Die reformatorischen Bekenntnisse in Ungarn und Siebenbürgen (1545–1572)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-70
Author(s):  
Zoltán Csepregi
Keyword(s):  
Legal Basis ◽  
Original Function ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
General Conception ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Originally, the local confessions served to account for the religious and secular authorities in matters of religion. They also formed a written basis for the legal unification of the affected communities, later they ensured the unity of the pastors in teaching, and finally they offered the community the legal basis for demanding new rights (the primacy or solitude of the denomination) based on old privileges. Over time, other functions were added to the original function of the confessions, so that a complex process of reception emerged. There was a general conception of ‘Catholicity’ that was claimed by the creeds insofar as they referred to the tradition of the Christian church. The interdependence with the theological development in Germany is evident not least from the fact that literary models such as the Confessio Augustana were used to write these texts.

The Financial Rewards of Elite Status in the Legal Profession

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (04) ◽  
pp. 971-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronit Dinovitzer
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Capital ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Status Attainment ◽  
Professional Capital ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
Over Time

This article focuses on the role of intergenerational status attainment for legal careers. By decomposing the earnings gap between elite and nonelite lawyers at two points in their careers, we find that inherited cultural capital produces an earnings advantage as soon as lawyers begin their careers and that this gap persists over time. We further find that the processes underlying this gap change as lawyers make their way through the profession. While in early careers, the elite advantage is due to stronger starting endowments, the advantage for junior lawyers results from a more complex process, which combines starting endowments, professional capital gained during the first years of practice, and the rate at which endowments are differentially rewarded in the profession. Elaborating on work that identifies the importance of maintaining and concentrating diverse forms of capital in the legal profession, we explain the process through which elite lawyers gain and retain their advantage over time.

‘I, Too, am a Christian’: Early Martyrs and their Lives in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Irish Manuscript Tradition

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 193-207
Author(s):  
Salvador Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Christian Life ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
Over Time

Veneration of the martyrs as powerful intercessors and exemplars of Christ-like fortitude is one of the earliest and most powerful manifestations of Christian religious practice. Not only were martyrs thought to be assured of salvation, but the blood which they shed was conceived by Tertullian as ‘seed’ for the upbuilding of the Christian Church. As legends of their lives and, more importantly, the manner of their deaths developed over time, martyrs would also function as valuable instructors in the essentials of the Christian life, their speeches before death often assuming a sermon-like quality. By the fifth century recourse to the relics of martyrs was also already well established. The cult of the martyrs would have a long future.

scholarly journals The Perpetual Other.

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beate Löffler
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Cultural Narratives ◽  
Negotiation Of Identity ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Japanese Architecture ◽  
Over Time

This paper describes cultural referencing as a complex process of knowledge production and knowledge management in which privileged interpretations shift over time. Using Japanese architecture as a case study and focussing especially on the second half of the nineteenth century as arguably the crucial period in this regard, it shows that knowledge gaps are crucial to the re-evaluation and re-interpretation of cultural practices, thus enabling a permanent adjustment of cultural narratives and the perpetual negotiation of identity in a contingent modern world.

scholarly journals POSSIBILITIES TO REDUCE POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN NAVAL DIESEL ENGINES

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Mihail Lucian DUMITRACHE ◽  
Catalin FAITAR
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Emission Estimation ◽  
Over Time

The combustion process is, by far, the most important and complex process that takes place in engines. Its importance is given by the fact that it provides the flow of energy used in the engine and is the source of all pollutant emissions, the efficiency of the engine being directly influenced by it. The mechanisms of combustion are particularly complex and are not fully known even today, the most difficult problem being the mechanisms of mixture formation and the chemistry of the combustion process. Over time, depending on the evolution of knowledge in the field and computer technology, various mathematical models have been developed, which have. Emission estimation and theoretical verification, in the first phase, of the solutions applicable to in-service enginescould greatly reduce research and production costs, given that there are a variety of engines onboard ships and measurements in operation are very difficult.

scholarly journals La elección de los grados de Maestro/a: análisis de tendencias e incidencia del género y la titulación

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-324
Author(s):  
Diana Marín Suelves ◽  
Enrique García Tort ◽  
Vicente Gabarda Méndez
Keyword(s):  
Primary Education ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Educación Primaria ◽  
University Degree ◽  
Over Time

La elección de estudios universitarios es un proceso complejo en el que influyen diferentes variables. En este estudio se analizan los motivos de elección de carrera del alumnado de los Grados de Maestro/a en Educación Infantil y Educación Primaria de la Universitat de València en la última década, así como las posibles diferencias en los motivos a lo largo del tiempo y en función del Grado y del sexo. Utilizando como instrumento de recogida de información, un cuestionario adaptado de otra investigación en el contexto español, se analizan las motivaciones de un total de 769 estudiantes de estas titulaciones, recogidas en tres tiempos (cursos: 2010-2011, 2014-2015 y 2018-2019). Los resultados permiten detectar que las motivaciones del alumnado de los grados de Maestro/a en Educación Infantil y Educación Primaria son de carácter fundamentalmente intrínseco, independientemente del momento, del sexo de los participantes y del grado elegido. Sin embargo, las motivaciones extrínsecas, que ocupan el segundo lugar en el caso de los hombres, descienden a lo largo del tiempo, mientras que las trascendentes, las segundas en el caso de las mujeres, aumentan según avanza la década. Estos resultados pueden ayudar a entender por qué en estos grados la demanda es alta y la tasa de abandono muy baja. Choosing a university degree is a complex process influenced by different variables. This study reports on the reasons provided by students at the Universitat de València to enrol in the Infant and Primary Education degrees during the last decade. This study also identifies possible differences in the motives over time and depending on the degree and gender. Using as a tool for collecting data a questionnaire adapted from existing research in the Spanish context, the motivations of a total of 769 students of these degrees, collected in three stages, were analysed. The outcome allows us to detect that the motivations of the students to choose this kind of Degrees are fundamentally intrinsic, regardless of the moment, the gender of the participants and the degree. However, extrinsic motivations, which are the second most referred to in the case of men, decrease over time, while transcendent ones, the second most referred to type of motivation by women, increase as the decade progresses. These results can help to understand why the demand for these degrees is high and the dropout rate is very low.

