Prevalence of Candida albicans among Female Patients in Two Selected Hospitals in Owerri Metropolis, Imo State Southeastern Nigeria

The incidence of candidiasis in the female reproductive tract is a serious threat to public health. This study assesses the prevalence of Candida albicans among female patients in the two selected hospitals in Owerri metropolis. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 120 female patients between the ages of 16-56 years. Only patients who showed no symptoms of urinary tract infections and who were not on anti-fungal therapy at the time of the study were included in the study. A well-structured interview questionnaire was used to source information on socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents as well as the risk factors of Candida albicans infections. High Vaginal Swab (HVS) was aseptically collected from each of the patients, using a sterile swab stick. The collected samples were labeled appropriately and immediately sent to the microbiology/mycology lab for analysis. The HVS samples were respectively streaked directly into sabouraud agar plates and incubated anaerobically at 37oC for 48 hours. Yeast growth characteristics were noted. Positive colonies were sub-cultured in Macconkey agar to obtain pure isolates. The Candida albicans were properly identified and confirmed by germ tube test, gram staining and biochemical tests. The results showed that the overall prevalence of Candida albicans among the women was (53.34%). The prevalence was highest among the patients in the age group 16-25 (44.17%), lower education qualification (n=65, 54.17%) and pregnant women (n=44, 36.67%). The possible risk factors for the infection include use of antibiotics (n=85, 70.83%), use of nylon underwear (n=78, 65.00), use of public toilet (n=90, 75.00%), use of squat WC (n=59, 9.17%) and use of oral contraceptive (n=59, 49.17%). The results call for preventive measures to protect women. Therefore public health education and campaign should be adopted.

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Can the Diagnosis of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidosis Be Improved by Use of Vaginal Lavage Samples and Cultures on Chromogenic Agar?

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1155/s1064744902000078 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 89-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

N. Novikova ◽

A. Rodrigues ◽

P.-A. Mårdh

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Recovery Rate ◽

Detection Rate ◽

Rapid Identification ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Vaginal Lavage ◽

Yeast Infection ◽

Sabouraud Agar ◽

Chromogenic Agar ◽

Vulvovaginal Candidosis

Objective:To investigate if introital and vaginal flushing samples inoculated on chromogenic agar could increase the recovery rate and rapid identification ofCandidaand non-albicansspecies, as compared to culture of posterior vaginal fornix samples on Sabouraud agar and speciation of isolates by biochemical tests.Methods:Samples from the introitus and the posterior vaginal fornix and vaginal lavage samples were collected from 91 women with a history suggestive of recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis (RVVC), and with a suspected new attack of the condition. The specimens were cultured on Sabouraud and CHROMagar®. Speciation of yeast isolates was made on the chromogenic agar by API 32C®kits and by an atomized system (Vitek®).Results:Forty-six (51%) women were positive forCandidafromone or more of the samples. The introital cultures were positive in 43 (47%) women, both on Sabouraud and chromogenic agar. From the posterior vaginal fomix, 42 (46%) women were positive on the Sabouraud and 43 (47%) on chromogenic agar cultures, while the vaginal lavage cultures yieldedCandidaon those two media in 40 (44%) and 4l (45%) cases, respectively.Candida albicanswas the most frequent species recovered, from 40 (87%) cases, followed byC. kruseiin 4 (9%),C. glabratain 2 (4%), andC. parapsilosisin one case. There was only onewoman who had a mixed yeast infection, byC. albicansandC. krusei. There was only one discrepancy in the speciation as demonstrated by mean of chromogenic agar and API 32C kit.Conclusions:Neither cultures of introital nor of vaginal lavage samples increases the detection rate ofCandidain RVVC cases as compared to cultures of posterior vaginal fornix samples. Use of chromogenic agar is a convenient and reliable means to detect colonization byCandidaand differentiate betweenC. albicansand non-albicansspecies.

