phase might not be due to partitioning effects.

scholarly journals Development of an online-coupled MARGA upgrade for the 2 h interval quantification of low-molecular-weight organic acids in the gas and particle phases

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Stieger ◽  
Gerald Spindler ◽  
Dominik van Pinxteren ◽  
Achim Grüner ◽  
Markus Wallasch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Methanesulfonic Acid ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Gradient System ◽  
Separation Columns

Abstract. A method is presented to quantify the low-molecular-weight organic acids such as formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, pyruvic, glycolic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, malic, glutaric, and methanesulfonic acid in the atmospheric gas and particle phases, based on a combination of the Monitor for AeRosols and Gases in ambient Air (MARGA) and an additional ion chromatography (Compact IC) instrument. Therefore, every second hourly integrated MARGA gas and particle samples were collected and analyzed by the Compact IC, resulting in 12 values per day for each phase. A proper separation of the organic target acids was initially tackled by a laboratory IC optimization study, testing different separation columns, eluent compositions and eluent flow rates for both isocratic and gradient elution. Satisfactory resolution of all compounds was achieved using a gradient system with two coupled anion-exchange separation columns. Online pre-concentration with an enrichment factor of approximately 400 was achieved by solid-phase extraction consisting of a methacrylate-polymer-based sorbent with quaternary ammonium groups. The limits of detection of the method range between 0.5 ng m−3 for malonate and 17.4 ng m−3 for glutarate. Precisions are below 1.0 %, except for glycolate (2.9 %) and succinate (1.0 %). Comparisons of inorganic anions measured at the TROPOS research site in Melpitz, Germany, by the original MARGA and the additional Compact IC are in agreement with each other (R2 = 0.95–0.99). Organic acid concentrations from May 2017 as an example period are presented. Monocarboxylic acids were dominant in the gas phase with mean concentrations of 306 ng m−3 for acetic acid, followed by formic (199 ng m−3), propionic (83 ng m−3), pyruvic (76 ng m−3), butyric (34 ng m−3) and glycolic acid (32 ng m−3). Particulate glycolate, oxalate and methanesulfonate were quantified with mean concentrations of 26, 31 and 30 ng m−3, respectively. Elevated concentrations of gas-phase formic acid and particulate oxalate in the late afternoon indicate photochemical formation as a source.

scholarly journals Optimizing Chitin Depolymerization by Lysozyme to Long-Chain Oligosaccharides

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Arnaud Masselin ◽  
Antoine Rousseau ◽  
Stéphanie Pradeau ◽  
Laure Fort ◽  
Rodolphe Gueret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Egg White Lysozyme ◽  
Hen Egg White ◽  
Ecological Transition ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Long Chain

Chitin oligosaccharides (COs) hold high promise as organic fertilizers in the ongoing agro-ecological transition. Short- and long-chain COs can contribute to the establishment of symbiotic associations between plants and microorganisms, facilitating the uptake of soil nutrients by host plants. Long-chain COs trigger plant innate immunity. A fine investigation of these different signaling pathways requires improving the access to high-purity COs. Here, we used the response surface methodology to optimize the production of COs by enzymatic hydrolysis of water-soluble chitin (WSC) with hen egg-white lysozyme. The influence of WSC concentration, its acetylation degree, and the reaction time course were modelled using a Box–Behnken design. Under optimized conditions, water-soluble COs up to the nonasaccharide were formed in 51% yield and purified to homogeneity. This straightforward approach opens new avenues to determine the complex roles of COs in plants.

scholarly journals Polymer Binders of Ceramic Nanoparticles for Precision Casting of Nickel-Based Superalloys

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1714
Author(s):  
Paweł Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ethyl Silicate ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Precision Casting ◽  
Polymer Binders ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Nano Alumina ◽  
Solid Phase Content

This study presents the general characteristics of binders used in precision casting of Nickel-based superalloys. Three groups of binders were described: resins, organic compounds, and materials containing nanoparticles in alcohol or aqueous systems. This study also includes literature reports on materials commonly used and those recently replaced by water-soluble binders, i.e., ethyl silicate (ES) and hydrolysed ethyl silicate (HES). The appearance of new and interesting solutions containing nano-alumina is described, as well as other solutions at the initial stage of scientific research, such as those containing biopolymers, biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL), or modified starch. Special attention is paid to four binders containing nano-SiO2 intended for the first layers (Ludox AM, Ludox SK) and structural layers (EHT, Remasol) of shell moulds. Their morphology, viscosity, density, reactions, and electrokinetic potential were investigated. The binders were characterized by a high solid-phase content (>28%), viscosity, and density close to that of water (1–2 mPa·s) and good electrokinetic stability. The nanoparticles contained in the binders were approximately spherically shaped with an average particle size of 16–25 nm.

scholarly journals Solid-Phase “Self-Hydrolysis” of [Zn(NH3)4MoO4@2H2O] Involving Enclathrated Water—An Easy Route to a Layered Basic Ammonium Zinc Molybdate Coordination Polymer

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 4022
Author(s):  
Kende Attila Béres ◽  
István E. Sajó ◽  
György Lendvay ◽  
László Trif ◽  
Vladimir M. Petruševski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coordination Polymer ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Ammonia Release ◽  
Successive Substitution ◽  
Red Dye ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Zinc Molybdate

An aerial humidity-induced solid-phase hydrolytic transformation of the [Zn(NH3)4]MoO4@2H2O (compound 1@2H2O) with the formation of [(NH4)xH(1−x)Zn(OH)(MoO4)]n (x = 0.92–0.94) coordination polymer (formally NH4Zn(OH)MoO4, compound 2) is described. Based on the isostructural relationship, the powder XRD indicates that the crystal lattice of compound 1@2H2O contains a hydrogen-bonded network of tetraamminezinc (2+) and molybdate (2−) ions, and there are cavities (O4N4(μ-H12) cube) occupied by the two water molecules, which stabilize the crystal structure. Several observations indicate that the water molecules have no fixed positions in the lattice voids; instead, the cavity provides a neighborhood similar to those in clathrates. The @ symbol in the notation is intended to emphasize that the H2O in this compound is enclathrated rather than being water of crystallization. Yet, signs of temperature-dependent dynamic interactions with the wall of the cages can be detected, and 1@2H2O easily releases its water content even on standing and yields compound 2. Surprisingly, hydrolysis products of 1 were observed even in the absence of aerial humidity, which suggests a unique solid-phase quasi-intramolecular hydrolysis. A mechanism involving successive substitution of the ammonia ligands by water molecules and ammonia release is proposed. An ESR study of the Cu-doped compound 2 (2#dotCu) showed that this complex consists of two different Cu2+(Zn2+) environments in the polymeric structure. Thermal decomposition of compounds 1 and 2 results in ZnMoO4 with similar specific surface area and morphology. The ZnMoO4 samples prepared from compounds 1 and 2 and compound 2 in itself are active photocatalysts in the degradation of Congo Red dye. IR, Raman, and UV studies on compounds 1@2H2O and 2 are discussed in detail.

scholarly journals Water-soluble organic acids in sedimentary rocks: Compositions and influencing factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengpeng Li ◽  
Shixin Zhou ◽  
Baoqiang Ji ◽  
Xiaopeng Liu ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Water Soluble
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document