SOURCES OF LAW

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bell
Keyword(s):  
Collective Decision ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Material Source ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
The Status ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article aims to clarify what is meant by “a source of law” argument. A source of law argument justifies an action by showing that it has as its legal basis the best interpretation of a rule, principle or value identified in a material source of law. Such an argument is authority-based in that it appeals for its correctness to a collective decision to adopt a particular rule. The identification comes from an analysis of the practices within a specific legal community. The concept of “a rule of recognition” is not helpful since it glosses over the contestability of what is a source of law and its revisability over time. In a second part, the article illustrates the dynamics of change by reference to the status of EEC/EU law in a number of national laws and the 1966 Practice Statement on precedent in the House of Lords.

scholarly journals Uptake of gaseous formaldehyde by soil surfaces: a combination of adsorption/desorption equilibrium and chemical reactions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Li ◽  
Hang Su ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Uwe Kuhn ◽  
Hannah Meusel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Gaseous Formaldehyde ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Gaseous formaldehyde (HCHO) is an important precursor of OH radicals and a key intermediate molecule in the oxidation of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Budget analyses reveal large discrepancies between modeled and observed HCHO concentrations in the atmosphere. Here, we investigate the interactions of gaseous HCHO with soil surfaces through coated-wall flow tube experiments applying atmospherically relevant HCHO concentrations of ~ 10 to 40 ppbv. For the determination of uptake coefficients (γ), we provide a Matlab code to account for the diffusion correction under laminar flow conditions. Under dry conditions (relative humidity = 0 %), an initial γ of (1.1 ± 0.05) × 10−4 is determined, which gradually drops to (5.5 ± 0.4) × 10−5 after 8-hour experiments. Experiments under wet conditions show a smaller γ that drops faster over time until reaching a plateau. The drop of γ with increasing relative humidity and over time can both be explained by the adsorption theory in which high surface coverage leads to a reduced uptake rate. The fact that γ stabilizes at a non-zero plateau suggests the involvement of irreversible chemical reactions. Further back-flushing experiments show that two thirds of the adsorbed HCHO can be re-emitted into the gas phase while the residual is retained by the soil. This partial reversibility confirms that HCHO uptake by soil is a complex process involving both adsorption/desorption and chemical reactions which must be considered in trace gas exchange (emission or deposition) at the atmosphere-soil interface. Our results suggest that soil and soil-derived airborne particles can either act as a source or a sink for HCHO, depending on ambient conditions and HCHO concentrations.

scholarly journals La légalité de l’investissement devant l’arbitre international : à la recherche d’un point d’équilibre

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hervé Ascensio
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
Investment Arbitration ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Over Time

The idea that the protection offered to foreign investors under international law is conditioned upon the respect of legality has emerged in the practice of investment arbitration, on the basis of some treaty provisions and on the basis of general principles of international law. The effect of such legality condition is however intricate, because an argument on illegality is raised sometimes as a jurisdictional objection, sometimes as an admissibility issue, and sometimes on the merits. This article argues that arbitral decisions have become more consistent over time, and that different legal characterizations are understandable, taking into account the different legal basis for a legality condition, the timing of proceedings, and the multifaceted aspects of legality. A balanced approach of the legality condition would be to ground it in international as well as national law, and to focus on the moment of the making of the investment; conversely, an expansive approach would create conceptual and practical difficulties.

scholarly journals Does self-paced exercise depend on executive processing? A narrative review of the current evidence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darias Holgado ◽  
Daniel Sanabria
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Executive Processing ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Over Time

Self-paced exercise is any physical activity in which the effort has to be distributed over time in order to achieve the objective of the event. Hence, self-paced aerobic exercise is a goal-directed behaviour towards an objective that involves several cognitive processes. The aim of the present review is to ask the extent to which self-paced exercise might rely on executive functions and the empirical evidence of top-down processing on self-paced exercise. We discuss the evidence from different experimental manipulations showing a potential link between self-paced exercise and executive processing. We finally highlight some gaps in the literature and possible factors that might mediate the role of executive processing and self-paced exercise. Self-paced exercise is likely to be a highly complex process, in which a multitude of factors non-related to executive functions can also contribute to the ultimate decision to upregulate or downregulate exercise intensity.

Neuroprognostication after severe brain injury in children: Science fiction or plausible reality?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah S. Welsh ◽  
Geneviève Dupont-Thibodeau ◽  
Matthew P. Kirschen
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Outcome Prediction ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Severe Brain Injury ◽  
Neurologic Recovery ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Novel Applications ◽  
Over Time

Neuroprognostication is a complex process that spans the resuscitative, acute, and subacute phases of brain injury and recovery. Improvements over time have transitioned the task of outcome prediction after severe brain injury from estimating survival to providing a qualitative prognosis of functional neurologic recovery. This chapter follows the case of an 8-year-old boy who remained comatose following a cardiac arrest due to drowning. We describe and analyze novel applications of current technologies that could be used in the future to improve the accuracy, reliability, and confidence in the neuroprognostication process for physicians and families that are at the heart of ethical decision-making in medicine.

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