Drosophila Hören: Mechanismen und Gene

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maike Kittelmann ◽  
Martin Göpfert
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Motor Proteins ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Sensory Organ ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Mechanical Vibrations ◽  
Signalling Cascades

AbstractDrosophila hearing: mechanisms and genes.The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster communicates acoustically and hears with its antennae. Fundamental aspects of hearing can be studied in these antennal ears. Their auditory sensory cells are evolutionarily related with vertebrate hair cells and are developmentally specified by homologous transcription factors. Like vertebrate hair cells, Drosophila auditory sensory cells are also motile and actively amplify the mechanical vibrations that they transduce. This transduction and amplification rely on the interplay between mechanically activated ion channels and motor proteins, whose movement impacts on the macroscopic performance of the ear. First molecular trans­ducer components have been identified and various auditory relevant proteins have been described. Several of these proteins are conserved components of cilia, putting forward the fly’s ear as a model for human ciliopathies. Also the evolution of sensory signalling cascades can be studied using the fly’s ear as the fly employs key Chemo-and Photoreceptor proteins to hear. Evidence is also accumulating that the fly’s ear is a multifunctional sensory organ that, in addition to mediating hearing, serves the detection of wind and gravity and, presumably, temperature.

Mechanisms and genes in Drosophila hearing

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kittelmann ◽  
M.C. Göpfert
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Motor Proteins ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Sensory Organ ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Sensory Signaling

AbstractThe fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster com­municates acoustically and hears with its an­tennae. Fundamental aspects of hearing can be studied in these antennal ears, the audi­tory sensory cells of which are evolutionarily related to vertebrate hair cells and are spec­ified developmentally by homologous tran­scription factors. Like vertebrate hair cells, Drosophila auditory sensory cells are also mo­tile and actively amplify the mechanical vi­brations they transduce. The transduction and amplification mechanisms rely on the in­terplay between mechanically activated ion channels and motor proteins, whose move­ment impacts upon the macroscopic perfor­mance of the ear. The first molecular trans­ducer components have been identified and various auditory system-relevant proteins have been described. Several of these pro­teins are conserved components of cilia, sug­gesting the fly’s ear as a model for human cil­iopathies. The evolution of sensory signaling cascades can also be studied using the fly’s ear, as the fly employs key chemo- and pho­toreceptor proteins to hear. Evidence is al­so accumulating that the fly’s ear is a multi­functional sensory organ, which, in addition to mediating hearing, serves to detect wind, gravity and presumably temperature.

scholarly journals Peripheral Sensory Organs Contribute to Temperature Synchronization of the Circadian Clock in Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah George ◽  
Ralf Stanewsky
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Clock Gene Expression ◽  
External Time ◽  
Peripheral Sensory

Circadian clocks are cell-autonomous endogenous oscillators, generated and maintained by self-sustained 24-h rhythms of clock gene expression. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, these daily rhythms of gene expression regulate the activity of approximately 150 clock neurons in the fly brain, which are responsible for driving the daily rest/activity cycles of these insects. Despite their endogenous character, circadian clocks communicate with the environment in order to synchronize their self-sustained molecular oscillations and neuronal activity rhythms (internal time) with the daily changes of light and temperature dictated by the Earth’s rotation around its axis (external time). Light and temperature changes are reliable time cues (Zeitgeber) used by many organisms to synchronize their circadian clock to the external time. In Drosophila, both light and temperature fluctuations robustly synchronize the circadian clock in the absence of the other Zeitgeber. The complex mechanisms for synchronization to the daily light–dark cycles are understood with impressive detail. In contrast, our knowledge about how the daily temperature fluctuations synchronize the fly clock is rather limited. Whereas light synchronization relies on peripheral and clock-cell autonomous photoreceptors, temperature input to the clock appears to rely mainly on sensory cells located in the peripheral nervous system of the fly. Recent studies suggest that sensory structures located in body and head appendages are able to detect temperature fluctuations and to signal this information to the brain clock. This review will summarize these studies and their implications about the mechanisms underlying temperature synchronization.

scholarly journals The Key Transcription Factor Expression in the Developing Vestibular and Auditory Sensory Organs: A Comprehensive Comparison of Spatial and Temporal Patterns

