Original Research. Candida in Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: Clinical Findings and Risk Factors

AbstractBackground: Candida, and especially Candida albicans, colonizes the oral mucosa and becomes invasive when the immune system weakens. Therefore, frequently, oral and maxillofacial pathology can be associated with Candida. Objective: The qualitative and quantitative assessment of Candida colonization of the oral cavity in patients with oro-maxillo-facial conditions; to establish an association between the different contributing factors and colonization. Material and methods: Samples were collected from 70 patients hospitalized in the Clinic of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, by rinsing the mouth with sterile saline; historical data were also collected. The samples were analyzed at the Microbiology Laboratory of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureș, using Sabouraud agar medium. For each isolate, the antifungigram for Fluconazole and Voriconazole was performed following the CLSI standards. Results: From the 70 samples 45.7% were positive for 11 different yeast species. Regarding predisposing factors, most importantly, smoking was significantly associated with Candida colonization (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.42-3.84; p <0.05). Other factors, such as radiotherapy, oral hygiene or antibiotics, are related, but not statistically significant in our study. Candida albicans was the predominant species (38.8%). The testing of Candida albicans and non-albicans to Fluconazole showed an increased resistance (52.4%) in both cases, while the resistance to Voriconazole was 50% and 12.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Colonization of the oral cavity with Candida is present in about half of the patients with OMF conditions, and this is probably not only due to classical predisposing factors, but also due to chronic oral pathology and to several risk factors like smoking or radiotherapy.

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Prevalence of Candida albicans among Female Patients in Two Selected Hospitals in Owerri Metropolis, Imo State Southeastern Nigeria

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health ◽

10.9734/ijtdh/2020/v41i930313 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

M. O. Nwachukwu ◽

J. N. Azorji ◽

P. C. Onyebuagu ◽

L. A. Adjeroh ◽

S. N. Nmezi

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Female Reproductive Tract ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Southeastern Nigeria ◽

Sabouraud Agar ◽

Female Patients ◽

Tract Infections

The incidence of candidiasis in the female reproductive tract is a serious threat to public health. This study assesses the prevalence of Candida albicans among female patients in the two selected hospitals in Owerri metropolis. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 120 female patients between the ages of 16-56 years. Only patients who showed no symptoms of urinary tract infections and who were not on anti-fungal therapy at the time of the study were included in the study. A well-structured interview questionnaire was used to source information on socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents as well as the risk factors of Candida albicans infections. High Vaginal Swab (HVS) was aseptically collected from each of the patients, using a sterile swab stick. The collected samples were labeled appropriately and immediately sent to the microbiology/mycology lab for analysis. The HVS samples were respectively streaked directly into sabouraud agar plates and incubated anaerobically at 37oC for 48 hours. Yeast growth characteristics were noted. Positive colonies were sub-cultured in Macconkey agar to obtain pure isolates. The Candida albicans were properly identified and confirmed by germ tube test, gram staining and biochemical tests. The results showed that the overall prevalence of Candida albicans among the women was (53.34%). The prevalence was highest among the patients in the age group 16-25 (44.17%), lower education qualification (n=65, 54.17%) and pregnant women (n=44, 36.67%). The possible risk factors for the infection include use of antibiotics (n=85, 70.83%), use of nylon underwear (n=78, 65.00), use of public toilet (n=90, 75.00%), use of squat WC (n=59, 9.17%) and use of oral contraceptive (n=59, 49.17%). The results call for preventive measures to protect women. Therefore public health education and campaign should be adopted.

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Predisposing Factors, Demographics, Angiographic Features, and the Possible Role of Inflammation in Coronary Perforations—A 10-year Single-center Experience

The American Heart Hospital Journal ◽

10.15420/ahhj.2011.9.2.87 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 87 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Preeti Chandra ◽

Saurav Chatterjee ◽

Nishant Koradia ◽

Deepak Thekkoott ◽

Bilal Malik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Artery Bypass ◽

Bypass Graft ◽

Coronary Intervention ◽

Predisposing Factors ◽

Covered Stents ◽

Optimal Management ◽

Balloon Inflation ◽

Catheterization Laboratory ◽

Cell Counts

Background:Coronary perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention is a rare but dreaded complication. The risk factors, optimal management, and outcome remain obscure.Objectives:To determine the predisposing factors, optimal management, and preventive strategies. We retrospectively looked at coronary perforations at our catheterization laboratory over the last 10 years. We reviewed patient charts and reports. Two independent operators, in a blinded approach, reviewed all procedural cineangiograms. Data were analyzed by simple statistical methodology.Results:Nine patients were treated conservatively and six patients were treated with prolonged balloon inflation. Six patients were treated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-covered stents. One patient required emergency coronary artery bypass graft. No deaths were reported. Subjects with perforations also had a significantly higher total white blood cell count (means 12,134 versus 6,155, 95 % confidence interval [CI], p< 0.0001, n=22), total absolute neutrophil count (means 74.2 % versus 57.1 %, 95 % CI, p<0.0001, n=22), and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (means 3.65 versus 1.50, 95% CI, p<0.0001, n=22).Conclusions:Coronary perforations are rare but potentially fatal events. Hypertension, small vessel diameter, high balloon:artery ratio, use of hydrophilic wires, and presence of myocardial bridging appear to be possible risk factors. Most perforations can be treated conservatively or with prolonged balloon inflation using perfusion balloons. Use of PTFE-covered stents could be a life-saving measure in cases of large perforations. Subjects with perforations also had greater systemic inflammation as indicated by elevated white cell counts.