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Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension Among People Aged 50 years and more in Banepa Municipality, Nepal

Kathmandu University Medical Journal ◽

10.3126/kumj.v10i3.8015 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 35-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kedar Manandhar ◽

R Koju ◽

NP Sinha ◽

S Humagain

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Access To Treatment ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background Hypertension is a cardiovascular disorder rapidly emerging as a major public health problem in developing countries and is the most widely recognized modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Objective The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence and associated risk factors with hypertension among people aged 50 years and more in Banepa Municipality, Kavre, Nepal. Methods It is a cross- sectional, population based study which was carried out in Banepa Municipality from May 15 to June 15, 2009. Among total 11 wards of Banepa municipally, wards number 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 10 were selected by using Simple Random Sampling Technique and 405 subjects of people aged 50 years and more were selected for study from the selected wards by using Cluster Sampling. The structured interview method was used for collection of data. Mercury sphygmomanometers with standard cuff were used to measure the indirect auscultatory arterial blood pressure. Two consecutive blood pressure readings were taken and average of them was calculated to determine single value of blood pressure. Results The prevalence of hypertension was 44.9 percent (47.75% in male and 42.73% in females). Among them, only 32.9 percent (60/182) were previously diagnosed as hypertension. The higher proportion of hypertensive cases were in age > 65 years (55.49%) than in the age group < 65 years (36.32%). The prevalence of hypertension was seen positively associated with non vegetarian eating habits, alcohol consumption, and > 25 Body max index. Taking green leafy vegetable at least once a week was negatively associated with the prevalence of the hypertension. Conclusion These findings provide important information on the prevalence, associated factors of hypertension in Banepa Municipality. Effective public health measures and strategies are needed to improve prevention, diagnosis and access to treatment of these 50 years and above population. Kathmandu University Medical Journal | VOL.10 | NO. 3 | ISSUE 39 | JUL- SEP 2012 | Page 35-38 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v10i3.8015

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Clinico-epidemiological profile of HIV patients attending ART centre in rural Western Maharashtra, India

South East Asia Journal of Public Health ◽

10.3329/seajph.v2i2.15938 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 16-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jayant D Deshpande ◽

Purushottam A Giri ◽

Deepak B Phalke

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Female Patients ◽

Male Patients ◽

Hiv Aids

HIV infection represents a major public health problem for both developing and developed countries as it has grown to pandemic proportions worldwide. Spectrum of clinical presentation of HIV can vary with geographical distribu-tion, socioeconomic and cultural environment. The aim of this study was to examine the socio-demographic charac-teristics, clinical presentations of HIV/AIDS patients, opportunistic infections and the possible risk factors for ac-quiring HIV infection. A cross sectional study was conducted from March to September, 2011 at an antiretroviral therapy (ART) centre of a rural tertiary care hospital, situated in Maharashtra state of India. History and physical examination was done and recorded on a pre-designed schedule which included the socio-demographic and clinical profile of the patients. More than half of the subjects were in economically productive age group and male patients 166 (53.4%) outnumbered the female patients 145 (46.6%). There was a predominance of patients from rural loca-tions nearby the present ART centre. The patients were having low level of literacy and were from the lower middle and lower socio-economic classes. Among the spouses of male patients, 65 (44.8%) were HIV positive and among the spouses of female patients, 52 (35.7%) were HIV positive. Commonest mode of acquiring the infection was through heterosexual contact. Tuberculosis (62%) was the most common opportunistic infection. As per the WHO staging, 132 (42.5%) patients were in stage 3. Combination of behavioral risk factors and unawareness is responsi-ble for rapid spread of HIV/AIDS. People with high-risk behavior and spouses of affected patients need to be edu-cated for primary and secondary prevention. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v2i2.15938 South East Asia J Public Health | Jul-Dec 2012 | Vol 2 Issue 2 | 16-21

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Original Research. Candida in Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: Clinical Findings and Risk Factors