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaofeng Liu ◽  
Yunfeng Wang ◽  
Yongtian Lu ◽  
Wen Li ◽  
Wenjing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Sensory Organ ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Supporting Cells ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Inner ear formation requires that a series of cell fate decisions and morphogenetic events occur in a precise temporal and spatial pattern. Previous studies have shown that transcription factors, including Pax2, Sox2, and Prox1, play important roles during the inner ear development. However, the temporospatial expression patterns among these transcription factors are poorly understood. In the current study, we present a comprehensive description of the temporal and spatial expression profiles of Pax2, Sox2, and Prox1 during auditory and vestibular sensory organ development in mice. Using immunohistochemical analyses, we show that Sox2 and Pax2 are both expressed in the prosensory cells (the developing hair cells), but Sox2 is later restricted to only the supporting cells of the organ of Corti. In the vestibular sensory organ, however, the Pax2 expression is localized in hair cells at postnatal day 7, while Sox2 is still expressed in both the hair cells and supporting cells at that time. Prox1 was transiently expressed in the presumptive hair cells and developing supporting cells, and lower Prox1 expression was observed in the vestibular sensory organ compared to the organ of Corti. The different expression patterns of these transcription factors in the developing auditory and vestibular sensory organs suggest that they play different roles in the development of the sensory epithelia and might help to shape the respective sensory structures.

scholarly journals Evidence for the temporal regulation of insect segmentation by a conserved set of developmental transcription factors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Clark ◽  
Andrew D. Peel
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Temporal Regulation ◽  
Gap Gene ◽  
Spatiotemporal Information ◽  
Segmentation Gene Expression ◽  
Pair Rule

ABSTRACTLong-germ insects, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, pattern their segments simultaneously, whereas short germ insects, such as the beetle Tribolium castaneum, pattern their segments sequentially, from anterior to posterior. While the two modes of segmentation at first appear to be very different, many details of segmentation gene expression are surprisingly similar between long-germ and short-germ species. Collectively, these observations hint that insect segmentation may involve fairly conserved patterning mechanisms, which occur within an evolutionarily malleable spatiotemporal framework. Based on genetic and comparative evidence, we now propose that, in both Drosophila and Tribolium embryos, the temporal progression of the segmentation process is regulated by a temporal sequence of Caudal, Dichaete, and Odd-paired expression. These three transcription factors are broadly expressed in segmenting tissues, providing spatiotemporal information that intersects with the information provided by periodically-expressed segmentation genes such as the pair-rule factors. However, they are deployed differently in long-germ versus short-germ insects, acting as simple timers in Drosophila, but as smooth, retracting wavefronts in Tribolium, compatible with either gap gene-based or oscillator-based generation of periodicity, respectively.

Sensory Receptors

The Neuron ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 295-326
Author(s):  
Irwin B. Levitan ◽  
Leonard K. Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Cyclic Nucleotides ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
External Stimulus ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Sensory Receptors ◽  
External Stimuli

Sensory cells have evolved pathways that allow ion channels to be regulated by external stimuli such as movement, light, or chemicals. In some cases, such as in photoreceptors and olfactory and taste receptors, the means by which the external stimulus is transduced is reasonably well understood. Such cells appear to handle information in ways similar to those used by neurons that deal with information coming from a presynaptic pathway, by altering the levels of second messengers such as cyclic nucleotides, which then open or close ion channels in the plasma membrane. In contrast, in mechanoreceptors, which include touch receptors and hair cells of the cochlea that are required for hearing, movement is directly linked to the gating of ion channels.

Fluorocitrate Neural Dystrophy of the Guinea Pig Cochlea

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 368-369
Author(s):  
G.J. Spector ◽  
C.D. Carr ◽  
I. Kaufman Arenberg ◽  
R.H. Maisel
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Sodium Phosphate ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Barium Salt ◽  
Perfusion Medium ◽  
Cochlear Hair Cells ◽  
Neural Degeneration ◽  
Sodium Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Cochlear Neurons

All studies on primary neural degeneration in the cochlea have evaluated the end stages of degeneration or the indiscriminate destruction of both sensory cells and cochlear neurons. We have developed a model which selectively simulates the dystrophic changes denoting cochlear neural degeneration while sparing the cochlear hair cells. Such a model can be used to define more precisely the mechanism of presbycusis or the hearing loss in aging man.Twenty-two pigmented guinea pigs (200-250 gm) were perfused by the perilymphatic route as live preparations using fluorocitrate in various concentrations (15-250 ug/cc) and at different incubation times (5-150 minutes). The barium salt of DL fluorocitrate, (C6H4O7F)2Ba3, was reacted with 1.0N sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium as a sulfate. The perfusion medium was prepared, just prior to use, as follows: sodium phosphate buffer 0.2M, pH 7.4 = 9cc; fluorocitrate = 15-200 mg/cc; and sucrose = 0.2M.

