Acquisition of broken plural patterns by Jordanian children

Linguistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bassil Mashaqba ◽  
Nisreen Al-Khawaldeh ◽  
Hussein AlGweirien ◽  
Yasir Al-Edwan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Speech Corpus ◽  
Jordanian Arabic ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Pattern Frequency ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Oral Speech

AbstractThis study examines the acquisition of broken plural (BP) patterns generated by child speakers of Jordanian Arabic (JA). Data were collected from 20 Jordanian children via an experimental production test. Children were given pictures of a set of singular entities depicting nouns and pictures containing their plural counterparts, and they were asked to say the names of the items in the pictures in an attempt to provide their corresponding plural forms. The results reveal that the acquisition of correct BP patterns appears critical for children. The feminine sound plural (FSP) was employed as the default pattern by children and thus is acquired before the BP, with the acquired patterns mainly shaped by productivity, predictability (but not familiarity) and overgeneralization (morphological, phonological, and semantic). Based on the oral speech corpus produced by adult JA speakers, published in Semarchive, a rough count of plural pattern frequencies was undertaken. The FSP proved to be less frequent than BPs in tokens and can thus be considered a minority default, a finding that calls into question the validity of Boudelaa and Gaskell’s corpus (2002. A re-examination of the default system for Arabic plurals. Language and Cognitive Processes 17(3). 321–343) on JA. Although 3- to 5-year-old children use the FSP as the most productive pattern, frequency does not significantly contribute to the predictability of the distribution in shaping the correct plural form at this stage of learning BPs.

Developing the Ability to Perform Speech Acts

1996 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
Verbal Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Made In

This paper calls attention to an increasingly prominent field of interest within second language acquisition research and pedagogy, namely, that of pragmatic ability. It focuses on an area within pragmatics, that of speech acts, considers the processes underlying the performance of such speech acts, and looks at the effects of explicit instruction in this area. The paper starts by asking what speech act ability entails. Several basic distinctions are made in the description of speech acts, such as that betweensocioculturalandsociolinguisticability. Second, directions of previous research describing speech acts are indicated and directions yet to be taken are pointed out. Difficulties in researching oral speech act performance are noted, and verbal report is recognized as one of a limited number of research tools available for investigating cognitive processes involved in speech act production. The paper then reviews four studies that utilize verbal report to gain at least some access to the underlying processes. Finally, the paper looks at previous research on the tutored and untutored acquisition of speech acts and provides suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals Słowiańskie nazwy ‘brwi’ w świetle materiałów gwarowych i źródeł historycznych

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 175-193
Author(s):  
Janusz Siatkowski
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Secondary Form ◽  
Morphological Transformations

Slavic names for ‘eyebrows’ in light of dialectal materials and historical sources‘Eyebrows’ have in OlA only several more frequent names (that are marked on the map by areas), the remaining ones occupy small areas or are absolutely rare.The most frequent names are those connected with the core *-brъv-, that are internally very different. There is an expressive contrast/opposition between the northern area with forms from *brъv- and the large southern area with the forms from prefixed *obrъv-. The forms from the core *-brъv- are also divided into two areas due to the preservation of the indigenous [old Slavonic semivowel] “jor/jer”: in the west, the forms with the disappeared weak “jor” exist in the west, while in the each these forms show its secondary vocalization. These macro-divisions also include the differentiations that are the result of morphological transformations of primary forms *bry, *brъve and *obry, *obrъve that show the early transition to -i stems with the accusative form in the nominative case, in turn the transition to former -a stems or to former -ja stems, the emergence of the secondary form of the neuter *obrъvьje, and finally – most probably due to the treatment of the form of the singular of the feminine gender *(o)brъva as the plural form and its depluralization – the emergence of the singular of the neuter  *(o)brъvo.Vast areas are formed by forms from *vědja (in pl *vědję or *vědji) in the eastern part of the southern Slavic languages and by forms from the base *ob-oč- (or most frequently *//obočьje) in the Czech Republic, Morava and Slovakia and as the island-like presence can be found in Lusatia (Łużyce) and in Hungary.

Ishtar of Nineveh and her collaborator, Ishtar of Arbela, in the reign of Assurbanipal

Iraq ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Nevling Porter
Keyword(s):  
Plural Form ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Recent Edition

In a hymn written for Assurbanipal (K. 1290, cited here from Alasdair Livingstone's recent edition), the king describes how Ishtar of Nineveh and Ishtar of Arbela have collaborated in helping him during his reign. The text is described in its colophon as a song of Assurbanipal for “the Lady of Nineveh”, a title reserved for Ishtar of Nineveh. Although this suggests that the text may have been copied out on this tablet to serve as a guide for performance of the text for Ishtar of Nineveh, the text itself is quite clearly a two-goddess hymn. It opens by urging listeners to glorify the Lady of Nineveh and magnify the Lady of Arbela “who have no equal among the gods” (1. 3: šá-ni-na la i-šá-a). Significantly, the verb “have” appears here in the feminine plural form. The praises that follow similarly employ feminine plural pronominal suffixes: “Their names (1. 4: zi-kir-ši-na) are most precious among the goddesses, their cult centers (1. 5: ma-ha-za-ši-na) have no equal”, and “the word from their lips (1. 6: zi-kir šap-te-ši-na) is blazing fire”. The grammar makes it unmistakably clear that we are dealing here with two separate and distinct goddesses, each named Ishtar.