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Surface microhardness of different restorative materials exposed to candida albicans biofilm isolated from the oral cavity of hiv-infected children

Rio de Janeiro Dental Journal (Revista Científica do CRO-RJ) ◽

10.29327/24816.4.1-14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 87-91

Author(s):

Leandro COSTA ◽

Larissa SOARES-SILVA ◽

Paulini Malfei De C. COSTA ◽

Adrielle MANGABEIRA ◽

Maristela PORTELA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Surface Microhardness ◽

Restorative Materials

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Determination of the prevalence of helicobacter pylori oral infection in smoking patients with chronic generalized periodontitis on the background of chronic hyperacidal gastritis during treatment

Problems of Uninterrupted Medical Training and Science ◽

10.31071/promedosvity2020.04.050 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 50-54

Author(s):

O. L. Zolotukhina ◽

◽

Ju. G. Romanova ◽

O. V. Maslov ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Urease Activity ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Oral Infection ◽

Helicobacter Pylori Infection ◽

Natural Origin ◽

Periodontal Tissues

Diseases of periodontal tissues occupy one of the leading positions among modern dental problems, namely the multifactorial nature of these diseases. In modern dental science, the issue of the development of periodontal pathology against the background of somatic pathology and risk factors remains relevant. Pathology of periodontal tissues in 68–90 % of cases is accompanied by chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Today, there is no doubt that Helicobacter pylori infection can be present in the biotopes of the oral cavity and can affect the course of periodontal pathology. As you know, smoking is one of the important risk factors for the development of inflammatory-dystrophic diseases of periodontal tissues, which can aggravate the course of the latter. The purpose of the work is to determine the prevalence of oral Helicobacter pylori infection in tobacco-dependent patients with chronic generalized periodontitis on the background of chronic hyperacid gastritis during treatment. Patients who received the proposed therapeutic and prophylactic complex (ultraphonophoresis procedures with the created gel «Apisan», and probiotic drug BioGaia ProDentis and angioprotective drug of natural origin — Detralex) showed a gradual decrease in the level of total urease activity and, as a consequence, a decrease the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the oral cavity according to the results of a urease rapid test with material from the oral cavity, both in the presence of a risk factor — smoking, and in its absence. The use of the proposed therapeutic and prophylactic complex proved to be effective in reducing the prevalence of oral Helicobacter pylori infection in smoking patients and patients who do not smoke, with chronic generalized periodontitis against the background of chronic hyperacidal gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori.

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Risk factors for excessive gestational weight gain in a UK population: a biopsychosocial model approach

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-020-03519-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

S. M. Garay ◽

L. A. Sumption ◽

R. M. Pearson ◽

R. M. John

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Gestational Weight Gain ◽

Biopsychosocial Model ◽

Elective Caesarean Section ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Institute Of Medicine ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Gestational Weight ◽

The Uk

Abstract Background Gestational weight gain (GWG) can have implications for the health of both mother and child. However, the contributing factors remain unclear. Despite the advantages of using a biopsychosocial approach, this approach has not been applied to study GWG in the UK. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of excessive GWG in a UK population, employing a biopsychosocial model. Methods This study utilised data from the longitudinal Grown in Wales (GiW) cohort, which recruited women in late pregnancy in South Wales. Specifically, data was collected from midwife recorded notes and an extensive questionnaire completed prior to an elective caesarean section (ELCS) delivery. GWG was categorised according to Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. The analysis was undertaken for 275 participants. Results In this population 56.0% of women had excessive GWG. Increased prenatal depression symptoms (Exp(B)=1.10, p=.019) and an overweight (Exp(B)=4.16, p<.001) or obese (Exp(B)=4.20, p=.010) pre-pregnancy BMI, consuming alcohol in pregnancy (Exp(B)=.37, p=.005) and an income of less than £18,000 (Exp(B)=.24, p=.043) and £25–43,000 (Exp(B)=.25, p=.002) were associated with excessive GWG. Conclusion GWG is complex and influenced by a range of biopsychosocial factors, with the high prevalence of excessive weight gain in this population a cause for concern. Women in the UK may benefit from a revised approach toward GWG within the National Health Service (NHS), such as tracking weight gain throughout pregnancy. Additionally, this research provides evidence for potential targets for future interventions, and potentially at-risk populations to target, to improve GWG outcomes.

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Risk Factors for Wound Infection After Surgery in Primary Oral Cavity Cancer Patients

The Laryngoscope ◽

10.1097/01.mlg.0000249737.05840.29 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 117 (1) ◽

pp. 166-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Shih-An Liu ◽

Yong-Kie Wong ◽

Chiu-Kwan Poon ◽

Chen-Chi Wang ◽

Ching-Ping Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Wound Infection ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Oral Cavity Cancer

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Indication to postoperative radiotherapy for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: what’s new in the Depth of Infiltration (DOI) era?