Journal of Interdisciplinary Medicine ◽

10.1515/jim-2017-0013 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (s1) ◽

pp. 36-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cecilia Petrovan ◽

Despina Luciana Bereczki-Temistocle ◽

Adrian Man

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Oral Pathology ◽

Predisposing Factors ◽

Original Research ◽

Candida Colonization ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Sterile Saline ◽

Sabouraud Agar

AbstractBackground: Candida, and especially Candida albicans, colonizes the oral mucosa and becomes invasive when the immune system weakens. Therefore, frequently, oral and maxillofacial pathology can be associated with Candida. Objective: The qualitative and quantitative assessment of Candida colonization of the oral cavity in patients with oro-maxillo-facial conditions; to establish an association between the different contributing factors and colonization. Material and methods: Samples were collected from 70 patients hospitalized in the Clinic of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, by rinsing the mouth with sterile saline; historical data were also collected. The samples were analyzed at the Microbiology Laboratory of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureș, using Sabouraud agar medium. For each isolate, the antifungigram for Fluconazole and Voriconazole was performed following the CLSI standards. Results: From the 70 samples 45.7% were positive for 11 different yeast species. Regarding predisposing factors, most importantly, smoking was significantly associated with Candida colonization (OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.42-3.84; p <0.05). Other factors, such as radiotherapy, oral hygiene or antibiotics, are related, but not statistically significant in our study. Candida albicans was the predominant species (38.8%). The testing of Candida albicans and non-albicans to Fluconazole showed an increased resistance (52.4%) in both cases, while the resistance to Voriconazole was 50% and 12.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Colonization of the oral cavity with Candida is present in about half of the patients with OMF conditions, and this is probably not only due to classical predisposing factors, but also due to chronic oral pathology and to several risk factors like smoking or radiotherapy.

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Female reproductive tract health: prevalence and risk factors associated with infections in Lomé. (Female reproductive tract infections in Lomé)

Clinical Research and Trials ◽

10.15761/crt.1000342 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Gnatoulma Katawa ◽

Christèle Nguepou Tchopba ◽

Manuel Ritter ◽

Malik da Silva ◽

Adjoa H Ameyapoh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Female Reproductive Tract ◽

Reproductive Tract Infections ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Tract Infections

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Seroprevalence of Bovine Brucellosis and its Public Health Significance in Central High Land of Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-658842/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Temesgen Kassa Getahun ◽

Gezahegn Mamo ◽

Beksisa Urge

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Fetal Membrane ◽

Human Brucellosis ◽

Bovine Brucellosis ◽

Central Highland ◽

Small Holder

Abstract Background: Brucellosis is a serious zoonotic disease affecting human and all domestic animals. It is considered to be one of the great public health problems all over the world. Little attention has been paid to bovine brucellosis in small holder dairy farm and in animal owners and farm workers in central highland of Ethiopia. Result: The overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis were 1.2% (95%CI: 0.47-2.97) by RBPT alone and 0.6% (95%CI: 0.016-2.09) using combined RBPT and CFT tests. In human, the overall seroprevalence of zoonotic brucellosis was 4.2% (95%CI: 0.204-8.42) by RBPT and 1.2% (95%CI: 0.032-4.27) using combined RBPT and CFT tests. Statistical analysis of risk factors by univariable firth’s bias reduced logistic regression indicates that late stage of abortion (OR=14.74, p=0.0002), retained fetal membrane (OR=32.74, p=0.006), market based stock replacement (OR=16.55, p=0.002), and presence of parturition pen (OR=11.511, p=0.027) were found to be significantly associated with the seropositivity for Brucella infection in dairy cattle. The seropositivity of human brucellosis was significantly influenced by human housing (OR=1.8, p=0.002), contact with aborted fetus (OR=21.19, p=0.017), drinking raw milk from aborted (OR=5.72, 0.019) and retained fetal membrane (OR=4.22, p=0.029) cows. A structured interview question was administered to 284 respondents. Accordingly, most respondents had no knowledge on brucellosis (93.3%). Conclusion: The present seroprevalence study revealed that brucellosis is prevalent at lower rate among dairy cattle and in exposed individuals in the study areas. However, since there were no control strategies implemented in the area, there is a potential risk for transmission of brucellosis in dairy cattle and exposed human population of study areas. With the low prevalence of bovine brucellosis in government owned and small holder farms, implementation of test and slaughter strategy with compensation to farmers is recommended; while in case of human brucellosis, continuous social training with feedback assessments, implementing one health approach framework and since its presence is confirmed and the risk factors are identified, the medical personnel should give attention as to differential diagnosis of the disease which has been overlooked so far.