scholarly journals A Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis of Greeting Strategies in Jordanian Arabic and English

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 104-123
Author(s):  
Lubna Ahmad Shawish
Keyword(s):  
Research Paper ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Jordanian Arabic ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Arabic And English

The aim of this research paper is to find the similarities and differences that exist in the sociolinguistic dimensions of greeting forms and strategies in Arabic and English. A DCT instrument was used to collect data from a sample that consisted of 30 Second Secondary Grade Students in North Ghore Directorate of Education. The results revealed that there are varied forms and patterns of Arabic in contrast with English according to Halliday’s classification (1979) of time-free and time-bound forms. Moreover, it was found that oral speech strategies were most common in the Arabic language than the English one.

scholarly journals STANDARD FOR TRANSCRIBING ORAL SPEECH OF EASTERN EVENKS (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE SPEECH CORPUS OF THE EVENKI LANGUAGE)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-48
Author(s):  
Olga N. Morozova ◽  
◽  
Svetlana V. Androsova ◽  
Tatiana V. Kravets ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Corpus ◽  
Oral Speech

scholarly journals The grammatical category of gender in noun phrases of the Lithuanian-French interlanguage

2017 ◽  
pp. 149-175
Author(s):  
Vitalija Kazlauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
First Language ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
French Language ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Students First

It is not an easy task for a Lithuanian, who is not a native speaker of French, to learn French nouns with their inherent grammatical gender, which is expressed by suffixes and articles non-existent in L1. The understanding of the category of gender of French L2 noun phrases is a complex and time consuming process. The data of the text corpus proves that students whose French language level is B1 have not fully comprehended the grammatical category of gender on all levels of linguistic competence. As demonstrated by the results of the present investigation, a student often does not assign a fixed gender. When in doubt, he/she eventually decides on the masculine gender as a universal choice, which in French is less codified than the feminine gender and is interpreted as the main gender from which other forms such as the feminine gender and the plural form are derived. Apparently, the cause of such confusion lies in the system of the French language itself. Students tend to assign the gender of the noun by semantic analogy, the analogy of form or meaning with the students’ first language or from a well-known word in L2; sometimes other languages such as English come into play. As regards the coordination of determiners and adjectives, the determiner coordination tends to cause fewer problems than adjectives. The latter is mostly used in the masculine form, regardless of the noun gender. Despite a number of nominal gender-related problems, a substantial number of nouns have been assigned the correct gender, as demonstrated by collocates agreeing in gender with respective nouns.

DEVELOPER ROLES IN THE SPEECH CORPUS FOR PRONUNCIATION VARIATION OF RUSSIAN SPEAKERS

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Yu. I. Butenko ◽  
Yu. V. Stroganov ◽  
A. V. Kvasnikov ◽  
N. V. Slavnov ◽  
N. V. Kokurina
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Speech Corpus ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
Speech Characteristics ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Speech Corpora ◽  
Oral Speech ◽  
Pronunciation Variability

he article describes the user roles in the speech corpus for studying pronunciation variability of native speakers in the Russian language. The need for systems of speech recognition of speakers with dialects and disabilities is stated. It is emphasized the need to study the pronunciation variability of pronunciation by different speakers, taking into account regional and individual speech characteristics. Subsequent creating a speech corpus as the basis for regional and individual speech recognition is discussed. The speech corpus being developed contains recordings of the same text fragments by different speakers. The system of audio speech markup for researching the pronunciation variability of native Russian speakers is described. The roles of administrator, moderator, marker and analyst are provided for working with the corpus. Each user rights in the speech corpus are described: the administrator is the role which has all possible rights in the system. The marker is the user whose main task is to mark up the audio recordings. Analyst is the user who can assess and process the data in the speech corpus. The necessity of the moderator’s role in controlling the quality of markup is proved by the fact that it’s mostly students who mark up the audio recordings. The information in the developed speech corpora is supposed to be useful for phonetic studies in linguistics and a database for oral speech recognition.

scholarly journals In defence of underlying representations: Latin rhotacism, French liaison, Romanian palatalization

Probus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Cyclic Models ◽  
Derivational Suffix ◽  
Suppletive Allomorphy ◽  
Regular Alternation ◽  
Surface Realization

AbstractThe surface realization of a linguistic expression can often be predicted from the form of paradigmatically related items that are not contained within it: in Latin, the nominative singular of a noun can often be inferred from the genitive; in French, the final consonant of a prenominal masculine adjective in liaison can typically be predicted from the feminine; in Romanian, the plural form of a noun determines whether its stem will exhibit palatalization before the derivational suffix /-ist/. Such instances of phonological paradigmatic dependence without containment have been claimed to challenge cyclic models of the morphosyntax-phonology interface. In this article, however, they are shown to be established indirectly through the acquisition of underlying representations. This approach correctly predicts that phonological paradigmatic dependencies are never systematically extended to new items if they involve suppletive allomorphy rather than regular alternation, whilst those surface phonological properties of derivatives that are under strict phonotactic control evade paradigmatic dependence on the inflectional forms of their bases. Theories relying on surface-to-surface computation fail to recover these empirical predictions because they are inherently nonmodular, positing generalizations that promiscuously mix phonological, morphosyntactic, and lexical information. Underlying representations, therefore, remain indispensable as a means of establishing a necessary modular demarcation between regular phonology and suppletive allomorphy.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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