scholarly journals Hox dosage contributes to flight appendage morphology in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Paul ◽  
Guillaume Giraud ◽  
Katrin Domsch ◽  
Marilyne Duffraisse ◽  
Frédéric Marmigère ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Hox Proteins ◽  
Spatial Expression ◽  
Flying Insects

AbstractFlying insects have invaded all the aerial space on Earth and this astonishing radiation could not have been possible without a remarkable morphological diversification of their flight appendages. Here, we show that characteristic spatial expression profiles and levels of the Hox genes Antennapedia (Antp) and Ultrabithorax (Ubx) underlie the formation of two different flight organs in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We further demonstrate that flight appendage morphology is dependent on specific Hox doses. Interestingly, we find that wing morphology from evolutionary distant four-winged insect species is also associated with a differential expression of Antp and Ubx. We propose that variation in the spatial expression profile and dosage of Hox proteins is a major determinant of flight appendage diversification in Drosophila and possibly in other insect species during evolution.

scholarly journals Development in the Mammalian Auditory System Depends on Transcription Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4189
Author(s):  
Karen L. Elliott ◽  
Gabriela Pavlínková ◽  
Victor V. Chizhikov ◽  
Ebenezer N. Yamoah ◽  
Bernd Fritzsch
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
System Development ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Spiral Ganglion Neuron ◽  
Cochlear Hair Cells ◽  
Cochlear Nuclei ◽  
Bhlh Genes

We review the molecular basis of several transcription factors (Eya1, Sox2), including the three related genes coding basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH; see abbreviations) proteins (Neurog1, Neurod1, Atoh1) during the development of spiral ganglia, cochlear nuclei, and cochlear hair cells. Neuronal development requires Neurog1, followed by its downstream target Neurod1, to cross-regulate Atoh1 expression. In contrast, hair cells and cochlear nuclei critically depend on Atoh1 and require Neurod1 expression for interactions with Atoh1. Upregulation of Atoh1 following Neurod1 loss changes some vestibular neurons’ fate into “hair cells”, highlighting the significant interplay between the bHLH genes. Further work showed that replacing Atoh1 by Neurog1 rescues some hair cells from complete absence observed in Atoh1 null mutants, suggesting that bHLH genes can partially replace one another. The inhibition of Atoh1 by Neurod1 is essential for proper neuronal cell fate, and in the absence of Neurod1, Atoh1 is upregulated, resulting in the formation of “intraganglionic” HCs. Additional genes, such as Eya1/Six1, Sox2, Pax2, Gata3, Fgfr2b, Foxg1, and Lmx1a/b, play a role in the auditory system. Finally, both Lmx1a and Lmx1b genes are essential for the cochlear organ of Corti, spiral ganglion neuron, and cochlear nuclei formation. We integrate the mammalian auditory system development to provide comprehensive insights beyond the limited perception driven by singular investigations of cochlear neurons, cochlear hair cells, and cochlear nuclei. A detailed analysis of gene expression is needed to understand better how upstream regulators facilitate gene interactions and mammalian auditory system development.

scholarly journals Quantitative investigation reveals distinct phases in Drosophila sleep

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochan Xu ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Binghui Tian ◽  
Xiuwen Sui ◽  
Weilai Chi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Quantitative Investigation ◽  
Waking Up ◽  
Set Up

AbstractThe fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used as a model organism for the molecular and genetic dissection of sleeping behaviors. However, most previous studies were based on qualitative or semi-quantitative characterizations. Here we quantified sleep in flies. We set up an assay to continuously track the activity of flies using infrared camera, which monitored the movement of tens of flies simultaneously with high spatial and temporal resolution. We obtained accurate statistics regarding the rest and sleep patterns of single flies. Analysis of our data has revealed a general pattern of rest and sleep: the rest statistics obeyed a power law distribution and the sleep statistics obeyed an exponential distribution. Thus, a resting fly would start to move again with a probability that decreased with the time it has rested, whereas a sleeping fly would wake up with a probability independent of how long it had slept. Resting transits to sleeping at time scales of minutes. Our method allows quantitative investigations of resting and sleeping behaviors and our results provide insights for mechanisms of falling into and waking up from sleep.

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