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Substance Abuse and Drug-Related Death, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicide: A Review

Crisis ◽

10.1027//0227-5910.20.1.28 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 28-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Annie Mino ◽

Arnaud Bousquet ◽

Barbara Broers

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Substance Abuse ◽

Suicidal Ideation ◽

Family Support ◽

Drug Users ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Hiv Epidemic

The high mortality rate among drug users, which is partly due to the HIV epidemic and partly due to drug-related accidental deaths and suicides, presents a major public health problem. Knowing more about prevalence, incidence, and risk factors is important for the development of rational preventive and therapeutic programs. This article attempts to give an overview of studies of the relations between substance abuse, suicidal ideation, suicide, and drug-related death. Research in this field is hampered by the absence of clear definitions, and results of studies are rarely comparable. There is, however, consensus about suicidal ideation being a risk factor for suicide attempts and suicide. Suicidal ideation is also a predictor of suicide, especially among drug users. It is correlated with an absence of family support, with the severity of the psychosocial dysfunctioning, and with multi-drug abuse, but also with requests for treatment. Every clinical examination of a drug user, not only of those who are depressed, should address the possible presence of suicidal ideation, as well as its intensity and duration.

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Risk Factors in Diabetes and Pregnant Women with Urinary Tract Infections Compared to Younger Aged Female.

International Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.32441/ijms.v1i3.99 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 26-38

Author(s):

Abdulghani Mohamed Alsamarai ◽

Shler Ali Khorshed

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Tract Infection ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Female Student ◽

Mean Value ◽

Infected Female ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tract Infections

Background: Urinary tract infection is common with health impact in women and characterised by failure to treatment and recurrent episodes. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the risk factors for the development of urinary tract infection in diabetic and pregnant women in comparison to student female. Materials and methods: A prospective cross-sectional study conducted during the period from 1st of June 2015 to the end of January 2016. The population included in the study are 563 women, of them 425 were outpatients, and 138 were inpatients. Their age range between 18 and 80 years, with a mean age of 33.59±15.29 years. Urine samples collected and cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar by spread plate technique. Bacterial colonies with different morphology were selected, purified and identified according to their biochemical characteristics using conventional standard methods. Results: In diabetic women, there were no significant difference in mean age and BMI values between culture positive and culture negative groups. However, pus cell mean scale was significantly higher [P=0.000] in women with urinary tract infection [1.76±1.25] than in those with negative culture [0.69±1.00]. In pregnant women, BMI mean value was significantly [P=0.013] lower in pregnant women with UTI [26.14] as compared to those without infection [26.99]. Pus cell scale mean value was significantly [P=0.000] higher in pregnant women with UTI [1.55] than women with negative UTI [0.85]. While there was no significant difference in mean age between UTI positive and negative pregnant women. In female student, there was a significant difference between UTI infected and non-infected in mean age [P=0.041] and pus cell scale [P=0.000]. However, BMI was not significantly different between infected and non-infected female student. Other risk factors association are variables in the 3 groups when analysed using X2, while AUC and OR show different trends of association between risk factors and UTI. Conclusion: BMI, pus cell scale, child number, delivery method, operation history and hospital setting were significantly associated with culture positivity in the 3 studied groups as determined by AUC. While OR confirmed association with pus sale scale in the 3 groups.

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