British Journal of Radiology ◽

10.1259/bjr.20210705 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniela Alterio ◽

Rita De Berardinis ◽

Matteo Augugliaro ◽

Pasqualina D’Urso ◽

Stefania Volpe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Tnm Classification ◽

Postoperative Radiotherapy ◽

Tnm Staging ◽

Stage Migration ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

The Impact ◽

Depth Of Infiltration

Objectives: The last edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC eighth) has introduced the depth of infiltration (DOI) as a new prognostic parameter in oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (OCSCCs). Aim of this study is to analyze the impact of stage migration on the indication to postoperative radiotherapy (PORT). Methods: OCSCCs treated at two Institutions between 2014 and 2019 were retrieved. Per the AJCC eighth, only pT3 primarily OCSCCs were considered; availability of the pathologic specimen was a further inclusion criterion. Risk factors considered for PORT were: pT3-pT4, nodal involvement, positive/close surgical margins, perineural and lymph vascular invasion. Results: One-hundred forty-nine patients staged as pT3 AJCC eighth were included. A four-fold increase in the number of patients staged as pT3 from the seventh to the eighth AJCC was found. Stage migration to pT3 was equally due to the downstaging from former pT4 (38%) and upstaging of former pT1-pT2 (35%). Considering the former pT1-pT2 53 patients, 13 (25%) had no risk factors for PORT other than DOI. Among 25 cases with former pT1-pT2 and negative lymph nodes no additional risk factors were found in 11 (44%). Conclusion: Ninety percent of patients had at least one risk factor besides DOI and would have received PORT also according to the AJCC seventh; notably, of former pT1-pT2N0, half of them have been upstaged to pT3 in the current TNM classification. The role of PORT in this cohort of patients has not been clarified yet. Advances in knowledge: Other-than-DOI risk factors leading to PORT indication are highly prevalent in OCSSC patients classified as pT3 per the latest AJCC TNM staging system and should therefore be considered for a comprehensive oncological assessment.

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Candida spp. occurrence in oral cavities of breastfeeding infants and in their mothers' mouths and breasts

Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s1517-74912003000200010 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 151-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Maria Stella Amorim da Costa Zöllner ◽

Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Candida Species ◽

Statistical Difference ◽

Control Group ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Sabouraud Agar ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Yeast Strains

This study aimed to determine the occurrence of Candida spp. in the oral cavity of predominantly breastfed infants and in their mothers' mouths and breasts, as well as in the oral cavity of bottlefed infants and in non-lactating women. One hundred and sixty nine women and eighty-five milk-fed infants took part in this study and were divided into four groups: 1) infants predominantly on breastfeeding (n = 55) and their mothers (n = 55); 2) infants on bottlefeeding (n = 30); 3) non-lactating women on whom oral collections were performed (n = 80) and, 4) non-lactating women on whom breast collections were performed (n = 34). Oral and mammary swabs were cultured on Sabouraud agar dextrose with chloramphenicol. The Candida yeast strains found were isolated and identified through morphological and biochemical tests. Candida species were much less frequent in infants who were predominantly breastfed than in those who were bottlefed. Yeasts were much more frequent on the breasts of lactating women, with statistical difference in relation to the control group.

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Candida esophagitis: species distribution and risk factors for infection

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652008000500002 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 261-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Dimas Alexandre Kliemann ◽

Alessandro Comarú Pasqualotto ◽

Maicon Falavigna ◽

Thiane Giaretta ◽

Luiz Carlos Severo

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Species Distribution ◽

Mixed Infection ◽

Candida Species ◽

Medical Centre ◽

Oral Candidosis ◽

Candida Esophagitis ◽

Predisposing Conditions

Although Candida albicans is the main cause of fungal esophagitis, other species such as C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. stellatoidea have also been implicated. Several studies have identified risk factors for C. albicans esophagitis. However, data for non-C. albicans species is still sparse. The aim of this study was to determine the etiology of Candida esophagitis in our medical centre over an 18-month period. Additionally, we aimed to investigate predisposing conditions for esophageal candidosis caused by different Candida species. A total of 21,248 upper gastroscopies were performed in Santa Casa Complexo Hospitalar between January 2005 and July 2006. The prevalence of Candida esophagitis was 0.74% (n = 158). C. albicans caused the vast majority of infections (96.2%), followed by C. tropicalis (2.5%), C. lusitaniae (0.6%) and C. glabrata (0.6%). There were 81 women (51.3%) and 77 men (48.7%). No case of mixed infection occurred. Concomitant oral candidosis was documented for 10.8% (n = 17). Most of cases (55.1%) involved outpatients. Around one fifth of patients in our cohort had no identifiable risk factors for esophageal candidosis (20.8%). Since nearly all infections were caused by C. albicans we were not able to determine risk factors for esophagitis caused by other Candida species.

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